1 $NetBSD: softfloat-source.txt,v 1.1 2000/06/06 08:15:10 bjh21 Exp $
3 SoftFloat Release 2a Source Documentation
9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12 SoftFloat is a software implementation of floating-point that conforms to
13 the IEC/IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic. SoftFloat can
14 support four floating-point formats: single precision, double precision,
15 extended double precision, and quadruple precision. All operations required
16 by the IEEE Standard are implemented, except for conversions to and from
17 decimal. SoftFloat is distributed in the form of C source code, so a
18 C compiler is needed to compile the code. Support for the extended double-
19 precision and quadruple-precision formats is dependent on the C compiler
20 implementing a 64-bit integer type.
22 This document gives information needed for compiling and/or porting
25 The source code for SoftFloat is intended to be relatively machine-
26 independent and should be compilable using any ISO/ANSI C compiler. At the
27 time of this writing, SoftFloat has been successfully compiled with the GNU
28 C Compiler (`gcc') for several platforms.
31 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
34 SoftFloat as written requires an ISO/ANSI-style C compiler. No attempt has
35 been made to accommodate compilers that are not ISO-conformant. Older ``K&R-
36 style'' compilers are not adequate for compiling SoftFloat. All testing I
37 have done so far has been with the GNU C Compiler. Compilation with other
38 compilers should be possible but has not been tested.
40 The SoftFloat sources assume that source code file names can be longer than
41 8 characters. In order to compile under an MS-DOS-type system, many of the
42 source files will need to be renamed, and the source and makefiles edited
43 appropriately. Once compiled, the SoftFloat binary does not depend on the
44 existence of long file names.
46 The underlying machine is assumed to be binary with a word size that is a
47 power of 2. Bytes are 8 bits. Support for the extended double-precision
48 and quadruple-precision formats depends on the C compiler implementing
49 a 64-bit integer type. If the largest integer type supported by the
50 C compiler is 32 bits, SoftFloat is limited to the single- and double-
54 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
61 SoftFloat Source Directory Structure
62 SoftFloat Source Files
64 softfloat/bits*/*/softfloat.h
65 softfloat/bits*/*/milieu.h
66 softfloat/bits*/*/softfloat-specialize
67 softfloat/bits*/softfloat-macros
68 softfloat/bits*/softfloat.c
69 Steps to Creating a `softfloat.o'
70 Making `softfloat.o' a Library
73 Compiler Options and Efficiency
74 Processor-Specific Optimization of `softfloat.c' Using `softfloat-macros'
79 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
82 SoftFloat was written by John R. Hauser. This work was made possible in
83 part by the International Computer Science Institute, located at Suite 600,
84 1947 Center Street, Berkeley, California 94704. Funding was partially
85 provided by the National Science Foundation under grant MIP-9311980. The
86 original version of this code was written as part of a project to build
87 a fixed-point vector processor in collaboration with the University of
88 California at Berkeley, overseen by Profs. Nelson Morgan and John Wawrzynek.
90 THIS SOFTWARE IS DISTRIBUTED AS IS, FOR FREE. Although reasonable effort
91 has been made to avoid it, THIS SOFTWARE MAY CONTAIN FAULTS THAT WILL AT
92 TIMES RESULT IN INCORRECT BEHAVIOR. USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IS RESTRICTED TO
93 PERSONS AND ORGANIZATIONS WHO CAN AND WILL TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY
94 AND ALL LOSSES, COSTS, OR OTHER PROBLEMS ARISING FROM ITS USE.
97 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
98 SoftFloat Source Directory Structure
100 Because SoftFloat is targeted to multiple platforms, its source code
101 is slightly scattered between target-specific and target-independent
102 directories and files. The directory structure is as follows:
115 The two topmost directories and their contents are:
117 softfloat - Most of the source code needed for SoftFloat.
118 processors - Target-specific header files that are not specific to
121 The `softfloat' directory is further split into two parts:
123 bits64 - SoftFloat implementation using 64-bit integers.
124 bits32 - SoftFloat implementation using only 32-bit integers.
126 Within these directories are subdirectories for each of the targeted
127 platforms. The SoftFloat source code is distributed with targets
128 `386-Win32-gcc' and `SPARC-Solaris-gcc' (and perhaps others) already
129 prepared for both the 32-bit and 64-bit implementations. Source files that
130 are not within these target-specific subdirectories are intended to be
133 The naming convention used for the target-specific directories is
134 `<processor>-<executable-type>-<compiler>'. The names of the supplied
135 target directories should be interpreted as follows:
138 386 - Intel 386-compatible processor.
139 SPARC - SPARC processor (as used by Sun machines).
141 Win32 - Microsoft Win32 executable.
142 Solaris - Sun Solaris executable.
144 gcc - GNU C Compiler.
146 You do not need to maintain this convention if you do not want to.
148 Alongside the supplied target-specific directories is a `templates'
149 directory containing a set of ``generic'' target-specific source files. A
150 new target directory can be created by copying the `templates' directory and
151 editing the files inside. (Complete instructions for porting SoftFloat to a
152 new target are in the section _Steps_to_Creating_a_`softfloat.o'_.) Note
153 that the `templates' directory will not work as a target directory without
154 some editing. To avoid confusion, it would be wise to refrain from editing
155 the files inside `templates' directly.
158 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
159 SoftFloat Source Files
161 The purpose of each source file is described below. In the following,
162 the `*' symbol is used in place of the name of a specific target, such as
163 `386-Win32-gcc' or `SPARC-Solaris-gcc', or in place of some other text, as
164 in `bits*' for either `bits32' or `bits64'.
166 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
169 The target-specific `processors' header file defines integer types
170 of various sizes, and also defines certain C preprocessor macros that
171 characterize the target. The two examples supplied are `386-gcc.h' and
172 `SPARC-gcc.h'. The naming convention used for processor header files is
173 `<processor>-<compiler>.h'.
175 If 64-bit integers are supported by the compiler, the macro name `BITS64'
176 should be defined here along with the corresponding 64-bit integer
177 types. In addition, the function-like macro `LIT64' must be defined for
178 constructing 64-bit integer literals (constants). The `LIT64' macro is used
179 consistently in the SoftFloat code to annotate 64-bit literals.
181 If `BITS64' is not defined, only the 32-bit version of SoftFloat can be
182 compiled. If `BITS64' _is_ defined, either can be compiled.
184 If an inlining attribute (such as an `inline' keyword) is provided by the
185 compiler, the macro `INLINE' should be defined to the appropriate keyword.
186 If not, `INLINE' can be set to the keyword `static'. The `INLINE' macro
187 appears in the SoftFloat source code before every function that should
188 be inlined by the compiler. SoftFloat depends on inlining to obtain
189 good speed. Even if inlining cannot be forced with a language keyword,
190 the compiler may still be able to perform inlining on its own as an
191 optimization. If a command-line option is needed to convince the compiler
192 to perform this optimization, this should be assured in the makefile. (See
193 the section _Compiler_Options_and_Efficiency_ below.)
195 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
196 softfloat/bits*/*/softfloat.h
198 The target-specific `softfloat.h' header file defines the SoftFloat
199 interface as seen by clients.
201 Unlike the actual function definitions in `softfloat.c', the declarations
202 in `softfloat.h' do not use any of the types defined by the `processors'
203 header file. This is done so that clients will not have to include the
204 `processors' header file in order to use SoftFloat. Nevertheless, the
205 target-specific declarations in `softfloat.h' must match what `softfloat.c'
206 expects. For example, if `int32' is defined as `int' in the `processors'
207 header file, then in `softfloat.h' the output of `float32_to_int32' should
208 be stated as `int', although in `softfloat.c' it is given in target-
209 independent form as `int32'.
211 For the `bits64' implementation of SoftFloat, the macro names `FLOATX80' and
212 `FLOAT128' must be defined in order for the extended double-precision and
213 quadruple-precision formats to be enabled in the code. Conversely, either
214 or both of the extended formats can be disabled by simply removing the
215 `#define' of the respective macro. When an extended format is not enabled,
216 none of the functions that either input or output the format are defined,
217 and no space is taken up in `softfloat.o' by such functions. There is no
218 provision for disabling the usual single- and double-precision formats.
220 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
221 softfloat/bits*/*/milieu.h
223 The target-specific `milieu.h' header file provides declarations that are
224 needed to compile SoftFloat. In addition, deviations from ISO/ANSI C by
225 the compiler (such as names not properly declared in system header files)
226 are corrected in this header if possible.
228 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
229 softfloat/bits*/*/softfloat-specialize
231 This target-specific C source fragment defines:
233 -- whether tininess for underflow is detected before or after rounding by
235 -- what (if anything) special happens when exceptions are raised;
236 -- how signaling NaNs are distinguished from quiet NaNs;
237 -- the default generated quiet NaNs; and
238 -- how NaNs are propagated from function inputs to output.
240 These details are not decided by the IEC/IEEE Standard. This fragment is
241 included verbatim within `softfloat.c' when SoftFloat is compiled.
243 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
244 softfloat/bits*/softfloat-macros
246 This target-independent C source fragment defines a number of arithmetic
247 functions used as primitives within the `softfloat.c' source. Most of the
248 functions defined here are intended to be inlined for efficiency. This
249 fragment is included verbatim within `softfloat.c' when SoftFloat is
252 Target-specific variations on this file are possible. See the section
253 _Processor-Specific_Optimization_of_`softfloat.c'_Using_`softfloat-macros'_
256 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
257 softfloat/bits*/softfloat.c
259 The target-independent `softfloat.c' source file contains the body of the
260 SoftFloat implementation.
262 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
264 The inclusion of the files above within each other (using `#include') can be
265 shown graphically as follows:
267 softfloat/bits*/softfloat.c
268 softfloat/bits*/*/milieu.h
270 softfloat/bits*/*/softfloat.h
271 softfloat/bits*/*/softfloat-specialize
272 softfloat/bits*/softfloat-macros
274 Note in particular that `softfloat.c' does not include the `processors'
275 header file directly. Rather, `softfloat.c' includes the target-specific
276 `milieu.h' header file, which in turn includes the processor header file.
279 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
280 Steps to Creating a `softfloat.o'
282 Porting and/or compiling SoftFloat involves the following steps:
284 1. If one does not already exist, create an appropriate `.h' file in the
285 `processors' directory.
287 2. If `BITS64' is defined in the `processors' header file, choose whether
288 to compile the 32-bit or 64-bit implementation of SoftFloat. If
289 `BITS64' is not defined, your only choice is the 32-bit implementation.
290 The remaining steps occur within either the `bits32' or `bits64'
293 3. If one does not already exist, create an appropriate target-specific
294 subdirectory by copying the given `templates' directory.
296 4. In the target-specific subdirectory, edit the files `softfloat-specialize'
297 and `softfloat.h' to define the desired exception handling functions
298 and mode control values. In the `softfloat.h' header file, ensure also
299 that all declarations give the proper target-specific type (such as
300 `int' or `long') corresponding to the target-independent type used in
301 `softfloat.c' (such as `int32'). None of the type names declared in the
302 `processors' header file should appear in `softfloat.h'.
304 5. In the target-specific subdirectory, edit the files `milieu.h' and
305 `Makefile' to reflect the current environment.
307 6. In the target-specific subdirectory, execute `make'.
309 For the targets that are supplied, if the expected compiler is available
310 (usually `gcc'), it should only be necessary to execute `make' in the
311 target-specific subdirectory.
314 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
315 Making `softfloat.o' a Library
317 SoftFloat is not made into a software library by the supplied makefile.
318 If desired, `softfloat.o' can easily be put into its own library (in Unix,
319 `softfloat.a') using the usual system tool (in Unix, `ar').
322 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
325 SoftFloat can be tested using the `testsoftfloat' program by the same
326 author. The `testsoftfloat' program is part of the TestFloat package
327 available at the Web page `http://HTTP.CS.Berkeley.EDU/~jhauser/arithmetic/
331 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
334 A program called `timesoftfloat' for timing the SoftFloat functions is
335 included with the SoftFloat source code. Compiling `timesoftfloat' should
336 pose no difficulties once `softfloat.o' exists. The supplied makefile
337 will create a `timesoftfloat' executable by default after generating
338 `softfloat.o'. See `timesoftfloat.txt' for documentation about using
342 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
343 Compiler Options and Efficiency
345 In order to get good speed with SoftFloat, it is important that the compiler
346 inline the routines that have been marked `INLINE' in the code. Even if
347 inlining cannot be forced by an appropriate definition of the `INLINE'
348 macro, the compiler may still be able to perform inlining on its own as
349 an optimization. In that case, the makefile should be edited to give the
350 compiler whatever option is required to cause it to inline small functions.
352 The ability of the processor to do fast shifts has been assumed. Efficiency
353 will not be as good on processors for which this is not the case (such as
354 the original Motorola 68000 or Intel 8086 processors).
357 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
358 Processor-Specific Optimization of `softfloat.c' Using `softfloat-macros'
360 The `softfloat-macros' source fragment defines arithmetic functions used
361 as primitives by `softfloat.c'. This file has been written in a target-
362 independent form. For a given target, it may be possible to improve on
363 these functions using target-specific and/or non-ISO-C features (such
364 as `asm' statements). For example, one of the ``macro'' functions takes
365 two word-size integers and returns their full product in two words.
366 This operation can be done directly in hardware on many processors; but
367 because it is not available through standard C, the function defined in
368 `softfloat-macros' uses four multiplies to achieve the same result.
370 To address these shortcomings, a customized version of `softfloat-macros'
371 can be created in any of the target-specific subdirectories. A simple
372 modification to the target's makefile should be sufficient to ensure that
373 the custom version is used instead of the generic one.
376 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
379 At the time of this writing, the most up-to-date information about
380 SoftFloat and the latest release can be found at the Web page `http://
381 HTTP.CS.Berkeley.EDU/~jhauser/arithmetic/SoftFloat.html'.