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30 .\" @(#)2.t 5.1 (Berkeley) 4/17/91
35 The first phase of each Berkeley system is its development.
37 maintains a continuously evolving list of projects that are candidates
38 for integration into the system.
39 Some of these are prompted by emerging ideas from the research world,
40 such as the availability of a new technology, while other additions
41 are suggested by the commercial world, such as the introduction of
44 and still other projects are emergency responses to situations like
47 These projects are ordered based on the perceived benefit of the
48 project as opposed to its difficulty;
49 the most important are selected for inclusion in each new release.
50 Often there is a prototype available from a group outside
52 Because of the limited staff at
54 this prototype is obtained to use as a starting base
55 for integration into the
58 Only if no prototype is available is the project begun in-house.
59 In either case, the design of the facility is forced to conform to the
63 Unlike other development groups, the staff of
65 specializes by projects rather than by particular parts
67 a staff person will be responsible for all aspects of a project.
68 This responsibility starts at the associated kernel device drivers;
69 it proceeds up through the rest of the kernel,
70 through the C library and system utility programs,
71 ending at the user application layer.
72 This staff person is also responsible for related documentation,
73 including manual pages.
74 Many projects proceed in parallel,
75 interacting with other projects as their paths cross.
77 All source code, documentation, and auxiliary files are kept
78 under a source code control system.
80 this control system is critical for notifying people
81 when they are colliding with other ongoing projects.
82 Even more important, however,
83 is the audit trail maintained by the control system that
84 is critical to the release engineering phase of the project
85 described in the next section.
87 Much of the development of
89 is done by personnel that are located at other institutions.
90 Many of these people not only have interim copies of the release
91 running on their own machines,
92 but also have user accounts on the main development
94 Such users are commonly found logged in at Berkeley over the
95 Internet, or sometimes via telephone dialup, from places as far away
96 as Massachusetts or Maryland, as well as from closer places, such as
98 For the \*(b3 release,
99 certain users had permission to modify the master copy of the
100 system source directly.
101 People given access to the master sources
102 are carefully screened beforehand,
103 but are not closely supervised.
104 Their work is checked at the end of the beta-test period by
106 personnel who back out inappropriate changes.
107 Several facilities, including the
108 Fortran and C compilers,
109 as well as important system programs, for example,
113 include significant contributions from people who did not work
116 One important exception to this approach is that changes to the kernel
119 personnel, although the changes are often suggested by the larger community.
121 The development phase continues until
123 decides that it is appropriate to make a release.
124 The decision to halt development and transition to release mode
125 is driven by several factors.
126 The most important is that enough projects have been completed
127 to make the system significantly superior to the previously released
128 version of the system.
130 \*(b3 was released primarily because of the need for
131 the improved networking capabilities and the markedly
132 improved system performance.
133 Of secondary importance is the issue of timing.
134 If the releases are too infrequent, then
136 will be inundated with requests for interim releases.
138 if systems are released too frequently,
139 the integration cost for many vendors will be too high,
140 causing them to ignore the releases.
142 the process of release engineering is long and tedious.
143 Frequent releases slow the rate of development and
144 cause undue tedium to the staff.