1 This directory contains the GNU DIFF and DIFF3 utilities, version 1.15.
2 See file COPYING for copying conditions. To compile and install on
3 system V, you must edit the makefile according to comments therein.
5 Report bugs to bug-gnu-utils@prep.ai.mit.edu
7 Version 1.15 has the following new features; please see below for details.
9 -L (+file-label) option
11 -a and -m options for diff3
12 Most output styles can represent incomplete input lines.
13 `Text' is defined by ISO 8859.
14 diff3 exit status 0 means success, 1 means overlaps, 2 means trouble.
17 This version of diff provides all the features of BSD's diff.
18 It has these additional features:
20 An input file may end in a non-newline character. If so, its last
21 line is called an incomplete line and is distinguished on output
22 from a full line. In the default, -c, and -u output styles, an
23 incomplete output line is followed by a diagnostic line that starts
24 with \. With -n, an incomplete line is output without a trailing
25 newline. Other output styles (-D, -e, -f) cannot represent an
26 incomplete line, so they pretend that there was a newline, and -e and -f
27 also print an error message. For example, suppose F and G are one-byte
28 files that contain just ``f'' and ``g'', respectively.
30 Then ``diff F G'' outputs
34 \ No newline at end of file
37 \ No newline at end of file
39 (The exact diagnostic message may differ, e.g. for non-English locales.)
40 ``diff -n F G'' outputs the following without a trailing newline:
46 ``diff -e F G'' sends two diagnostics to stderr and the following to stdout:
52 A file is considered to be text if its first characters are all in the
53 ISO 8859 character set; BSD's diff uses Ascii.
55 GNU DIFF has the following additional options:
57 -a Always treat files as text and compare them line-by-line,
58 even if they do not appear to be text.
60 -B ignore changes that just insert or delete blank lines.
63 request -c format and specify number of context lines.
66 in context format, for each unit of differences, show some of
67 the last preceding line that matches the specified regexp.
69 -H use heuristics to speed handling of large files that
70 have numerous scattered small changes. The algorithm becomes
71 asymptotically linear for such files!
74 ignore changes that just insert or delete lines that
75 match the specified regexp.
78 Use the specified label in file header lines output by the -c option.
79 This option may be given zero, one, or two times,
80 to affect neither label, just the first file's label, or both labels.
81 A file's default label is its name, a tab, and its modification date.
83 -N in directory comparison, if a file is found in only one directory,
84 treat it as present but empty in the other directory.
86 -p equivalent to -c -F'^[_a-zA-Z]'. This is useful for C code
87 because it shows which function each change is in.
89 -T print a tab rather than a space before the text of a line
90 in normal or context format. This causes the alignment
91 of tabs in the line to look normal.
94 produce unified style output with # context lines (default 3).
95 This style is like -c, but it is more compact because context
96 lines are printed only once. Lines from just the first file
97 are marked '-'; lines from just the second file are marked '+'.
99 This version of diff3 has all of BSD diff3's features, with the following
102 An input file may end in a non-newline character. With the -m option,
103 an incomplete last line stays incomplete. Other output styles treat
104 incomplete lines like diff.
106 The file name '-' denotes the standard input. It can appear at most once.
108 diff3 has the following additional options:
110 -a Always treat files as text and compare them line-by-line,
111 even if they do not appear to be text.
113 -i Include 'w' and 'q' commands at the end of the output, to write out
114 the changed file, thus emulating system V behavior. One of the edit
115 script options -e, -E, -x, -X, -3 must also be specified.
117 -m Apply the edit script to the first file and send the result to
118 standard output. Unlike piping diff3's output to ed(1), this works
119 even for binary files and incomplete lines. -E is assumed if no edit
120 script option is specified. This option is incompatible with -i.
123 Use the specified label for lines output by the -E and -X options,
124 one of which must also be specified. This option may be given zero,
125 one, or two times; the first label marks <<<<<<< lines and the second
126 marks >>>>>>> lines. The default labels are the names of the first and
127 third files on the command line. Thus ``diff3 -L X -L Z -E A B C''
128 acts like ``diff3 -E A B C'', except that the output looks like it
129 came from files named X and Z rather than from files named A and C.
131 Exit status 0 means success, 1 means overlaps were found and -E or -X was
132 specified, and 2 means trouble.
136 GNU DIFF was written by Mike Haertel, David Hayes, Richard Stallman
137 and Len Tower. The basic algorithm is described in: "An O(ND)
138 Difference Algorithm and its Variations", Eugene Myers, Algorithmica
139 Vol. 1 No. 2, 1986, p 251.
141 Many bugs were fixed by Paul Eggert. The unified diff idea and format
142 are from Wayne Davison.
144 Suggested projects for improving GNU DIFF:
146 * Handle very large files by not keeping the entire text in core.
148 One way to do this is to scan the files sequentally to compute hash
149 codes of the lines and put the lines in equivalence classes based only
150 on hash code. Then compare the files normally. This will produce
153 Then scan the two files sequentially again, checking each match to see
154 whether it is real. When a match is not real, mark both the
155 "matching" lines as changed. Then build an edit script as usual.
157 The output routines would have to be changed to scan the files
158 sequentially looking for the text to print.