7 Network Working Group A. Huttunen
8 Request for Comments: 3948 F-Secure Corporation
9 Category: Standards Track B. Swander
19 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets
23 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
24 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
25 improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
26 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
27 and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
31 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
35 This protocol specification defines methods to encapsulate and
36 decapsulate IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) packets inside
37 UDP packets for traversing Network Address Translators. ESP
38 encapsulation, as defined in this document, can be used in both IPv4
39 and IPv6 scenarios. Whenever negotiated, encapsulation is used with
40 Internet Key Exchange (IKE).
58 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
60 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
65 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
66 2. Packet Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
67 2.1. UDP-Encapsulated ESP Header Format . . . . . . . . . . . 3
68 2.2. IKE Header Format for Port 4500 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
69 2.3. NAT-Keepalive Packet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
70 3. Encapsulation and Decapsulation Procedures . . . . . . . . . . 5
71 3.1. Auxiliary Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
72 3.1.1. Tunnel Mode Decapsulation NAT Procedure . . . . 5
73 3.1.2. Transport Mode Decapsulation NAT Procedure . . . 5
74 3.2. Transport Mode ESP Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
75 3.3. Transport Mode ESP Decapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
76 3.4. Tunnel Mode ESP Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
77 3.5. Tunnel Mode ESP Decapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
78 4. NAT Keepalive Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
79 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
80 5.1. Tunnel Mode Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
81 5.2. Transport Mode Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
82 6. IAB Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
83 7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
84 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
85 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
86 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
87 A. Clarification of Potential NAT Multiple Client Solutions . . . 12
88 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
89 Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
93 This protocol specification defines methods to encapsulate and
94 decapsulate ESP packets inside UDP packets for traversing Network
95 Address Translators (NATs) (see [RFC3715], section 2.2, case i). The
96 UDP port numbers are the same as those used by IKE traffic, as
99 The sharing of the port numbers for both IKE and UDP encapsulated ESP
100 traffic was selected because it offers better scaling (only one NAT
101 mapping in the NAT; no need to send separate IKE keepalives), easier
102 configuration (only one port to be configured in firewalls), and
103 easier implementation.
105 A client's needs should determine whether transport mode or tunnel
106 mode is to be supported (see [RFC3715], Section 3, "Telecommuter
107 scenario"). L2TP/IPsec clients MUST support the modes as defined in
108 [RFC3193]. IPsec tunnel mode clients MUST support tunnel mode.
114 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
116 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
119 An IKE implementation supporting this protocol specification MUST NOT
120 use the ESP SPI field zero for ESP packets. This ensures that IKE
121 packets and ESP packets can be distinguished from each other.
123 As defined in this document, UDP encapsulation of ESP packets is
124 written in terms of IPv4 headers. There is no technical reason why
125 an IPv6 header could not be used as the outer header and/or as the
128 Because the protection of the outer IP addresses in IPsec AH is
129 inherently incompatible with NAT, the IPsec AH was left out of the
130 scope of this protocol specification. This protocol also assumes
131 that IKE (IKEv1 [RFC2401] or IKEv2 [IKEv2]) is used to negotiate the
132 IPsec SAs. Manual keying is not supported.
134 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
135 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
136 document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
140 2.1. UDP-Encapsulated ESP Header Format
143 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
144 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
145 | Source Port | Destination Port |
146 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
147 | Length | Checksum |
148 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
149 | ESP header [RFC2406] |
152 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
154 The UDP header is a standard [RFC0768] header, where
156 o the Source Port and Destination Port MUST be the same as that used
158 o the IPv4 UDP Checksum SHOULD be transmitted as a zero value, and
159 o receivers MUST NOT depend on the UDP checksum being a zero value.
161 The SPI field in the ESP header MUST NOT be a zero value.
170 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
172 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
175 2.2. IKE Header Format for Port 4500
178 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
179 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
180 | Source Port | Destination Port |
181 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
182 | Length | Checksum |
183 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
185 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
186 | IKE header [RFC2409] |
189 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
191 The UDP header is a standard [RFC0768] header and is used as defined
192 in [RFC3947]. This document does not set any new requirements for
193 the checksum handling of an IKE packet.
195 A Non-ESP Marker is 4 zero-valued bytes aligning with the SPI field
198 2.3. NAT-Keepalive Packet Format
201 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
202 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
203 | Source Port | Destination Port |
204 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
205 | Length | Checksum |
206 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
210 The UDP header is a standard [RFC0768] header, where
212 o the Source Port and Destination Port MUST be the same as used by
213 UDP-ESP encapsulation of Section 2.1,
214 o the IPv4 UDP Checksum SHOULD be transmitted as a zero value, and
215 o receivers MUST NOT depend upon the UDP checksum being a zero
218 The sender MUST use a one-octet-long payload with the value 0xFF.
219 The receiver SHOULD ignore a received NAT-keepalive packet.
226 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
228 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
231 3. Encapsulation and Decapsulation Procedures
233 3.1. Auxiliary Procedures
235 3.1.1. Tunnel Mode Decapsulation NAT Procedure
237 When a tunnel mode has been used to transmit packets (see [RFC3715],
238 section 3, criteria "Mode support" and "Telecommuter scenario"), the
239 inner IP header can contain addresses that are not suitable for the
240 current network. This procedure defines how these addresses are to
241 be converted to suitable addresses for the current network.
243 Depending on local policy, one of the following MUST be done:
245 1. If a valid source IP address space has been defined in the policy
246 for the encapsulated packets from the peer, check that the source
247 IP address of the inner packet is valid according to the policy.
248 2. If an address has been assigned for the remote peer, check that
249 the source IP address used in the inner packet is the assigned IP
251 3. NAT is performed for the packet, making it suitable for transport
252 in the local network.
254 3.1.2. Transport Mode Decapsulation NAT Procedure
256 When a transport mode has been used to transmit packets, contained
257 TCP or UDP headers will have incorrect checksums due to the change of
258 parts of the IP header during transit. This procedure defines how to
259 fix these checksums (see [RFC3715], section 2.1, case b).
261 Depending on local policy, one of the following MUST be done:
263 1. If the protocol header after the ESP header is a TCP/UDP header
264 and the peer's real source and destination IP address have been
265 received according to [RFC3947], incrementally recompute the
268 * Subtract the IP source address in the received packet from the
270 * Add the real IP source address received via IKE to the
271 checksum (obtained from the NAT-OA)
272 * Subtract the IP destination address in the received packet
274 * Add the real IP destination address received via IKE to the
275 checksum (obtained from the NAT-OA).
276 Note: If the received and real address are the same for a given
277 address (e.g., say the source address), the operations cancel and
278 don't need to be performed.
282 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
284 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
287 2. If the protocol header after the ESP header is a TCP/UDP header,
288 recompute the checksum field in the TCP/UDP header.
290 3. If the protocol header after the ESP header is a UDP header, set
291 the checksum field to zero in the UDP header. If the protocol
292 after the ESP header is a TCP header, and if there is an option
293 to flag to the stack that the TCP checksum does not need to be
294 computed, then that flag MAY be used. This SHOULD only be done
295 for transport mode, and if the packet is integrity protected.
296 Tunnel mode TCP checksums MUST be verified. (This is not a
297 violation to the spirit of section 4.2.2.7 in [RFC1122] because a
298 checksum is being generated by the sender and verified by the
299 receiver. That checksum is the integrity over the packet
302 In addition an implementation MAY fix any contained protocols that
303 have been broken by NAT (see [RFC3715], section 2.1, case g).
305 3.2. Transport Mode ESP Encapsulation
307 BEFORE APPLYING ESP/UDP
308 ----------------------------
309 IPv4 |orig IP hdr | | |
310 |(any options)| TCP | Data |
311 ----------------------------
313 AFTER APPLYING ESP/UDP
314 -------------------------------------------------------
315 IPv4 |orig IP hdr | UDP | ESP | | | ESP | ESP|
316 |(any options)| Hdr | Hdr | TCP | Data | Trailer |Auth|
317 -------------------------------------------------------
318 |<----- encrypted ---->|
319 |<------ authenticated ----->|
321 1. Ordinary ESP encapsulation procedure is used.
322 2. A properly formatted UDP header is inserted where shown.
323 3. The Total Length, Protocol, and Header Checksum (for IPv4) fields
324 in the IP header are edited to match the resulting IP packet.
326 3.3. Transport Mode ESP Decapsulation
328 1. The UDP header is removed from the packet.
329 2. The Total Length, Protocol, and Header Checksum (for IPv4) fields
330 in the new IP header are edited to match the resulting IP packet.
331 3. Ordinary ESP decapsulation procedure is used.
332 4. Transport mode decapsulation NAT procedure is used.
338 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
340 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
343 3.4. Tunnel Mode ESP Encapsulation
345 BEFORE APPLYING ESP/UDP
346 ----------------------------
347 IPv4 |orig IP hdr | | |
348 |(any options)| TCP | Data |
349 ----------------------------
351 AFTER APPLYING ESP/UDP
352 --------------------------------------------------------------
353 IPv4 |new h.| UDP | ESP |orig IP hdr | | | ESP | ESP|
354 |(opts)| Hdr | Hdr |(any options)| TCP | Data | Trailer |Auth|
355 --------------------------------------------------------------
356 |<------------ encrypted ----------->|
357 |<------------- authenticated ------------>|
359 1. Ordinary ESP encapsulation procedure is used.
360 2. A properly formatted UDP header is inserted where shown.
361 3. The Total Length, Protocol, and Header Checksum (for IPv4) fields
362 in the new IP header are edited to match the resulting IP packet.
364 3.5. Tunnel Mode ESP Decapsulation
366 1. The UDP header is removed from the packet.
367 2. The Total Length, Protocol, and Header Checksum (for IPv4) fields
368 in the new IP header are edited to match the resulting IP packet.
369 3. Ordinary ESP decapsulation procedure is used.
370 4. Tunnel mode decapsulation NAT procedure is used.
372 4. NAT Keepalive Procedure
374 The sole purpose of sending NAT-keepalive packets is to keep NAT
375 mappings alive for the duration of a connection between the peers
376 (see [RFC3715], Section 2.2, case j). Reception of NAT-keepalive
377 packets MUST NOT be used to detect whether a connection is live.
379 A peer MAY send a NAT-keepalive packet if one or more phase I or
380 phase II SAs exist between the peers, or if such an SA has existed at
381 most N minutes earlier. N is a locally configurable parameter with a
382 default value of 5 minutes.
384 A peer SHOULD send a NAT-keepalive packet if a need for it is
385 detected according to [RFC3947] and if no other packet to the peer
386 has been sent in M seconds. M is a locally configurable parameter
387 with a default value of 20 seconds.
394 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
396 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
399 5. Security Considerations
401 5.1. Tunnel Mode Conflict
403 Implementors are warned that it is possible for remote peers to
404 negotiate entries that overlap in an SGW (security gateway), an issue
405 affecting tunnel mode (see [RFC3715], section 2.1, case e).
408 | |-------------|----\
413 +----+ \ / \ +----+ +----+
414 | |-------------|----------+------| |----------| |
415 +----+ / \ +----+ +----+
416 Bob's NAT 2 SGW Suzy's
420 Because SGW will now see two possible SAs that lead to 10.1.2.3, it
421 can become confused about where to send packets coming from Suzy's
422 server. Implementors MUST devise ways of preventing this from
425 It is RECOMMENDED that SGW either assign locally unique IP addresses
426 to Ari's and Bob's laptop (by using a protocol such as DHCP over
427 IPsec) or use NAT to change Ari's and Bob's laptop source IP
428 addresses to these locally unique addresses before sending packets
429 forward to Suzy's server. This covers the "Scaling" criteria of
430 section 3 in [RFC3715].
432 Please see Appendix A.
450 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
452 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
455 5.2. Transport Mode Conflict
457 Another similar issue may occur in transport mode, with 2 clients,
458 Ari and Bob, behind the same NAT talking securely to the same server
459 (see [RFC3715], Section 2.1, case e).
461 Cliff wants to talk in the clear to the same server.
470 | |-----+-----------------| |
483 Now, transport SAs on the server will look like this:
485 To Ari: Server to NAT, <traffic desc1>, UDP encap <4500, Y>
487 To Bob: Server to NAT, <traffic desc2>, UDP encap <4500, Z>
489 Cliff's traffic is in the clear, so there is no SA.
491 <traffic desc> is the protocol and port information. The UDP encap
492 ports are the ports used in UDP-encapsulated ESP format of section
493 2.1. Y,Z are the dynamic ports assigned by the NAT during the IKE
494 negotiation. So IKE traffic from Ari's laptop goes out on UDP
495 <4500,4500>. It reaches the server as UDP <Y,4500>, where Y is the
496 dynamically assigned port.
498 If the <traffic desc1> overlaps <traffic desc2>, then simple filter
499 lookups may not be sufficient to determine which SA has to be used to
500 send traffic. Implementations MUST handle this situation, either by
501 disallowing conflicting connections, or by other means.
506 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
508 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
511 Assume now that Cliff wants to connect to the server in the clear.
512 This is going to be difficult to configure, as the server already has
513 a policy (from Server to the NAT's external address) for securing
514 <traffic desc>. For totally non-overlapping traffic descriptions,
517 Sample server policy could be as follows:
519 To Ari: Server to NAT, All UDP, secure
521 To Bob: Server to NAT, All TCP, secure
523 To Cliff: Server to NAT, ALL ICMP, clear text
525 Note that this policy also lets Ari and Bob send cleartext ICMP to
528 The server sees all clients behind the NAT as the same IP address, so
529 setting up different policies for the same traffic descriptor is in
530 principle impossible.
532 A problematic example of configuration on the server is as follows:
534 Server to NAT, TCP, secure (for Ari and Bob)
536 Server to NAT, TCP, clear (for Cliff)
538 The server cannot enforce his policy, as it is possible that
539 misbehaving Bob sends traffic in the clear. This is
540 indistinguishable from when Cliff sends traffic in the clear. So it
541 is impossible to guarantee security from some clients behind a NAT,
542 while allowing clear text from different clients behind the SAME NAT.
543 If the server's security policy allows this, however, it can do
544 best-effort security: If the client from behind the NAT initiates
545 security, his connection will be secured. If he sends in the clear,
546 the server will still accept that clear text.
548 For security guarantees, the above problematic scenario MUST NOT be
549 allowed on servers. For best effort security, this scenario MAY be
552 Please see Appendix A.
554 6. IAB Considerations
556 The UNSAF [RFC3424] questions are addressed by the IPsec-NAT
557 compatibility requirements document [RFC3715].
562 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
564 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
569 Thanks to Tero Kivinen and William Dixon, who contributed actively to
572 Thanks to Joern Sierwald, Tamir Zegman, Tatu Ylonen, and Santeri
573 Paavolainen, who contributed to the early documents about NAT
578 8.1. Normative References
580 [RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
583 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
584 Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
586 [RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
587 Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
589 [RFC2406] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security
590 Payload (ESP)", RFC 2406, November 1998.
592 [RFC2409] Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange
593 (IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998.
595 [RFC3947] Kivinen, T., "Negotiation of NAT-Traversal in the IKE",
596 RFC 3947, January 2005.
598 8.2. Informative References
600 [RFC1122] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
601 Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989.
603 [RFC3193] Patel, B., Aboba, B., Dixon, W., Zorn, G., and S. Booth,
604 "Securing L2TP using IPsec", RFC 3193, November 2001.
606 [RFC3424] Daigle, L. and IAB, "IAB Considerations for UNilateral
607 Self-Address Fixing (UNSAF) Across Network Address
608 Translation", RFC 3424, November 2002.
610 [RFC3715] Aboba, B. and W. Dixon, "IPsec-Network Address Translation
611 (NAT) Compatibility Requirements", RFC 3715, March 2004.
613 [IKEv2] Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
614 Work in Progress, October 2004.
618 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
620 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
623 Appendix A. Clarification of Potential NAT Multiple Client Solutions
625 This appendix provides clarification about potential solutions to the
626 problem of multiple clients behind the same NAT simultaneously
627 connecting to the same destination IP address.
629 Sections 5.1 and 5.2 say that you MUST avoid this problem. As this
630 is not a matter of wire protocol, but a matter local implementation,
631 the mechanisms do not belong in the protocol specification itself.
632 They are instead listed in this appendix.
634 Choosing an option will likely depend on the scenarios for which one
635 uses/supports IPsec NAT-T. This list is not meant to be exhaustive,
636 so other solutions may exist. We first describe the generic choices
637 that solve the problem for all upper-layer protocols.
639 Generic choices for ESP transport mode:
641 Tr1) Implement a built-in NAT (network address translation) above
644 Tr2) Implement a built-in NAPT (network address port translation)
645 above IPsec decapsulation.
647 Tr3) An initiator may decide not to request transport mode once NAT
648 is detected and may instead request a tunnel-mode SA. This may be a
649 retry after transport mode is denied by the responder, or the
650 initiator may choose to propose a tunnel SA initially. This is no
651 more difficult than knowing whether to propose transport mode or
652 tunnel mode without NAT. If for some reason the responder prefers or
653 requires tunnel mode for NAT traversal, it must reject the quick mode
654 SA proposal for transport mode.
656 Generic choices for ESP tunnel mode:
662 Tn3) This option is possible if an initiator can be assigned an
663 address through its tunnel SA, with the responder using DHCP. The
664 initiator may initially request an internal address via the
665 DHCP-IPsec method, regardless of whether it knows it is behind a NAT.
666 It may re-initiate an IKE quick mode negotiation for DHCP tunnel SA
667 after the responder fails the quick mode SA transport mode proposal.
668 This happens either when a NAT-OA payload is sent or because it
674 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
676 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
679 discovers from NAT-D that the initiator is behind a NAT and its local
680 configuration/policy will only accept a NAT connection when being
681 assigned an address through DHCP-IPsec.
683 There are also implementation choices that offer limited
684 interoperability. Implementors should specify which applications or
685 protocols should work if these options are selected. Note that
686 neither Tr4 nor Tn4, as described below, are expected to work with
689 Limited interoperability choices for ESP transport mode:
691 Tr4) Implement upper-layer protocol awareness of the inbound and
692 outbound IPsec SA so that it doesn't use the source IP and the source
693 port as the session identifier (e.g., an L2TP session ID mapped to
694 the IPsec SA pair that doesn't use the UDP source port or the source
695 IP address for peer uniqueness).
697 Tr5) Implement application integration with IKE initiation so that it
698 can rebind to a different source port if the IKE quick mode SA
699 proposal is rejected by the responder; then it can repropose the new
702 Limited interoperability choices for ESP tunnel mode:
730 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
732 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
743 EMail: Ari.Huttunen@F-Secure.com
752 EMail: briansw@microsoft.com
762 EMail: vvolpe@cisco.com
771 EMail: ldiburro@nortelnetworks.com
777 EMail: markus.stenberg@iki.fi
786 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
788 RFC 3948 UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets January 2005
791 Full Copyright Statement
793 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
795 This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
796 contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
797 retain all their rights.
799 This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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801 OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
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842 Huttunen, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]