1 .\" $NetBSD: ral.4,v 1.7 2009/03/09 19:24:28 joerg Exp $
2 .\" $OpenBSD: ral.4,v 1.53 2006/05/06 17:26:25 jmc Exp $
4 .\" Copyright (c) 2005, 2006
5 .\" Damien Bergamini <damien.bergamini@free.fr>
7 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
8 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
9 .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
11 .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
12 .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
13 .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
14 .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
15 .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
16 .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
17 .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
24 .Nd Ralink Technology IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless network driver
26 .Cd "ral* at cardbus?"
28 .Cd "ral* at uhub? port ?"
32 driver supports PCI/CardBus wireless adapters based on the Ralink RT2500,
33 RT2501, and RT2600 chipsets.
36 driver supports USB 2.0 wireless adapters based on the Ralink RT2500USB
39 The RT2500 chipset is the first generation of 802.11b/g adapters from Ralink.
40 It consists of two integrated chips, an RT2560 or RT2570(USB) MAC/BBP
41 and an RT2525 or RT2526(USB) radio transceiver.
43 The RT2501 chipset is the second generation of 802.11b/g adapters from Ralink.
44 It consists of two integrated chips, an RT2561 MAC/BBP and an RT2527 radio
46 This chipset provides support for the IEEE 802.11e standard with multiple
47 hardware transmission queues and allows scatter/gather for efficient DMA
50 The RT2600 chipset consists of two integrated chips, an RT2661 MAC/BBP and an
51 RT2529 radio transceiver.
52 This chipset uses the MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology with
53 multiple antennas to extend the operating range of the adapter and to achieve
55 MIMO will be the basis of the future IEEE 802.11n standard.
57 These are the modes the
59 driver can operate in:
60 .Bl -tag -width "IBSS-masterXX"
64 mode, this is used when associating with an access point, through
65 which all traffic passes.
66 This mode is the default.
73 This is the standardized method of operating without an access point.
74 Stations associate with a service set.
75 However, actual connections between stations are peer-to-peer.
77 In this mode the driver acts as an access point (base station)
80 In this mode the driver is able to receive packets without
81 associating with an access point.
82 This disables the internal receive filter and enables the card to
83 capture packets from networks which it wouldn't normally have access to,
84 or to scan for access points.
88 supports software WEP.
89 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is the de facto encryption standard
90 for wireless networks.
91 It can be typically configured in one of three modes:
92 no encryption; 40-bit encryption; or 104-bit encryption.
93 Unfortunately, due to serious weaknesses in WEP protocol
94 it is strongly recommended that it not be used as the
95 sole mechanism to secure wireless communication.
96 WEP is not enabled by default.
98 The transmit speed is user-selectable or can be adapted automatically by the
99 driver depending on the received signal strength and on the number of hardware
100 transmission retries.
103 for more information.
107 driver can be configured at runtime with
111 using the following parameters:
113 .It Cm bssid Ar bssid
114 Set the desired BSSID.
116 Unset the desired BSSID.
117 The interface will automatically select a BSSID in this mode, which is
120 Set the channel (radio frequency) to be used by the driver based on
124 Unset the desired channel to be used by the driver.
125 The driver will automatically select a channel in this mode, which is
127 .It Cm media Ar media
130 driver supports the following
134 .Bl -tag -width autoselect -compact
136 Enable autoselection of the media type and options.
138 Set 802.11b DS 1Mbps operation.
140 Set 802.11b DS 2Mbps operation.
142 Set 802.11b DS 5.5Mbps operation.
144 Set 802.11b DS 11Mbps operation.
146 Set 802.11a/g OFDM 6Mbps operation.
148 Set 802.11a/g OFDM 9Mbps operation.
150 Set 802.11a/g OFDM 12Mbps operation.
152 Set 802.11a/g OFDM 18Mbps operation.
154 Set 802.11a/g OFDM 24Mbps operation.
156 Set 802.11a/g OFDM 36Mbps operation.
158 Set 802.11a/g OFDM 48Mbps operation.
160 Set 802.11a/g OFDM 54Mbps operation.
162 .It Cm mediaopt Ar opts
165 driver supports the following media options:
167 .Bl -tag -width monitor -compact
169 Select Host AP operation.
171 Select IBSS operation.
175 .It Fl mediaopt Ar opts
176 Disable the specified media options on the driver and return it to the
177 default mode of operation (BSS).
181 driver supports the following modes:
183 .Bl -tag -width 11b -compact
185 Force 802.11a operation.
187 Force 802.11b operation.
189 Force 802.11g operation.
195 can either be any text string up to 32 characters in length,
196 or a series of hexadecimal digits up to 64 digits.
199 string allows the interface to connect to any available access points.
202 driver uses an empty string.
203 Note that network ID is synonymous with Extended Service Set ID (ESSID).
205 Enable WEP encryption using the specified
209 can either be a string, a series of hexadecimal digits (preceded by
211 or a set of keys of the form
215 specifies which of the keys will be used for transmitted packets,
220 are configured as WEP keys.
221 If a set of keys is specified, a comma
223 within the key must be escaped with a backslash.
224 Note that if multiple keys are used, their order must be the same within
227 is capable of using both 40-bit (5 characters or 10 hexadecimal digits)
228 or 104-bit (13 characters or 26 hexadecimal digits) keys.
230 Disable WEP encryption.
231 This is the default mode of operation.
234 The following firmware files are potentially loaded when an interface is
237 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
238 .It /libdata/firmware/ral/ral-rt2561
239 .It /libdata/firmware/ral/ral-rt2561s
240 .It /libdata/firmware/ral/ral-rt2661
243 RT2500 adapters do not require a firmware to operate.
245 The following PCI adapters should work:
253 Atlantis Land A02-PCI-W54.
270 Hama WLAN PCI Card 54 Mbps.
273 iNexQ CR054g-009 (R03).
275 KCORP LifeStyle KLS-660.
276 LevelOne WNC-0301 v2.
299 The following CardBus adapters should work:
306 Atlantis Land A02-PCM-W54.
314 Dynalink WLG25CARDBUS.
324 Hercules HWGPCMCIA-54.
326 KCORP LifeStyle KLS-611.
327 LevelOne WPC-0301 v2.
346 The following Mini PCI adapters should work:
357 The following USB 2.0 adapters should work:
361 Belkin F5D7050 v2000.
363 Buffalo WLI-U2-KG54-AI.
364 Buffalo WLI-U2-KG54-YB.
366 Compex WLU54G 2A1100.
368 D-Link DWL-G122 (b1).
373 KCORP LifeStyle KLS-685.
380 Nintendo Wi-Fi USB Connector.
393 example creates a host-based access point on boot:
394 .Bd -literal -offset indent
395 inet 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 media autoselect \e
396 mediaopt hostap nwid my_net chan 11
399 Configure ral0 for WEP, using hex key
401 .Bd -literal -offset indent
402 # ifconfig ral0 nwkey 0x1deadbeef1
405 Return ral0 to its default settings:
406 .Bd -literal -offset indent
407 # ifconfig ral0 -bssid -chan media autoselect \e
411 Join an existing BSS network,
413 .Bd -literal -offset indent
414 # ifconfig ral0 192.168.1.1 netmask 0xffffff00 nwid my_net
418 .It "ral%d: could not read microcode %s"
419 For some reason, the driver was unable to read the microcode file from the
421 The file might be missing or corrupted.
422 .It "ral%d: could not load 8051 microcode"
423 An error occurred while attempting to upload the microcode to the onboard 8051
424 microcontroller unit.
425 .It "ral%d: timeout waiting for MCU to initialize"
426 The onboard 8051 microcontroller unit failed to initialize in time.
427 .It "ral%d: device timeout"
428 A frame dispatched to the hardware for transmission did not complete in time.
429 The driver will reset the hardware.
430 This should not happen.
445 .Pa http://www.ralinktech.com
449 driver first appeared in
453 Support for the RT2501 and RT2600 chipsets was added in
460 driver was written by
461 .An Damien Bergamini Aq damien@openbsd.org .
465 adapters seem to strictly require a system supporting PCI 2.2 or greater and
466 will likely not work in systems based on older revisions of the PCI
468 Check the board's PCI version before purchasing the card.
472 driver supports automatic control of the transmit speed in BSS mode only.
473 Therefore the use of a USB
475 adapter in Host AP mode is discouraged.