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[netbsd-mini2440.git] / sys / arch / powerpc / fpu / fpu_sqrt.c

/*      $NetBSD: fpu_sqrt.c,v 1.1.24.3 2004/09/21 13:20:34 skrll Exp $ */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1992, 1993
 *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * This software was developed by the Computer Systems Engineering group
 * at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory under DARPA contract BG 91-66 and
 * contributed to Berkeley.
 *
 * All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 * must display the following acknowledgement:
 *      This product includes software developed by the University of
 *      California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *      @(#)fpu_sqrt.c  8.1 (Berkeley) 6/11/93
 */

/*
 * Perform an FPU square root (return sqrt(x)).
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__KERNEL_RCSID(0, "$NetBSD: fpu_sqrt.c,v 1.1.24.3 2004/09/21 13:20:34 skrll Exp $");

#include <sys/types.h>
#if defined(DIAGNOSTIC)||defined(DEBUG)
#include <sys/systm.h>
#endif

#include <machine/reg.h>
#include <machine/fpu.h>

#include <powerpc/fpu/fpu_arith.h>
#include <powerpc/fpu/fpu_emu.h>

/*
 * Our task is to calculate the square root of a floating point number x0.
 * This number x normally has the form:
 *
 *                  exp
 *      x = mant * 2            (where 1 <= mant < 2 and exp is an integer)
 *
 * This can be left as it stands, or the mantissa can be doubled and the
 * exponent decremented:
 *
 *                        exp-1
 *      x = (2 * mant) * 2      (where 2 <= 2 * mant < 4)
 *
 * If the exponent `exp' is even, the square root of the number is best
 * handled using the first form, and is by definition equal to:
 *
 *                              exp/2
 *      sqrt(x) = sqrt(mant) * 2
 *
 * If exp is odd, on the other hand, it is convenient to use the second
 * form, giving:
 *
 *                                  (exp-1)/2
 *      sqrt(x) = sqrt(2 * mant) * 2
 *
 * In the first case, we have
 *
 *      1 <= mant < 2
 *
 * and therefore
 *
 *      sqrt(1) <= sqrt(mant) < sqrt(2)
 *
 * while in the second case we have
 *
 *      2 <= 2*mant < 4
 *
 * and therefore
 *
 *      sqrt(2) <= sqrt(2*mant) < sqrt(4)
 *
 * so that in any case, we are sure that
 *
 *      sqrt(1) <= sqrt(n * mant) < sqrt(4),    n = 1 or 2
 *
 * or
 *
 *      1 <= sqrt(n * mant) < 2,                n = 1 or 2.
 *
 * This root is therefore a properly formed mantissa for a floating
 * point number.  The exponent of sqrt(x) is either exp/2 or (exp-1)/2
 * as above.  This leaves us with the problem of finding the square root
 * of a fixed-point number in the range [1..4).
 *
 * Though it may not be instantly obvious, the following square root
 * algorithm works for any integer x of an even number of bits, provided
 * that no overflows occur:
 *
 *      let q = 0
 *      for k = NBITS-1 to 0 step -1 do -- for each digit in the answer...
 *              x *= 2                  -- multiply by radix, for next digit
 *              if x >= 2q + 2^k then   -- if adding 2^k does not
 *                      x -= 2q + 2^k   -- exceed the correct root,
 *                      q += 2^k        -- add 2^k and adjust x
 *              fi
 *      done
 *      sqrt = q / 2^(NBITS/2)          -- (and any remainder is in x)
 *
 * If NBITS is odd (so that k is initially even), we can just add another
 * zero bit at the top of x.  Doing so means that q is not going to acquire
 * a 1 bit in the first trip around the loop (since x0 < 2^NBITS).  If the
 * final value in x is not needed, or can be off by a factor of 2, this is
 * equivalant to moving the `x *= 2' step to the bottom of the loop:
 *
 *      for k = NBITS-1 to 0 step -1 do if ... fi; x *= 2; done
 *
 * and the result q will then be sqrt(x0) * 2^floor(NBITS / 2).
 * (Since the algorithm is destructive on x, we will call x's initial
 * value, for which q is some power of two times its square root, x0.)
 *
 * If we insert a loop invariant y = 2q, we can then rewrite this using
 * C notation as:
 *
 *      q = y = 0; x = x0;
 *      for (k = NBITS; --k >= 0;) {
 * #if (NBITS is even)
 *              x *= 2;
 * #endif
 *              t = y + (1 << k);
 *              if (x >= t) {
 *                      x -= t;
 *                      q += 1 << k;
 *                      y += 1 << (k + 1);
 *              }
 * #if (NBITS is odd)
 *              x *= 2;
 * #endif
 *      }
 *
 * If x0 is fixed point, rather than an integer, we can simply alter the
 * scale factor between q and sqrt(x0).  As it happens, we can easily arrange
 * for the scale factor to be 2**0 or 1, so that sqrt(x0) == q.
 *
 * In our case, however, x0 (and therefore x, y, q, and t) are multiword
 * integers, which adds some complication.  But note that q is built one
 * bit at a time, from the top down, and is not used itself in the loop
 * (we use 2q as held in y instead).  This means we can build our answer
 * in an integer, one word at a time, which saves a bit of work.  Also,
 * since 1 << k is always a `new' bit in q, 1 << k and 1 << (k+1) are
 * `new' bits in y and we can set them with an `or' operation rather than
 * a full-blown multiword add.
 *
 * We are almost done, except for one snag.  We must prove that none of our
 * intermediate calculations can overflow.  We know that x0 is in [1..4)
 * and therefore the square root in q will be in [1..2), but what about x,
 * y, and t?
 *
 * We know that y = 2q at the beginning of each loop.  (The relation only
 * fails temporarily while y and q are being updated.)  Since q < 2, y < 4.
 * The sum in t can, in our case, be as much as y+(1<<1) = y+2 < 6, and.
 * Furthermore, we can prove with a bit of work that x never exceeds y by
 * more than 2, so that even after doubling, 0 <= x < 8.  (This is left as
 * an exercise to the reader, mostly because I have become tired of working
 * on this comment.)
 *
 * If our floating point mantissas (which are of the form 1.frac) occupy
 * B+1 bits, our largest intermediary needs at most B+3 bits, or two extra.
 * In fact, we want even one more bit (for a carry, to avoid compares), or
 * three extra.  There is a comment in fpu_emu.h reminding maintainers of
 * this, so we have some justification in assuming it.
 */
struct fpn *
fpu_sqrt(struct fpemu *fe)
{
        struct fpn *x = &fe->fe_f1;
        u_int bit, q, tt;
        u_int x0, x1, x2, x3;
        u_int y0, y1, y2, y3;
        u_int d0, d1, d2, d3;
        int e;
        FPU_DECL_CARRY;

        /*
         * Take care of special cases first.  In order:
         *
         *      sqrt(NaN) = NaN
         *      sqrt(+0) = +0
         *      sqrt(-0) = -0
         *      sqrt(x < 0) = NaN       (including sqrt(-Inf))
         *      sqrt(+Inf) = +Inf
         *
         * Then all that remains are numbers with mantissas in [1..2).
         */
        DPRINTF(FPE_REG, ("fpu_sqer:\n"));
        DUMPFPN(FPE_REG, x);
        DPRINTF(FPE_REG, ("=>\n"));
        if (ISNAN(x)) {
                fe->fe_cx |= FPSCR_VXSNAN;
                DUMPFPN(FPE_REG, x);
                return (x);
        }
        if (ISZERO(x)) {
                fe->fe_cx |= FPSCR_ZX;
                x->fp_class = FPC_INF;
                DUMPFPN(FPE_REG, x);
                return (x);
        }
        if (x->fp_sign) {
                return (fpu_newnan(fe));
        }
        if (ISINF(x)) {
                fe->fe_cx |= FPSCR_VXSQRT;
                DUMPFPN(FPE_REG, 0);
                return (0);
        }

        /*
         * Calculate result exponent.  As noted above, this may involve
         * doubling the mantissa.  We will also need to double x each
         * time around the loop, so we define a macro for this here, and
         * we break out the multiword mantissa.
         */
#ifdef FPU_SHL1_BY_ADD
#define DOUBLE_X { \
        FPU_ADDS(x3, x3, x3); FPU_ADDCS(x2, x2, x2); \
        FPU_ADDCS(x1, x1, x1); FPU_ADDC(x0, x0, x0); \
}
#else
#define DOUBLE_X { \
        x0 = (x0 << 1) | (x1 >> 31); x1 = (x1 << 1) | (x2 >> 31); \
        x2 = (x2 << 1) | (x3 >> 31); x3 <<= 1; \
}
#endif
#if (FP_NMANT & 1) != 0
# define ODD_DOUBLE     DOUBLE_X
# define EVEN_DOUBLE    /* nothing */
#else
# define ODD_DOUBLE     /* nothing */
# define EVEN_DOUBLE    DOUBLE_X
#endif
        x0 = x->fp_mant[0];
        x1 = x->fp_mant[1];
        x2 = x->fp_mant[2];
        x3 = x->fp_mant[3];
        e = x->fp_exp;
        if (e & 1)              /* exponent is odd; use sqrt(2mant) */
                DOUBLE_X;
        /* THE FOLLOWING ASSUMES THAT RIGHT SHIFT DOES SIGN EXTENSION */
        x->fp_exp = e >> 1;     /* calculates (e&1 ? (e-1)/2 : e/2 */

        /*
         * Now calculate the mantissa root.  Since x is now in [1..4),
         * we know that the first trip around the loop will definitely
         * set the top bit in q, so we can do that manually and start
         * the loop at the next bit down instead.  We must be sure to
         * double x correctly while doing the `known q=1.0'.
         *
         * We do this one mantissa-word at a time, as noted above, to
         * save work.  To avoid `(1 << 31) << 1', we also do the top bit
         * outside of each per-word loop.
         *
         * The calculation `t = y + bit' breaks down into `t0 = y0, ...,
         * t3 = y3, t? |= bit' for the appropriate word.  Since the bit
         * is always a `new' one, this means that three of the `t?'s are
         * just the corresponding `y?'; we use `#define's here for this.
         * The variable `tt' holds the actual `t?' variable.
         */

        /* calculate q0 */
#define t0 tt
        bit = FP_1;
        EVEN_DOUBLE;
        /* if (x >= (t0 = y0 | bit)) { */       /* always true */
                q = bit;
                x0 -= bit;
                y0 = bit << 1;
        /* } */
        ODD_DOUBLE;
        while ((bit >>= 1) != 0) {      /* for remaining bits in q0 */
                EVEN_DOUBLE;
                t0 = y0 | bit;          /* t = y + bit */
                if (x0 >= t0) {         /* if x >= t then */
                        x0 -= t0;       /*      x -= t */
                        q |= bit;       /*      q += bit */
                        y0 |= bit << 1; /*      y += bit << 1 */
                }
                ODD_DOUBLE;
        }
        x->fp_mant[0] = q;
#undef t0

        /* calculate q1.  note (y0&1)==0. */
#define t0 y0
#define t1 tt
        q = 0;
        y1 = 0;
        bit = 1 << 31;
        EVEN_DOUBLE;
        t1 = bit;
        FPU_SUBS(d1, x1, t1);
        FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0);           /* d = x - t */
        if ((int)d0 >= 0) {             /* if d >= 0 (i.e., x >= t) then */
                x0 = d0, x1 = d1;       /*      x -= t */
                q = bit;                /*      q += bit */
                y0 |= 1;                /*      y += bit << 1 */
        }
        ODD_DOUBLE;
        while ((bit >>= 1) != 0) {      /* for remaining bits in q1 */
                EVEN_DOUBLE;            /* as before */
                t1 = y1 | bit;
                FPU_SUBS(d1, x1, t1);
                FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0);
                if ((int)d0 >= 0) {
                        x0 = d0, x1 = d1;
                        q |= bit;
                        y1 |= bit << 1;
                }
                ODD_DOUBLE;
        }
        x->fp_mant[1] = q;
#undef t1

        /* calculate q2.  note (y1&1)==0; y0 (aka t0) is fixed. */
#define t1 y1
#define t2 tt
        q = 0;
        y2 = 0;
        bit = 1 << 31;
        EVEN_DOUBLE;
        t2 = bit;
        FPU_SUBS(d2, x2, t2);
        FPU_SUBCS(d1, x1, t1);
        FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0);
        if ((int)d0 >= 0) {
                x0 = d0, x1 = d1, x2 = d2;
                q |= bit;
                y1 |= 1;                /* now t1, y1 are set in concrete */
        }
        ODD_DOUBLE;
        while ((bit >>= 1) != 0) {
                EVEN_DOUBLE;
                t2 = y2 | bit;
                FPU_SUBS(d2, x2, t2);
                FPU_SUBCS(d1, x1, t1);
                FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0);
                if ((int)d0 >= 0) {
                        x0 = d0, x1 = d1, x2 = d2;
                        q |= bit;
                        y2 |= bit << 1;
                }
                ODD_DOUBLE;
        }
        x->fp_mant[2] = q;
#undef t2

        /* calculate q3.  y0, t0, y1, t1 all fixed; y2, t2, almost done. */
#define t2 y2
#define t3 tt
        q = 0;
        y3 = 0;
        bit = 1 << 31;
        EVEN_DOUBLE;
        t3 = bit;
        FPU_SUBS(d3, x3, t3);
        FPU_SUBCS(d2, x2, t2);
        FPU_SUBCS(d1, x1, t1);
        FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0);
        ODD_DOUBLE;
        if ((int)d0 >= 0) {
                x0 = d0, x1 = d1, x2 = d2;
                q |= bit;
                y2 |= 1;
        }
        while ((bit >>= 1) != 0) {
                EVEN_DOUBLE;
                t3 = y3 | bit;
                FPU_SUBS(d3, x3, t3);
                FPU_SUBCS(d2, x2, t2);
                FPU_SUBCS(d1, x1, t1);
                FPU_SUBC(d0, x0, t0);
                if ((int)d0 >= 0) {
                        x0 = d0, x1 = d1, x2 = d2;
                        q |= bit;
                        y3 |= bit << 1;
                }
                ODD_DOUBLE;
        }
        x->fp_mant[3] = q;

        /*
         * The result, which includes guard and round bits, is exact iff
         * x is now zero; any nonzero bits in x represent sticky bits.
         */
        x->fp_sticky = x0 | x1 | x2 | x3;
        DUMPFPN(FPE_REG, x);
        return (x);
}