2 # from: @(#)POSIX 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
4 Comments on the IEEE P1003.2 Draft 12
5 Part 2: Shell and Utilities
6 Section 4.55: sed - Stream editor
8 Diomidis Spinellis <dds@doc.ic.ac.uk>
9 Keith Bostic <bostic@cs.berkeley.edu>
11 In the following paragraphs, "wrong" usually means "inconsistent with
12 historic practice", as most of the following comments refer to
13 undocumented inconsistencies between the historical versions of sed and
14 the POSIX 1003.2 standard. All the comments are notes taken while
15 implementing a POSIX-compatible version of sed, and should not be
16 interpreted as official opinions or criticism towards the POSIX committee.
17 All uses of "POSIX" refer to section 4.55, Draft 12 of POSIX 1003.2.
19 1. 32V and BSD derived implementations of sed strip the text
20 arguments of the a, c and i commands of their initial blanks,
35 POSIX does not specify this behavior as the System V versions of
36 sed do not do this stripping. The argument against stripping is
37 that it is difficult to write sed scripts that have leading blanks
38 if they are stripped. The argument for stripping is that it is
39 difficult to write readable sed scripts unless indentation is allowed
40 and ignored, and leading whitespace is obtainable by entering a
41 backslash in front of it. This implementation follows the BSD
44 2. Historical versions of sed required that the w flag be the last
45 flag to an s command as it takes an additional argument. This
46 is obvious, but not specified in POSIX.
48 3. Historical versions of sed required that whitespace follow a w
49 flag to an s command. This is not specified in POSIX. This
50 implementation permits whitespace but does not require it.
52 4. Historical versions of sed permitted any number of whitespace
53 characters to follow the w command. This is not specified in
54 POSIX. This implementation permits whitespace but does not
57 5. The rule for the l command differs from historic practice. Table
58 2-15 includes the various ANSI C escape sequences, including \\
59 for backslash. Some historical versions of sed displayed two
60 digit octal numbers, too, not three as specified by POSIX. POSIX
61 is a cleanup, and is followed by this implementation.
63 6. The POSIX specification for ! does not specify that for a single
64 command the command must not contain an address specification
65 whereas the command list can contain address specifications. The
66 specification for ! implies that "3!/hello/p" works, and it never
67 has, historically. Note,
75 7. POSIX does not specify what happens with consecutive ! commands
76 (e.g. /foo/!!!p). Historic implementations allow any number of
77 !'s without changing the behaviour. (It seems logical that each
78 one might reverse the behaviour.) This implementation follows
81 8. Historic versions of sed permitted commands to be separated
82 by semi-colons, e.g. 'sed -ne '1p;2p;3q' printed the first
83 three lines of a file. This is not specified by POSIX.
84 Note, the ; command separator is not allowed for the commands
85 a, c, i, w, r, :, b, t, # and at the end of a w flag in the s
86 command. This implementation follows historic practice and
87 implements the ; separator.
89 9. Historic versions of sed terminated the script if EOF was reached
90 during the execution of the 'n' command, i.e.:
98 did not produce any output. POSIX does not specify this behavior.
99 This implementation follows historic practice.
103 11. Historical implementations do not output the change text of a c
104 command in the case of an address range whose first line number
105 is greater than the second (e.g. 3,1). POSIX requires that the
106 text be output. Since the historic behavior doesn't seem to have
107 any particular purpose, this implementation follows the POSIX
110 12. POSIX does not specify whether address ranges are checked and
111 reset if a command is not executed due to a jump. The following
112 program will behave in different ways depending on whether the
113 'c' command is triggered at the third line, i.e. will the text
114 be output even though line 3 of the input will never logically
115 encounter that command.
121 Historic implementations, and this implementation, do not output
122 the text in the above example. The general rule, therefore,
123 is that a range whose second address is never matched extends to
124 the end of the input.
126 13. Historical implementations allow an output suppressing #n at the
127 beginning of -e arguments as well as in a script file. POSIX
128 does not specify this. This implementation follows historical
131 14. POSIX does not explicitly specify how sed behaves if no script is
132 specified. Since the sed Synopsis permits this form of the command,
133 and the language in the Description section states that the input
134 is output, it seems reasonable that it behave like the cat(1)
135 command. Historic sed implementations behave differently for "ls |
136 sed", where they produce no output, and "ls | sed -e#", where they
137 behave like cat. This implementation behaves like cat in both cases.
139 15. The POSIX requirement to open all w files at the beginning makes
140 sed behave nonintuitively when the w commands are preceded by
141 addresses or are within conditional blocks. This implementation
142 follows historic practice and POSIX, by default, and provides the
143 -a option which opens the files only when they are needed.
145 16. POSIX does not specify how escape sequences other than \n and \D
146 (where D is the delimiter character) are to be treated. This is
147 reasonable, however, it also doesn't state that the backslash is
148 to be discarded from the output regardless. A strict reading of
149 POSIX would be that "echo xyz | sed s/./\a" would display "\ayz".
150 As historic sed implementations always discarded the backslash,
151 this implementation does as well.
153 17. POSIX specifies that an address can be "empty". This implies
154 that constructs like ",d" or "1,d" and ",5d" are allowed. This
155 is not true for historic implementations or this implementation
158 18. The b t and : commands are documented in POSIX to ignore leading
159 white space, but no mention is made of trailing white space.
160 Historic implementations of sed assigned different locations to
161 the labels "x" and "x ". This is not useful, and leads to subtle
162 programming errors, but it is historic practice and changing it
163 could theoretically break working scripts. This implementation
164 follows historic practice.
166 19. Although POSIX specifies that reading from files that do not exist
167 from within the script must not terminate the script, it does not
168 specify what happens if a write command fails. Historic practice
169 is to fail immediately if the file cannot be opened or written.
170 This implementation follows historic practice.
172 20. Historic practice is that the \n construct can be used for either
173 string1 or string2 of the y command. This is not specified by
174 POSIX. This implementation follows historic practice.
178 22. Historic implementations of sed ignore the RE delimiter characters
179 within character classes. This is not specified in POSIX. This
180 implementation follows historic practice.
182 23. Historic implementations handle empty RE's in a special way: the
183 empty RE is interpreted as if it were the last RE encountered,
184 whether in an address or elsewhere. POSIX does not document this
185 behavior. For example the command:
189 substitutes XXX for the pattern abc. The semantics of "the last
190 RE" can be defined in two different ways:
192 1. The last RE encountered when compiling (lexical/static scope).
193 2. The last RE encountered while running (dynamic scope).
195 While many historical implementations fail on programs depending
196 on scope differences, the SunOS version exhibited dynamic scope
197 behaviour. This implementation does dynamic scoping, as this seems
198 the most useful and in order to remain consistent with historical