1 This describes the protocol used by OpenSSH's ssh-agent.
3 OpenSSH's agent supports managing keys for the standard SSH protocol
4 2 as well as the legacy SSH protocol 1. Support for these key types
5 is almost completely disjoint - in all but a few cases, operations on
6 protocol 2 keys cannot see or affect protocol 1 keys and vice-versa.
8 Protocol 1 and protocol 2 keys are separated because of the differing
9 cryptographic usage: protocol 1 private RSA keys are used to decrypt
10 challenges that were encrypted with the corresponding public key,
11 whereas protocol 2 RSA private keys are used to sign challenges with
12 a private key for verification with the corresponding public key. It
13 is considered unsound practice to use the same key for signing and
16 With a couple of exceptions, the protocol message names used in this
17 document indicate which type of key the message relates to. SSH_*
18 messages refer to protocol 1 keys only. SSH2_* messages refer to
19 protocol 2 keys. Furthermore, the names also indicate whether the
20 message is a request to the agent (*_AGENTC_*) or a reply from the
21 agent (*_AGENT_*). Section 3 below contains the mapping of the
22 protocol message names to their integer values.
26 Because of support for legacy SSH protocol 1 keys, OpenSSH's agent
27 protocol makes use of some data types not defined in RFC 4251.
31 The "uint16" data type is a simple MSB-first 16 bit unsigned integer
36 The "mpint1" type represents an arbitrary precision integer (bignum).
37 Its format is as follows:
40 byte[(bits + 7) / 8] bignum
42 "bignum" contains an unsigned arbitrary precision integer encoded as
43 eight bits per byte in big-endian (MSB first) format.
45 Note the difference between the "mpint1" encoding and the "mpint"
46 encoding defined in RFC 4251. Also note that the length of the encoded
47 integer is specified in bits, not bytes and that the byte length of
48 the integer must be calculated by rounding up the number of bits to the
53 All protocol messages are prefixed with their length in bytes, encoded
54 as a 32 bit unsigned integer. Specifically:
57 byte[message_length] message
59 The following message descriptions refer only to the content the
62 2.1 Generic server responses
64 The following generic messages may be sent by the server in response to
65 requests from the client. On success the agent may reply either with:
67 byte SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS
69 or a request-specific success message.
71 On failure, the agent may reply with:
73 byte SSH_AGENT_FAILURE
75 SSH_AGENT_FAILURE messages are also sent in reply to unknown request
78 2.2 Adding keys to the agent
80 Keys are added to the agent using the SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_IDENTITY and
81 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_IDENTITY requests for protocol 1 and protocol 2 keys
84 Two variants of these requests are SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_ID_CONSTRAINED
85 and SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED - these add keys with optional
86 "constraints" on their usage.
88 OpenSSH may be built with support for keys hosted on a smartcard
89 or other hardware security module. These keys may be added
90 to the agent using the SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY and
91 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY_CONSTRAINED requests.
95 The OpenSSH agent supports some basic optional constraints on key usage.
96 At present there are two constraints defined.
98 The first constraint limits the validity duration of a key. It is
101 byte SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_LIFETIME
104 Where "seconds" contains the number of seconds that the key shall remain
105 valid measured from the moment that the agent receives it. After the
106 validity period has expired, OpenSSH's agent will erase these keys from
109 The second constraint requires the agent to seek explicit user
110 confirmation before performing private key operations with the loaded
111 key. This constraint is encoded as:
113 byte SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_CONFIRM
115 Zero or more constraints may be specified when adding a key with one
116 of the *_CONSTRAINED requests. Multiple constraints are appended
117 consecutively to the end of the request:
119 byte constraint1_type
120 .... constraint1_data
121 byte constraint2_type
122 .... constraint2_data
124 byte constraintN_type
125 .... constraintN_data
127 Such a sequence of zero or more constraints will be referred to below
128 as "constraint[]". Agents may determine whether there are constraints
129 by checking whether additional data exists in the "add key" request
130 after the key data itself. OpenSSH will refuse to add a key if it
131 contains unknown constraints.
133 2.2.2 Add protocol 1 key
135 A client may add a protocol 1 key to an agent with the following
138 byte SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_IDENTITY or
139 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_ID_CONSTRAINED
148 constraint[] key_constraints
150 Note that there is some redundancy in the key parameters; a key could be
151 fully specified using just rsa_q, rsa_p and rsa_e at the cost of extra
154 "key_constraints" may only be present if the request type is
155 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_IDENTITY.
157 The agent will reply with a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS if the key has been
158 successfully added or a SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if an error occurred.
160 2.2.3 Add protocol 2 key
162 The OpenSSH agent supports DSA and RSA keys for protocol 2. DSA keys may
163 be added using the following request
165 byte SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_IDENTITY or
166 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED
172 mpint dsa_private_key
174 constraint[] key_constraints
176 DSA certificates may be added with:
177 byte SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_IDENTITY or
178 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED
179 string "ssh-dss-cert-v00@openssh.com"
181 mpint dsa_private_key
183 constraint[] key_constraints
185 RSA keys may be added with this request:
187 byte SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_IDENTITY or
188 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED
197 constraint[] key_constraints
199 RSA certificates may be added with this request:
201 byte SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_IDENTITY or
202 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED
203 string "ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com"
210 constraint[] key_constraints
212 Note that the 'rsa_p' and 'rsa_q' parameters are sent in the reverse
213 order to the protocol 1 add keys message. As with the corresponding
214 protocol 1 "add key" request, the private key is overspecified to avoid
215 redundant processing.
217 For both DSA and RSA key add requests, "key_constraints" may only be
218 present if the request type is SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED.
220 The agent will reply with a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS if the key has been
221 successfully added or a SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if an error occurred.
223 2.2.4 Loading keys from a smartcard
225 The OpenSSH agent may have optional smartcard support built in to it. If
226 so, it supports an operation to load keys from a smartcard. Technically,
227 only the public components of the keys are loaded into the agent so
228 this operation really arranges for future private key operations to be
229 delegated to the smartcard.
231 byte SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY or
232 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY_CONSTRAINED
235 constraint[] key_constraints
237 "reader_id" is an identifier to a smartcard reader and "pin"
238 is a PIN or passphrase used to unlock the private key(s) on the
239 device. "key_constraints" may only be present if the request type is
240 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY_CONSTRAINED.
242 This operation may load all SSH keys that are unlocked using the
243 "pin" on the specified reader. The type of key loaded (protocol 1
244 or protocol 2) will be specified by the smartcard itself, it is not
247 The agent will reply with a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS if one or more keys have
248 been successfully loaded or a SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if an error occurred.
249 The agent will also return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if it does not support
252 2.3 Removing multiple keys
254 A client may request that an agent delete all protocol 1 keys using the
257 byte SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_RSA_IDENTITIES
259 This message requests the deletion of all protocol 2 keys:
261 byte SSH2_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_IDENTITIES
263 On success, the agent will delete all keys of the requested type and
264 reply with a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS message. If an error occurred, the agent
265 will reply with SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
267 Note that, to delete all keys (both protocol 1 and 2), a client
268 must send both a SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_RSA_IDENTITIES and a
269 SSH2_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_IDENTITIES request.
271 2.4 Removing specific keys
273 2.4.1 Removing a protocol 1 key
275 Removal of a protocol 1 key may be requested with the following message:
277 byte SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_RSA_IDENTITY
282 Note that key_bits is strictly redundant, as it may be inferred by the
285 The agent will delete any private key matching the specified public key
286 and return SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS. If no such key was found, the agent will
287 return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
289 2.4.2 Removing a protocol 2 key
291 Protocol 2 keys may be removed with the following request:
293 byte SSH2_AGENTC_REMOVE_IDENTITY
296 Where "key_blob" is encoded as per RFC 4253 section 6.6 "Public Key
297 Algorithms" for either of the supported key types: "ssh-dss" or
300 The agent will delete any private key matching the specified public key
301 and return SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS. If no such key was found, the agent will
302 return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
304 2.4.3 Removing keys loaded from a smartcard
306 A client may request that a server remove one or more smartcard-hosted
307 keys using this message:
309 byte SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_SMARTCARD_KEY
313 "reader_id" the an identifier to a smartcard reader and "pin" is a PIN
314 or passphrase used to unlock the private key(s) on the device.
316 When this message is received, and if the agent supports
317 smartcard-hosted keys, it will delete all keys that are hosted on the
318 specified smartcard that may be accessed with the given "pin".
320 The agent will reply with a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS if one or more keys have
321 been successfully removed or a SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if an error occurred.
322 The agent will also return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if it does not support
325 2.5 Requesting a list of known keys
327 An agent may be requested to list which keys it holds. Different
328 requests exist for protocol 1 and protocol 2 keys.
330 2.5.1 Requesting a list of protocol 1 keys
332 To request a list of protocol 1 keys that are held in the agent, a
333 client may send the following message:
335 byte SSH_AGENTC_REQUEST_RSA_IDENTITIES
337 The agent will reply with the following message:
339 byte SSH_AGENT_RSA_IDENTITIES_ANSWER
342 Followed by zero or more consecutive keys, encoded as:
349 2.5.2 Requesting a list of protocol 2 keys
351 A client may send the following message to request a list of
352 protocol 2 keys that are stored in the agent:
354 byte SSH2_AGENTC_REQUEST_IDENTITIES
356 The agent will reply with the following message header:
358 byte SSH2_AGENT_IDENTITIES_ANSWER
361 Followed by zero or more consecutive keys, encoded as:
366 Where "key_blob" is encoded as per RFC 4253 section 6.6 "Public Key
367 Algorithms" for either of the supported key types: "ssh-dss" or
370 2.6 Private key operations
372 The purpose of the agent is to perform private key operations, such as
373 signing and encryption without requiring a passphrase to unlock the
374 key and without allowing the private key itself to be exposed. There
375 are separate requests for the protocol 1 and protocol 2 private key
378 2.6.1 Protocol 1 private key challenge
380 The private key operation used in version 1 of the SSH protocol is
381 decrypting a challenge that has been encrypted with a public key.
382 It may be requested using this message:
384 byte SSH_AGENTC_RSA_CHALLENGE
388 mpint1 encrypted_challenge
390 uint32 response_type /* must be 1 */
392 "rsa_e" and "rsa_n" are used to identify which private key to use.
393 "encrypted_challenge" is a challenge blob that has (presumably)
394 been encrypted with the public key and must be in the range
395 1 <= encrypted_challenge < 2^256. "session_id" is the SSH protocol 1
396 session ID (computed from the server host key, the server semi-ephemeral
397 key and the session cookie).
399 "ignored" and "response_type" exist for compatibility with legacy
400 implementations. "response_type" must be equal to 1; other response
401 types are not supported.
403 On receiving this request, the server decrypts the "encrypted_challenge"
404 using the private key matching the supplied (rsa_e, rsa_n) values. For
405 the response derivation, the decrypted challenge is represented as an
406 unsigned, big-endian integer encoded in a 32 byte buffer (i.e. values
407 smaller than 2^248 will have leading 0 bytes).
409 The response value is then calculated as:
411 response = MD5(decrypted_challenge || session_id)
413 and returned in the following message
415 byte SSH_AGENT_RSA_RESPONSE
418 If the agent cannot find the key specified by the supplied (rsa_e,
419 rsa_n) then it will return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
421 2.6.2 Protocol 2 private key signature request
423 A client may use the following message to request signing of data using
426 byte SSH2_AGENTC_SIGN_REQUEST
431 Where "key_blob" is encoded as per RFC 4253 section 6.6 "Public Key
432 Algorithms" for either of the supported key types: "ssh-dss" or
433 "ssh-rsa". "flags" is a bit-mask, but at present only one possible value
434 is defined (see below for its meaning):
436 SSH_AGENT_OLD_SIGNATURE 1
438 Upon receiving this request, the agent will look up the private key that
439 corresponds to the public key contained in key_blob. It will use this
440 private key to sign the "data" and produce a signature blob using the
441 key type-specific method described in RFC 4253 section 6.6 "Public Key
444 An exception to this is for "ssh-dss" keys where the "flags" word
445 contains the value SSH_AGENT_OLD_SIGNATURE. In this case, a legacy
446 signature encoding is used in lieu of the standard one. In this case,
447 the DSA signature blob is encoded as:
451 The signature will be returned in the response message:
453 byte SSH2_AGENT_SIGN_RESPONSE
454 string signature_blob
456 If the agent cannot find the key specified by the supplied key_blob then
457 it will return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
459 2.7 Locking or unlocking an agent
461 The agent supports temporary locking with a passphrase to suspend
462 processing of sensitive operations until it has been unlocked with the
463 same passphrase. To lock an agent, a client send the following request:
468 Upon receipt of this message and if the agent is not already locked,
469 it will suspend processing requests and return a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS
470 reply. If the agent is already locked, it will return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
472 While locked, the agent will refuse all requests except
473 SSH_AGENTC_UNLOCK, SSH_AGENTC_REQUEST_RSA_IDENTITIES and
474 SSH2_AGENTC_REQUEST_IDENTITIES. The "request identities" requests are
475 treated specially by a locked agent: it will always return an empty list
478 To unlock an agent, a client may request:
480 byte SSH_AGENTC_UNLOCK
483 If the passphrase matches and the agent is locked, then it will resume
484 processing all requests and return SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS. If the agent
485 is not locked or the passphrase does not match then it will return
488 Locking and unlocking affects both protocol 1 and protocol 2 keys.
490 3. Protocol message numbers
492 3.1 Requests from client to agent for protocol 1 key operations
494 SSH_AGENTC_REQUEST_RSA_IDENTITIES 1
495 SSH_AGENTC_RSA_CHALLENGE 3
496 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_IDENTITY 7
497 SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_RSA_IDENTITY 8
498 SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_RSA_IDENTITIES 9
499 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_ID_CONSTRAINED 24
501 3.2 Requests from client to agent for protocol 2 key operations
503 SSH2_AGENTC_REQUEST_IDENTITIES 11
504 SSH2_AGENTC_SIGN_REQUEST 13
505 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_IDENTITY 17
506 SSH2_AGENTC_REMOVE_IDENTITY 18
507 SSH2_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_IDENTITIES 19
508 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED 25
510 3.3 Key-type independent requests from client to agent
512 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY 20
513 SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_SMARTCARD_KEY 21
516 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY_CONSTRAINED 26
518 3.4 Generic replies from agent to client
523 3.5 Replies from agent to client for protocol 1 key operations
525 SSH_AGENT_RSA_IDENTITIES_ANSWER 2
526 SSH_AGENT_RSA_RESPONSE 4
528 3.6 Replies from agent to client for protocol 2 key operations
530 SSH2_AGENT_IDENTITIES_ANSWER 12
531 SSH2_AGENT_SIGN_RESPONSE 14
533 3.7 Key constraint identifiers
535 SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_LIFETIME 1
536 SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_CONFIRM 2
538 $OpenBSD: PROTOCOL.agent,v 1.5 2010/02/26 20:29:54 djm Exp $