1 This document describes a simple public-key certificate authentication
7 The SSH protocol currently supports a simple public key authentication
8 mechanism. Unlike other public key implementations, SSH eschews the
9 use of X.509 certificates and uses raw keys. This approach has some
10 benefits relating to simplicity of configuration and minimisation
11 of attack surface, but it does not support the important use-cases
12 of centrally managed, passwordless authentication and centrally
15 These protocol extensions build on the simple public key authentication
16 system already in SSH to allow certificate-based authentication.
17 The certificates used are not traditional X.509 certificates, with
18 numerous options and complex encoding rules, but something rather
19 more minimal: a key, some identity information and usage constraints
20 that have been signed with some other trusted key.
22 A sshd server may be configured to allow authentication via certified
23 keys, by extending the existing ~/.ssh/authorized_keys mechanism
24 to allow specification of certification authority keys in addition
25 to raw user keys. The ssh client will support automatic verification
26 of acceptance of certified host keys, by adding a similar ability
27 to specify CA keys in ~/.ssh/known_hosts.
29 Certified keys are represented using two new key types:
30 ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com and ssh-dss-cert-v00@openssh.com that
31 include certification information along with the public key that is used
32 to sign challenges. ssh-keygen performs the CA signing operation.
37 The SSH wire protocol includes several extensibility mechanisms.
38 These modifications shall take advantage of namespaced public key
39 algorithm names to add support for certificate authentication without
40 breaking the protocol - implementations that do not support the
41 extensions will simply ignore them.
43 Authentication using the new key formats described below proceeds
44 using the existing SSH "publickey" authentication method described
47 New public key formats
48 ----------------------
50 The ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com and ssh-dss-cert-v00@openssh.com key
51 types take a similar high-level format (note: data types and
52 encoding are as per RFC4251 section 5). The serialised wire encoding of
53 these certificates is also used for storing them on disk.
55 #define SSH_CERT_TYPE_USER 1
56 #define SSH_CERT_TYPE_HOST 2
60 string "ssh-rsa-cert-v00@openssh.com"
65 string valid principals
76 string "ssh-dss-cert-v00@openssh.com"
83 string valid principals
92 e and n are the RSA exponent and public modulus respectively.
94 p, q, g, y are the DSA parameters as described in FIPS-186-2.
96 type specifies whether this certificate is for identification of a user
97 or a host using a SSH_CERT_TYPE_... value.
99 key id is a free-form text field that is filled in by the CA at the time
100 of signing; the intention is that the contents of this field are used to
101 identify the identity principal in log messages.
103 "valid principals" is a string containing zero or more principals as
104 strings packed inside it. These principals list the names for which this
105 certificate is valid; hostnames for SSH_CERT_TYPE_HOST certificates and
106 usernames for SSH_CERT_TYPE_USER certificates. As a special case, a
107 zero-length "valid principals" field means the certificate is valid for
108 any principal of the specified type. XXX DNS wildcards?
110 "valid after" and "valid before" specify a validity period for the
111 certificate. Each represents a time in seconds since 1970-01-01
112 00:00:00. A certificate is considered valid if:
113 valid after <= current time < valid before
115 constraints is a set of zero or more key constraints encoded as below.
117 The nonce field is a CA-provided random bitstring of arbitrary length
118 (but typically 16 or 32 bytes) included to make attacks that depend on
119 inducing collisions in the signature hash infeasible.
121 The reserved field is current unused and is ignored in this version of
124 signature key contains the CA key used to sign the certificate.
125 The valid key types for CA keys are ssh-rsa and ssh-dss. "Chained"
126 certificates, where the signature key type is a certificate type itself
127 are NOT supported. Note that it is possible for a RSA certificate key to
128 be signed by a DSS CA key and vice-versa.
130 signature is computed over all preceding fields from the initial string
131 up to, and including the signature key. Signatures are computed and
132 encoded according to the rules defined for the CA's public key algorithm
133 (RFC4253 section 6.6 for ssh-rsa and ssh-dss).
138 The constraints section of the certificate specifies zero or more
139 constraints on the certificates validity. The format of this field
140 is a sequence of zero or more tuples:
145 The name field identifies the constraint and the data field encodes
146 constraint-specific information (see below). All constraints are
147 "critical", if an implementation does not recognise a constraint
148 then the validating party should refuse to accept the certificate.
150 The supported constraints and the contents and structure of their
153 Name Format Description
154 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
155 force-command string Specifies a command that is executed
156 (replacing any the user specified on the
157 ssh command-line) whenever this key is
158 used for authentication.
160 permit-X11-forwarding empty Flag indicating that X11 forwarding
161 should be permitted. X11 forwarding will
162 be refused if this constraint is absent.
164 permit-agent-forwarding empty Flag indicating that agent forwarding
165 should be allowed. Agent forwarding
166 must not be permitted unless this
167 constraint is present.
169 permit-port-forwarding empty Flag indicating that port-forwarding
170 should be allowed. If this constraint is
171 not present then no port forwarding will
174 permit-pty empty Flag indicating that PTY allocation
175 should be permitted. In the absence of
176 this constraint PTY allocation will be
179 permit-user-rc empty Flag indicating that execution of
180 ~/.ssh/rc should be permitted. Execution
181 of this script will not be permitted if
182 this constraint is not present.
184 source-address string Comma-separated list of source addresses
185 from which this certificate is accepted
186 for authentication. Addresses are
187 specified in CIDR format (nn.nn.nn.nn/nn
189 If this constraint is not present then
190 certificates may be presented from any
193 $OpenBSD: PROTOCOL.certkeys,v 1.3 2010/03/03 22:50:40 djm Exp $