2 .\" Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>
3 .\" Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland
4 .\" All rights reserved
6 .\" As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software
7 .\" can be used freely for any purpose. Any derived versions of this
8 .\" software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is
9 .\" incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be
10 .\" called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell".
12 .\" Copyright (c) 1999,2000 Markus Friedl. All rights reserved.
13 .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Aaron Campbell. All rights reserved.
14 .\" Copyright (c) 1999 Theo de Raadt. All rights reserved.
16 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
17 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
19 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
20 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
21 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
22 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
23 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
25 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
26 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
27 .\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
28 .\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
29 .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
30 .\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
31 .\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
32 .\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
33 .\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
34 .\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
36 .\" $OpenBSD: ssh.1,v 1.315 2010/10/28 18:33:28 jmc Exp $
37 .Dd $Mdocdate: October 28 2010 $
42 .Nd OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)
46 .Op Fl 1246AaCfgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy
47 .Op Fl b Ar bind_address
48 .Op Fl c Ar cipher_spec
49 .Op Fl D Oo Ar bind_address : Oc Ns Ar port
50 .Op Fl e Ar escape_char
51 .Op Fl F Ar configfile
53 .Op Fl i Ar identity_file
54 .Op Fl L Oo Ar bind_address : Oc Ns Ar port : Ns Ar host : Ns Ar hostport
55 .Op Fl l Ar login_name
60 .Op Fl R Oo Ar bind_address : Oc Ns Ar port : Ns Ar host : Ns Ar hostport
62 .Op Fl W Ar host : Ns Ar port
63 .Op Fl w Ar local_tun Ns Op : Ns Ar remote_tun
64 .Oo Ar user Ns @ Oc Ns Ar hostname
69 (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for
70 executing commands on a remote machine.
71 It is intended to replace rlogin and rsh,
72 and provide secure encrypted communications between
73 two untrusted hosts over an insecure network.
74 X11 connections and arbitrary TCP ports
75 can also be forwarded over the secure channel.
78 connects and logs into the specified
84 his/her identity to the remote machine using one of several methods
85 depending on the protocol version used (see below).
90 it is executed on the remote host instead of a login shell.
92 The options are as follows:
97 to try protocol version 1 only.
101 to try protocol version 2 only.
105 to use IPv4 addresses only.
109 to use IPv6 addresses only.
111 Enables forwarding of the authentication agent connection.
112 This can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration file.
114 Agent forwarding should be enabled with caution.
115 Users with the ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host
118 socket) can access the local agent through the forwarded connection.
119 An attacker cannot obtain key material from the agent,
120 however they can perform operations on the keys that enable them to
121 authenticate using the identities loaded into the agent.
123 Disables forwarding of the authentication agent connection.
124 .It Fl b Ar bind_address
127 on the local machine as the source address
129 Only useful on systems with more than one address.
131 Requests compression of all data (including stdin, stdout, stderr, and
132 data for forwarded X11 and TCP connections).
133 The compression algorithm is the same used by
137 can be controlled by the
139 option for protocol version 1.
140 Compression is desirable on modem lines and other
141 slow connections, but will only slow down things on fast networks.
142 The default value can be set on a host-by-host basis in the
143 configuration files; see the
146 .It Fl c Ar cipher_spec
147 Selects the cipher specification for encrypting the session.
149 Protocol version 1 allows specification of a single cipher.
150 The supported values are
156 (triple-des) is an encrypt-decrypt-encrypt triple with three different keys.
157 It is believed to be secure.
159 is a fast block cipher; it appears very secure and is much faster than
162 is only supported in the
164 client for interoperability with legacy protocol 1 implementations
165 that do not support the
168 Its use is strongly discouraged due to cryptographic weaknesses.
172 For protocol version 2,
174 is a comma-separated list of ciphers
175 listed in order of preference.
180 for more information.
183 .Oo Ar bind_address : Oc
189 application-level port forwarding.
190 This works by allocating a socket to listen to
192 on the local side, optionally bound to the specified
194 Whenever a connection is made to this port, the
195 connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and the application
196 protocol is then used to determine where to connect to from the
198 Currently the SOCKS4 and SOCKS5 protocols are supported, and
200 will act as a SOCKS server.
201 Only root can forward privileged ports.
202 Dynamic port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file.
204 IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets.
205 Only the superuser can forward privileged ports.
206 By default, the local port is bound in accordance with the
211 may be used to bind the connection to a specific address.
216 indicates that the listening port be bound for local use only, while an
219 indicates that the port should be available from all interfaces.
220 .It Fl e Ar escape_char
221 Sets the escape character for sessions with a pty (default:
223 The escape character is only recognized at the beginning of a line.
224 The escape character followed by a dot
226 closes the connection;
227 followed by control-Z suspends the connection;
228 and followed by itself sends the escape character once.
229 Setting the character to
231 disables any escapes and makes the session fully transparent.
232 .It Fl F Ar configfile
233 Specifies an alternative per-user configuration file.
234 If a configuration file is given on the command line,
235 the system-wide configuration file
236 .Pq Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_config
238 The default for the per-user configuration file is
243 to go to background just before command execution.
246 is going to ask for passwords or passphrases, but the user
247 wants it in the background.
250 The recommended way to start X11 programs at a remote site is with
252 .Ic ssh -f host xterm .
255 .Cm ExitOnForwardFailure
256 configuration option is set to
258 then a client started with
260 will wait for all remote port forwards to be successfully established
261 before placing itself in the background.
263 Allows remote hosts to connect to local forwarded ports.
265 Specify the PKCS#11 shared library
267 should use to communicate with a PKCS#11 token providing the user's
269 .It Fl i Ar identity_file
270 Selects a file from which the identity (private key) for
271 public key authentication is read.
274 for protocol version 1, and
279 for protocol version 2.
280 Identity files may also be specified on
281 a per-host basis in the configuration file.
282 It is possible to have multiple
284 options (and multiple identities specified in
285 configuration files).
287 will also try to load certificate information from the filename obtained
290 to identity filenames.
292 Enables GSSAPI-based authentication and forwarding (delegation) of GSSAPI
293 credentials to the server.
295 Disables forwarding (delegation) of GSSAPI credentials to the server.
298 .Oo Ar bind_address : Oc
299 .Ar port : host : hostport
302 Specifies that the given port on the local (client) host is to be
303 forwarded to the given host and port on the remote side.
304 This works by allocating a socket to listen to
306 on the local side, optionally bound to the specified
308 Whenever a connection is made to this port, the
309 connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection is
314 from the remote machine.
315 Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file.
316 IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets.
317 Only the superuser can forward privileged ports.
318 By default, the local port is bound in accordance with the
323 may be used to bind the connection to a specific address.
328 indicates that the listening port be bound for local use only, while an
331 indicates that the port should be available from all interfaces.
332 .It Fl l Ar login_name
333 Specifies the user to log in as on the remote machine.
334 This also may be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file.
340 mode for connection sharing.
347 mode with confirmation required before slave connections are accepted.
348 Refer to the description of
354 Additionally, for protocol version 2 a comma-separated list of MAC
355 (message authentication code) algorithms can
356 be specified in order of preference.
359 keyword for more information.
361 Do not execute a remote command.
362 This is useful for just forwarding ports
363 (protocol version 2 only).
367 (actually, prevents reading from stdin).
368 This must be used when
370 is run in the background.
371 A common trick is to use this to run X11 programs on a remote machine.
373 .Ic ssh -n shadows.cs.hut.fi emacs &
374 will start an emacs on shadows.cs.hut.fi, and the X11
375 connection will be automatically forwarded over an encrypted channel.
378 program will be put in the background.
379 (This does not work if
381 needs to ask for a password or passphrase; see also the
385 Control an active connection multiplexing master process.
388 option is specified, the
390 argument is interpreted and passed to the master process.
393 (check that the master process is running),
395 (request forwardings without command execution) and
397 (request the master to exit).
399 Can be used to give options in the format used in the configuration file.
400 This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate
402 For full details of the options listed below, and their possible values, see
405 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
409 .It ChallengeResponseAuthentication
413 .It ClearAllForwardings
416 .It ConnectionAttempts
422 .It ExitOnForwardFailure
425 .It ForwardX11Trusted
427 .It GlobalKnownHostsFile
428 .It GSSAPIAuthentication
429 .It GSSAPIDelegateCredentials
432 .It HostbasedAuthentication
433 .It HostKeyAlgorithms
438 .It KbdInteractiveDevices
444 .It NoHostAuthenticationForLocalhost
445 .It NumberOfPasswordPrompts
446 .It PasswordAuthentication
447 .It PermitLocalCommand
450 .It PreferredAuthentications
453 .It PubkeyAuthentication
456 .It RhostsRSAAuthentication
457 .It RSAAuthentication
459 .It ServerAliveInterval
460 .It ServerAliveCountMax
461 .It StrictHostKeyChecking
465 .It UsePrivilegedPort
467 .It UserKnownHostsFile
473 Port to connect to on the remote host.
474 This can be specified on a
475 per-host basis in the configuration file.
478 Causes most warning and diagnostic messages to be suppressed.
481 .Oo Ar bind_address : Oc
482 .Ar port : host : hostport
485 Specifies that the given port on the remote (server) host is to be
486 forwarded to the given host and port on the local side.
487 This works by allocating a socket to listen to
489 on the remote side, and whenever a connection is made to this port, the
490 connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection is
495 from the local machine.
497 Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file.
498 Privileged ports can be forwarded only when
499 logging in as root on the remote machine.
500 IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square braces.
502 By default, the listening socket on the server will be bound to the loopback
504 This may be overridden by specifying a
510 indicates that the remote socket should listen on all interfaces.
513 will only succeed if the server's
515 option is enabled (see
516 .Xr sshd_config 5 ) .
522 the listen port will be dynamically allocated on the server and reported
523 to the client at run time.
524 When used together with
526 the allocated port will be printed to the standard output.
528 Specifies the location of a control socket for connection sharing,
531 to disable connection sharing.
532 Refer to the description of
540 May be used to request invocation of a subsystem on the remote system.
541 Subsystems are a feature of the SSH2 protocol which facilitate the use
542 of SSH as a secure transport for other applications (eg.\&
544 The subsystem is specified as the remote command.
546 Disable pseudo-tty allocation.
548 Force pseudo-tty allocation.
549 This can be used to execute arbitrary
550 screen-based programs on a remote machine, which can be very useful,
551 e.g. when implementing menu services.
554 options force tty allocation, even if
558 Display the version number and exit.
563 to print debugging messages about its progress.
565 debugging connection, authentication, and configuration problems.
568 options increase the verbosity.
570 .It Fl W Ar host : Ns Ar port
571 Requests that standard input and output on the client be forwarded to
575 over the secure channel.
579 .Cm ExitOnForwardFailure
581 .Cm ClearAllForwardings
582 and works with Protocol version 2 only.
584 .Ar local_tun Ns Op : Ns Ar remote_tun
588 device forwarding with the specified
590 devices between the client
595 The devices may be specified by numerical ID or the keyword
597 which uses the next available tunnel device.
600 is not specified, it defaults to
610 directive is unset, it is set to the default tunnel mode, which is
613 Enables X11 forwarding.
614 This can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration file.
616 X11 forwarding should be enabled with caution.
617 Users with the ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host
618 (for the user's X authorization database)
619 can access the local X11 display through the forwarded connection.
620 An attacker may then be able to perform activities such as keystroke monitoring.
622 For this reason, X11 forwarding is subjected to X11 SECURITY extension
623 restrictions by default.
628 .Cm ForwardX11Trusted
631 for more information.
633 Disables X11 forwarding.
635 Enables trusted X11 forwarding.
636 Trusted X11 forwardings are not subjected to the X11 SECURITY extension
639 Send log information using the
642 By default this information is sent to stderr.
646 may additionally obtain configuration data from
647 a per-user configuration file and a system-wide configuration file.
648 The file format and configuration options are described in
651 The OpenSSH SSH client supports SSH protocols 1 and 2.
652 The default is to use protocol 2 only,
653 though this can be changed via the
662 Both protocols support similar authentication methods,
663 but protocol 2 is the default since
664 it provides additional mechanisms for confidentiality
665 (the traffic is encrypted using AES, 3DES, Blowfish, CAST128, or Arcfour)
666 and integrity (hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, umac-64, hmac-ripemd160).
667 Protocol 1 lacks a strong mechanism for ensuring the
668 integrity of the connection.
670 The methods available for authentication are:
671 GSSAPI-based authentication,
672 host-based authentication,
673 public key authentication,
674 challenge-response authentication,
675 and password authentication.
676 Authentication methods are tried in the order specified above,
677 though protocol 2 has a configuration option to change the default order:
678 .Cm PreferredAuthentications .
680 Host-based authentication works as follows:
681 If the machine the user logs in from is listed in
684 .Pa /etc/shosts.equiv
685 on the remote machine, and the user names are
686 the same on both sides, or if the files
690 exist in the user's home directory on the
691 remote machine and contain a line containing the name of the client
692 machine and the name of the user on that machine, the user is
693 considered for login.
694 Additionally, the server
696 be able to verify the client's
697 host key (see the description of
698 .Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
700 .Pa ~/.ssh/known_hosts ,
702 for login to be permitted.
703 This authentication method closes security holes due to IP
704 spoofing, DNS spoofing, and routing spoofing.
705 [Note to the administrator:
706 .Pa /etc/hosts.equiv ,
708 and the rlogin/rsh protocol in general, are inherently insecure and should be
709 disabled if security is desired.]
711 Public key authentication works as follows:
712 The scheme is based on public-key cryptography,
714 where encryption and decryption are done using separate keys,
715 and it is unfeasible to derive the decryption key from the encryption key.
716 The idea is that each user creates a public/private
717 key pair for authentication purposes.
718 The server knows the public key, and only the user knows the private key.
720 implements public key authentication protocol automatically,
721 using one of the DSA, ECDSA or RSA algorithms.
722 Protocol 1 is restricted to using only RSA keys,
723 but protocol 2 may use any.
728 contains a brief discussion of the DSA and RSA algorithms.
731 .Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
732 lists the public keys that are permitted for logging in.
733 When the user logs in, the
735 program tells the server which key pair it would like to use for
737 The client proves that it has access to the private key
738 and the server checks that the corresponding public key
739 is authorized to accept the account.
741 The user creates his/her key pair by running
743 This stores the private key in
753 and stores the public key in
754 .Pa ~/.ssh/identity.pub
756 .Pa ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
758 .Pa ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub
761 .Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
763 in the user's home directory.
764 The user should then copy the public key
766 .Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
767 in his/her home directory on the remote machine.
770 file corresponds to the conventional
772 file, and has one key
773 per line, though the lines can be very long.
774 After this, the user can log in without giving the password.
776 A variation on public key authentication
777 is available in the form of certificate authentication:
778 instead of a set of public/private keys,
779 signed certificates are used.
780 This has the advantage that a single trusted certification authority
781 can be used in place of many public/private keys.
786 for more information.
788 The most convenient way to use public key or certificate authentication
789 may be with an authentication agent.
792 for more information.
794 Challenge-response authentication works as follows:
795 The server sends an arbitrary
797 text, and prompts for a response.
798 Protocol 2 allows multiple challenges and responses;
799 protocol 1 is restricted to just one challenge/response.
800 Examples of challenge-response authentication include
801 BSD Authentication (see
803 and PAM (some non-OpenBSD systems).
805 Finally, if other authentication methods fail,
807 prompts the user for a password.
808 The password is sent to the remote
809 host for checking; however, since all communications are encrypted,
810 the password cannot be seen by someone listening on the network.
813 automatically maintains and checks a database containing
814 identification for all hosts it has ever been used with.
815 Host keys are stored in
816 .Pa ~/.ssh/known_hosts
817 in the user's home directory.
818 Additionally, the file
819 .Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
820 is automatically checked for known hosts.
821 Any new hosts are automatically added to the user's file.
822 If a host's identification ever changes,
824 warns about this and disables password authentication to prevent
825 server spoofing or man-in-the-middle attacks,
826 which could otherwise be used to circumvent the encryption.
828 .Cm StrictHostKeyChecking
829 option can be used to control logins to machines whose
830 host key is not known or has changed.
832 When the user's identity has been accepted by the server, the server
833 either executes the given command, or logs into the machine and gives
834 the user a normal shell on the remote machine.
835 All communication with
836 the remote command or shell will be automatically encrypted.
838 If a pseudo-terminal has been allocated (normal login session), the
839 user may use the escape characters noted below.
841 If no pseudo-tty has been allocated,
842 the session is transparent and can be used to reliably transfer binary data.
843 On most systems, setting the escape character to
845 will also make the session transparent even if a tty is used.
847 The session terminates when the command or shell on the remote
848 machine exits and all X11 and TCP connections have been closed.
849 .Sh ESCAPE CHARACTERS
850 When a pseudo-terminal has been requested,
852 supports a number of functions through the use of an escape character.
854 A single tilde character can be sent as
856 or by following the tilde by a character other than those described below.
857 The escape character must always follow a newline to be interpreted as
859 The escape character can be changed in configuration files using the
861 configuration directive or on the command line by the
865 The supported escapes (assuming the default
875 List forwarded connections.
879 at logout when waiting for forwarded connection / X11 sessions to terminate.
881 Display a list of escape characters.
883 Send a BREAK to the remote system
884 (only useful for SSH protocol version 2 and if the peer supports it).
887 Currently this allows the addition of port forwardings using the
893 It also allows the cancellation of existing remote port-forwardings
896 .Fl KR Oo Ar bind_address : Oc Ar port .
898 .Ic !\& Ns Ar command
899 allows the user to execute a local command if the
900 .Ic PermitLocalCommand
903 Basic help is available, using the
907 Request rekeying of the connection
908 (only useful for SSH protocol version 2 and if the peer supports it).
911 Forwarding of arbitrary TCP connections over the secure channel can
912 be specified either on the command line or in a configuration file.
913 One possible application of TCP forwarding is a secure connection to a
914 mail server; another is going through firewalls.
916 In the example below, we look at encrypting communication between
917 an IRC client and server, even though the IRC server does not directly
918 support encrypted communications.
919 This works as follows:
920 the user connects to the remote host using
922 specifying a port to be used to forward connections
923 to the remote server.
924 After that it is possible to start the service which is to be encrypted
925 on the client machine,
926 connecting to the same local port,
929 will encrypt and forward the connection.
931 The following example tunnels an IRC session from client machine
935 .Dq server.example.com :
936 .Bd -literal -offset 4n
937 $ ssh -f -L 1234:localhost:6667 server.example.com sleep 10
938 $ irc -c '#users' -p 1234 pinky 127.0.0.1
941 This tunnels a connection to IRC server
942 .Dq server.example.com ,
948 It doesn't matter which port is used,
949 as long as it's greater than 1023
950 (remember, only root can open sockets on privileged ports)
951 and doesn't conflict with any ports already in use.
952 The connection is forwarded to port 6667 on the remote server,
953 since that's the standard port for IRC services.
959 and the remote command
961 is specified to allow an amount of time
962 (10 seconds, in the example)
963 to start the service which is to be tunnelled.
964 If no connections are made within the time specified,
972 (or see the description of the
978 and the user is using X11 (the
980 environment variable is set), the connection to the X11 display is
981 automatically forwarded to the remote side in such a way that any X11
982 programs started from the shell (or command) will go through the
983 encrypted channel, and the connection to the real X server will be made
984 from the local machine.
985 The user should not manually set
987 Forwarding of X11 connections can be
988 configured on the command line or in configuration files.
994 will point to the server machine, but with a display number greater than zero.
995 This is normal, and happens because
999 X server on the server machine for forwarding the
1000 connections over the encrypted channel.
1003 will also automatically set up Xauthority data on the server machine.
1004 For this purpose, it will generate a random authorization cookie,
1005 store it in Xauthority on the server, and verify that any forwarded
1006 connections carry this cookie and replace it by the real cookie when
1007 the connection is opened.
1008 The real authentication cookie is never
1009 sent to the server machine (and no cookies are sent in the plain).
1015 (or see the description of the
1020 the user is using an authentication agent, the connection to the agent
1021 is automatically forwarded to the remote side.
1022 .Sh VERIFYING HOST KEYS
1023 When connecting to a server for the first time,
1024 a fingerprint of the server's public key is presented to the user
1026 .Cm StrictHostKeyChecking
1028 Fingerprints can be determined using
1031 .Dl $ ssh-keygen -l -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
1033 If the fingerprint is already known, it can be matched
1034 and the key can be accepted or rejected.
1035 Because of the difficulty of comparing host keys
1036 just by looking at hex strings,
1037 there is also support to compare host keys visually,
1044 a small ASCII graphic gets displayed on every login to a server, no matter
1045 if the session itself is interactive or not.
1046 By learning the pattern a known server produces, a user can easily
1047 find out that the host key has changed when a completely different pattern
1049 Because these patterns are not unambiguous however, a pattern that looks
1050 similar to the pattern remembered only gives a good probability that the
1051 host key is the same, not guaranteed proof.
1053 To get a listing of the fingerprints along with their random art for
1054 all known hosts, the following command line can be used:
1056 .Dl $ ssh-keygen -lv -f ~/.ssh/known_hosts
1058 If the fingerprint is unknown,
1059 an alternative method of verification is available:
1060 SSH fingerprints verified by DNS.
1061 An additional resource record (RR),
1063 is added to a zonefile
1064 and the connecting client is able to match the fingerprint
1065 with that of the key presented.
1067 In this example, we are connecting a client to a server,
1068 .Dq host.example.com .
1069 The SSHFP resource records should first be added to the zonefile for
1071 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1072 $ ssh-keygen -r host.example.com.
1075 The output lines will have to be added to the zonefile.
1076 To check that the zone is answering fingerprint queries:
1078 .Dl $ dig -t SSHFP host.example.com
1080 Finally the client connects:
1081 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1082 $ ssh -o "VerifyHostKeyDNS ask" host.example.com
1084 Matching host key fingerprint found in DNS.
1085 Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
1089 .Cm VerifyHostKeyDNS
1092 for more information.
1093 .Sh SSH-BASED VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS
1095 contains support for Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunnelling
1098 network pseudo-device,
1099 allowing two networks to be joined securely.
1102 configuration option
1104 controls whether the server supports this,
1105 and at what level (layer 2 or 3 traffic).
1107 The following example would connect client network 10.0.50.0/24
1108 with remote network 10.0.99.0/24 using a point-to-point connection
1109 from 10.1.1.1 to 10.1.1.2,
1110 provided that the SSH server running on the gateway to the remote network,
1111 at 192.168.1.15, allows it.
1114 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1115 # ssh -f -w 0:1 192.168.1.15 true
1116 # ifconfig tun0 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.252
1117 # route add 10.0.99.0/24 10.1.1.2
1121 .Bd -literal -offset indent
1122 # ifconfig tun1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.252
1123 # route add 10.0.50.0/24 10.1.1.1
1126 Client access may be more finely tuned via the
1127 .Pa /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
1128 file (see below) and the
1131 The following entry would permit connections on
1135 and on tun device 2 from user
1140 .Dq forced-commands-only :
1141 .Bd -literal -offset 2n
1142 tunnel="1",command="sh /etc/netstart tun1" ssh-rsa ... jane
1143 tunnel="2",command="sh /etc/netstart tun2" ssh-rsa ... john
1146 Since an SSH-based setup entails a fair amount of overhead,
1147 it may be more suited to temporary setups,
1148 such as for wireless VPNs.
1149 More permanent VPNs are better provided by tools such as
1155 will normally set the following environment variables:
1156 .Bl -tag -width "SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND"
1160 variable indicates the location of the X11 server.
1161 It is automatically set by
1163 to point to a value of the form
1167 indicates the host where the shell runs, and
1169 is an integer \*(Ge 1.
1171 uses this special value to forward X11 connections over the secure
1173 The user should normally not set
1176 will render the X11 connection insecure (and will require the user to
1177 manually copy any required authorization cookies).
1179 Set to the path of the user's home directory.
1183 set for compatibility with systems that use this variable.
1185 Set to the path of the user's mailbox.
1189 as specified when compiling
1194 needs a passphrase, it will read the passphrase from the current
1195 terminal if it was run from a terminal.
1198 does not have a terminal associated with it but
1202 are set, it will execute the program specified by
1204 and open an X11 window to read the passphrase.
1205 This is particularly useful when calling
1210 (Note that on some machines it
1211 may be necessary to redirect the input from
1214 .It Ev SSH_AUTH_SOCK
1215 Identifies the path of a
1217 socket used to communicate with the agent.
1218 .It Ev SSH_CONNECTION
1219 Identifies the client and server ends of the connection.
1220 The variable contains
1221 four space-separated values: client IP address, client port number,
1222 server IP address, and server port number.
1223 .It Ev SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND
1224 This variable contains the original command line if a forced command
1226 It can be used to extract the original arguments.
1228 This is set to the name of the tty (path to the device) associated
1229 with the current shell or command.
1230 If the current session has no tty,
1231 this variable is not set.
1233 This variable is set to indicate the present time zone if it
1234 was set when the daemon was started (i.e. the daemon passes the value
1235 on to new connections).
1237 Set to the name of the user logging in.
1243 .Pa ~/.ssh/environment ,
1244 and adds lines of the format
1246 to the environment if the file exists and users are allowed to
1247 change their environment.
1248 For more information, see the
1249 .Cm PermitUserEnvironment
1253 .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
1255 This file is used for host-based authentication (see above).
1256 On some machines this file may need to be
1257 world-readable if the user's home directory is on an NFS partition,
1261 Additionally, this file must be owned by the user,
1262 and must not have write permissions for anyone else.
1264 permission for most machines is read/write for the user, and not
1265 accessible by others.
1268 This file is used in exactly the same way as
1270 but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with
1274 This directory is the default location for all user-specific configuration
1275 and authentication information.
1276 There is no general requirement to keep the entire contents of this directory
1277 secret, but the recommended permissions are read/write/execute for the user,
1278 and not accessible by others.
1280 .It Pa ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
1281 Lists the public keys (DSA/ECDSA/RSA) that can be used for logging in as
1283 The format of this file is described in the
1286 This file is not highly sensitive, but the recommended
1287 permissions are read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.
1289 .It Pa ~/.ssh/config
1290 This is the per-user configuration file.
1291 The file format and configuration options are described in
1293 Because of the potential for abuse, this file must have strict permissions:
1294 read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.
1296 .It Pa ~/.ssh/environment
1297 Contains additional definitions for environment variables; see
1301 .It Pa ~/.ssh/identity
1302 .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_dsa
1303 .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa
1304 .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa
1305 Contains the private key for authentication.
1307 contain sensitive data and should be readable by the user but not
1308 accessible by others (read/write/execute).
1310 will simply ignore a private key file if it is accessible by others.
1311 It is possible to specify a passphrase when
1312 generating the key which will be used to encrypt the
1313 sensitive part of this file using 3DES.
1315 .It Pa ~/.ssh/identity.pub
1316 .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
1317 .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub
1318 .It Pa ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
1319 Contains the public key for authentication.
1321 sensitive and can (but need not) be readable by anyone.
1323 .It Pa ~/.ssh/known_hosts
1324 Contains a list of host keys for all hosts the user has logged into
1325 that are not already in the systemwide list of known host keys.
1328 for further details of the format of this file.
1331 Commands in this file are executed by
1333 when the user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is
1337 manual page for more information.
1339 .It Pa /etc/hosts.equiv
1340 This file is for host-based authentication (see above).
1341 It should only be writable by root.
1343 .It Pa /etc/shosts.equiv
1344 This file is used in exactly the same way as
1346 but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with
1349 .It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_config
1350 Systemwide configuration file.
1351 The file format and configuration options are described in
1354 .It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
1355 .It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
1356 .It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key
1357 .It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
1358 These three files contain the private parts of the host keys
1359 and are used for host-based authentication.
1360 If protocol version 1 is used,
1362 must be setuid root, since the host key is readable only by root.
1363 For protocol version 2,
1367 to access the host keys,
1368 eliminating the requirement that
1370 be setuid root when host-based authentication is used.
1375 .It Pa /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
1376 Systemwide list of known host keys.
1377 This file should be prepared by the
1378 system administrator to contain the public host keys of all machines in the
1380 It should be world-readable.
1383 for further details of the format of this file.
1385 .It Pa /etc/ssh/sshrc
1386 Commands in this file are executed by
1388 when the user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is started.
1391 manual page for more information.
1395 exits with the exit status of the remote command or with 255
1396 if an error occurred.
1411 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Assigned Numbers"
1416 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Architecture"
1421 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol"
1426 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol"
1431 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Connection Protocol"
1436 .%T "Using DNS to Securely Publish Secure Shell (SSH) Key Fingerprints"
1441 .%T "Generic Message Exchange Authentication for the Secure Shell Protocol (SSH)"
1446 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Session Channel Break Extension"
1451 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Encryption Modes"
1456 .%T "Improved Arcfour Modes for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol"
1461 .%T "Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol"
1466 .%T "The Secure Shell (SSH) Public Key File Format"
1471 .%T "Elliptic Curve Algorithm Integration in the Secure Shell Transport Layer"
1475 .%T "Hash Visualization: a New Technique to improve Real-World Security"
1479 .%O "International Workshop on Cryptographic Techniques and E-Commerce (CrypTEC '99)"
1482 OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free
1483 ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen.
1484 Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos,
1485 Theo de Raadt and Dug Song
1486 removed many bugs, re-added newer features and
1488 Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH
1489 protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0.