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9 pacman - package manager utility
14 'pacman' <operation> [options] [targets]
18 Pacman is a package management utility that tracks installed packages on a Linux
19 system. It features dependency support, package groups, install and uninstall
20 hooks, and the ability to sync your local machine with a remote ftp server to
21 automatically upgrade packages. Pacman packages are a zipped tar format.
23 Since version 3.0.0, pacman has been the frontend to linkman:libalpm[3], the
24 ``Arch Linux Package Management'' library. This library allows alternative
25 front ends to be written (for instance, a GUI front end).
27 Invoking pacman involves specifying an operation with any potential options and
28 targets to operate on. A 'target' is usually a package name, filename, URL, or
29 a search string. Targets can be provided as command line arguments.
30 Additionally, if a single dash (-) is passed as an argument, targets will be
37 Modify the package database. This operation allows you to modify certain
38 attributes of the installed packages in pacman's database. At the
39 moment, you can only change the install reason using '\--asdeps' and
40 '\--asexplicit' options.
43 Query the package database. This operation allows you to view installed
44 packages and their files, as well as meta-information about individual
45 packages (dependencies, conflicts, install date, build date, size). This
46 can be run against the local package database or can be used on
47 individual '.tar.gz' packages. In the first case, if no package names
48 are provided in the command line, all installed packages will be
49 queried. Additionally, various filters can be applied on the package
50 list. See <<QO,Query Options>> below.
53 Remove package(s) from the system. Groups can also be specified to be
54 removed, in which case every package in that group will be removed.
55 Files belonging to the specified package will be deleted, and the
56 database will be updated. Most configuration files will be saved
57 with a '.pacsave' extension unless the '\--nosave' option is used.
58 See <<RO,Remove Options>> below.
61 Synchronize packages. Packages are installed directly from the ftp
62 servers, including all dependencies required to run the packages. For
63 example, `pacman -S qt` will download and install qt and all the
64 packages it depends on. If a package name exists in more than one repo, the
65 repo can be explicitly specified to clarify the package to install:
66 `pacman -S testing/qt`. You can also specify version requirements:
67 `pacman -S "bash>=3.2"`. (Quotes are needed, otherwise your shell
68 interprets ">" as redirection to file.)
70 In addition to packages, groups can be specified as well. For example, if
71 gnome is a defined package group, then `pacman -S gnome` will provide a
72 prompt allowing you to select which packages to install from a numbered list.
73 The package selection is specified using a space and/or comma separated list of
74 package numbers. Sequential packages may be selected by specifying the first
75 and last package numbers separated by a hyphen (`-`). Excluding packages is
76 achieved by prefixing a number or range of numbers with a caret (`^`).
78 Packages that provide other packages are also handled. For example, `pacman -S
79 foo` will first look for a foo package. If foo is not found, packages that
80 provide the same functionality as foo will be searched for. If any package is
81 found, it will be installed. A selection prompt is provided if multiple packages
82 providing foo are found.
84 You can also use `pacman -Su` to upgrade all packages that are out of date. See
85 <<SO,Sync Options>> below. When upgrading, pacman performs version comparison
86 to determine which packages need upgrading. This behavior operates as follows:
89 1.0a < 1.0b < 1.0beta < 1.0p < 1.0pre < 1.0rc < 1.0 < 1.0.a < 1.0.1
91 1 < 1.0 < 1.1 < 1.1.1 < 1.2 < 2.0 < 3.0.0
93 Additionally, version strings can have an 'epoch' value defined that will
94 overrule any version comparison (unless the epoch values are equal). This is
95 specified in an `epoch:version-rel` format. For example, `2:1.0-1` is always
96 greater than `1:3.6-1`.
99 Check dependencies; this is useful in scripts such as makepkg to check
100 installed packages. This operation will check each dependency specified and
101 return a list of dependencies that are not currently satisfied on the system.
102 This operation accepts no other options. Example usage: `pacman -T qt
106 Upgrade or add package(s) to the system and install the required
107 dependencies from sync repos. Either a URL or file path can be
108 specified. This is a ``remove-then-add'' process. See <<UO,Upgrade
109 Options>> below; also see <<HCF,Handling Config Files>> for an explanation
110 on how pacman takes care of config files.
113 Display version and exit.
116 Display syntax for the given operation. If no operation was supplied
117 then the general syntax is shown.
122 *-b, \--dbpath* <path>::
123 Specify an alternative database location (a typical default is
124 +{localstatedir}/lib/pacman+). This should not be used unless you know what you are
125 doing. *NOTE*: if specified, this is an absolute path and the root path is
126 not automatically prepended.
128 *-r, \--root* <path>::
129 Specify an alternative installation root (default is `/`). This should
130 not be used as a way to install software into `/usr/local` instead of
131 `/usr`. This option is used if you want to install a package on a
132 temporary mounted partition that is "owned" by another system.
133 *NOTE*: if database path or logfile are not specified on either the
134 command line or in linkman:pacman.conf[5], their default location will
135 be inside this root path.
138 Output paths such as as the Root, Conf File, DB Path, Cache Dirs, etc.
141 Specify an alternate architecture.
143 *\--cachedir* <dir>::
144 Specify an alternative package cache location (a typical default is
145 +{localstatedir}/cache/pacman/pkg+). Multiple cache directories can be specified,
146 and they are tried in the order they are passed to pacman. *NOTE*: this
147 is an absolute path, the root path is not automatically prepended.
150 Specify an alternate configuration file.
153 Display debug messages. When reporting bugs, this option is recommended
157 Specify a directory of files used by GnuPG to verify package signatures (a
158 typical default is +{sysconfdir}/pacman.d/gnupg+). This directory should contain
159 two files: `pubring.gpg` and `trustdb.gpg`. `pubring.gpg` holds the public keys
160 of all packagers. `trustdb.gpg` contains a so-called trust database, which
161 specifies that the keys are authentic and trusted. *NOTE*: this is an absolute
162 path, the root path is not automatically prepended.
164 *\--logfile* <file>::
165 Specify an alternate log file. This is an absolute path, regardless of
166 the installation root setting.
169 Bypass any and all ``Are you sure?'' messages. It's not a good idea to do
170 this unless you want to run pacman from a script.
172 Transaction Options (apply to '-S', '-R' and '-U')
173 --------------------------------------------------
175 Skips dependency version checks. Package names are still checked. Normally,
176 pacman will always check a package's dependency fields to ensure that all
177 dependencies are installed and there are no package conflicts in the
178 system. Specify this option twice to skip all dependency checks.
181 Adds/Removes the database entry only, leaves all files in place.
184 Do not show a progress bar when downloading files. This can be useful
185 for scripts that call pacman and capture the output.
188 If an install scriptlet exists, do not execute it. Do not use this
189 unless you know what you are doing.
192 Only print the targets instead of performing the actual operation (sync,
193 remove or upgrade). Use '\--print-format' to specify how targets are
194 displayed. The default format string is "%l", which displays URLs with
195 '-S', filenames with '-U' and pkgname-pkgver with '-R'.
197 *\--print-format* <format>::
198 Specify a printf-like format to control the output of the '\--print'
199 operation. The possible attributes are: %n for pkgname, %v for pkgver,
200 %l for location, %r for repo and %s for size.
202 Upgrade Options (apply to '-S' and '-U')[[UO]]
203 --------------------------------------------
205 Bypass file conflict checks and overwrite conflicting files. If the
206 package that is about to be installed contains files that are already
207 installed, this option will cause all those files to be overwritten.
208 This option should be used with care, ideally not at all.
211 Install packages non-explicitly; in other words, fake their install reason
212 to be installed as a dependency. This is useful for makepkg and other
213 build from source tools that need to install dependencies before building
217 Install packages explicitly; in other words, fake their install reason to
218 be explicitly installed. This is useful if you want to mark a dependency
219 as explicitly installed so it will not be removed by the '\--recursive'
222 *\--ignore* <package>::
223 Directs pacman to ignore upgrades of package even if there is one
224 available. Multiple packages can be specified by separating them
227 *\--ignoregroup* <group>::
228 Directs pacman to ignore upgrades of all packages in 'group' even if
229 there is one available. Multiple groups can be specified by
230 separating them with a comma.
233 Do not reinstall the targets that are already up to date.
239 View the ChangeLog of a package if it exists.
242 Restrict or filter output to packages installed as dependencies. This
243 option can be combined with '-t' for listing real orphans - packages that
244 were installed as dependencies but are no longer required by any
248 Restrict or filter output to explicitly installed packages. This option
249 can be combined with '-t' to list explicitly installed packages that
250 are not required by any other package.
253 Display all packages that are members of a named group. If a name is not
254 specified, list all grouped packages.
257 Display information on a given package. The '-p' option can be used if
258 querying a package file instead of the local database. Passing two
259 '\--info' or '-i' flags will also display the list of backup files and
260 their modification states.
263 Check that all files owned by the given package(s) are present on the
264 system. If packages are not specified or filter flags are not provided,
265 check all installed packages.
268 List all files owned by a given package. Multiple packages can be
269 specified on the command line.
272 Restrict or filter output to packages that were not found in the sync
273 database(s). Typically these are packages that were downloaded manually
274 and installed with '\--upgrade'.
276 *-o, \--owns* <file>::
277 Search for packages that own the specified file(s). The path can be
278 relative or absolute and one or more files can be specified.
281 Signifies that the package supplied on the command line is a file and
282 not an entry in the database. The file will be decompressed and queried.
283 This is useful in combination with '\--info' and '\--list'.
286 Show less information for certain query operations. (This is useful when
287 pacman's output is processed in a script.) Search will only show package
288 names and not version, group, and description information; owns will
289 only show package names instead of "file is owned by pkg" messages; group
290 will only show package names and omit group names; list will only show
291 files and omit package names; check will only show pairs of package names
292 and missing files; a bare query will only show package names
293 rather than names and versions.
295 *-s, \--search* <regexp>::
296 Search each locally-installed package for names or descriptions that
297 match `regexp`. When including multiple search terms, only packages
298 with descriptions matching ALL of those terms are returned.
300 *-t, \--unrequired*::
301 Restrict or filter output to packages not required by any currently
305 Restrict or filter output to packages that are out of date on the local
306 system. (Only package versions are used to find outdated packages,
307 replacements are not checked here.) This option works best if the sync
308 database is refreshed using '-Sy'.
314 Remove all target packages, as well as all packages that depend on one
315 or more target packages. This operation is recursive, and must be used
316 with care since it can remove many potentially needed packages.
319 Instructs pacman to ignore file backup designations. Normally, when a
320 file is removed from the system the database is checked to see if the
321 file should be renamed with a '.pacsave' extension.
324 Remove each target specified including all of their dependencies, provided
325 that (A) they are not required by other packages; and (B) they were not
326 explicitly installed by the user. This operation is recursive and analogous
327 to a backwards '\--sync' operation, and helps keep a clean system without
328 orphans. If you want to omit condition (B), pass this option twice.
331 Removes targets that are not required by any other packages.
332 This is mostly useful when removing a group without using the '-c' option,
333 to avoid breaking any dependencies.
339 Remove packages that are no longer installed from the cache as well as
340 currently unused sync databases to free up disk space. When pacman
341 downloads packages, it saves them in a cache directory. In addition,
342 databases are saved for every sync DB you download from, and are not
343 deleted even if they are removed from the configuration file
344 linkman:pacman.conf[5]. Use one '\--clean' switch to only remove
345 packages that are no longer installed; use two to remove all files
346 from the cache. In both cases, you will have a yes or no option to
347 remove packages and/or unused downloaded databases.
349 If you use a network shared cache, see the 'CleanMethod' option in
350 linkman:pacman.conf[5].
353 Display all the members for each package group specified. If no group
354 names are provided, all groups will be listed; pass the flag twice to
355 view all groups and their members.
358 Display information on a given sync database package. Passing two '\--info'
359 or '-i' flags will also display those packages in all repositories that
360 depend on this package.
363 List all packages in the specified repositories. Multiple repositories
364 can be specified on the command line.
367 Show less information for certain sync operations. (This is useful when
368 pacman's output is processed in a script.) Search will only show package
369 names and not repo, version, group, and description information; list
370 will only show package names and omit databases and versions; group will
371 only show package names and omit group names.
373 *-s, \--search* <regexp>::
374 This will search each package in the sync databases for names or
375 descriptions that match `regexp`. When you include multiple search
376 terms, only packages with descriptions matching ALL of those terms will
379 *-u, \--sysupgrade*::
380 Upgrades all packages that are out of date. Each currently-installed
381 package will be examined and upgraded if a newer package exists. A
382 report of all packages to upgrade will be presented and the operation
383 will not proceed without user confirmation. Dependencies are
384 automatically resolved at this level and will be installed/upgraded if
387 Pass this option twice to enable package downgrade; in this case pacman will
388 select sync packages whose version does not match with the local version. This
389 can be useful when the user switches from a testing repo to a stable one.
391 Additional targets can also be specified manually, so that '-Su foo' will do a
392 system upgrade and install/upgrade the foo package in the same operation.
394 *-w, \--downloadonly*::
395 Retrieve all packages from the server, but do not install/upgrade anything.
398 Download a fresh copy of the master package list from the server(s)
399 defined in linkman:pacman.conf[5]. This should typically be used each time
400 you use '\--sysupgrade' or '-u'. Passing two '\--refresh' or '-y' flags
401 will force a refresh of all package lists even if they appear to be up
405 Do not reinstall the targets that are already up to date.
408 Handling Config Files[[HCF]]
409 ----------------------------
410 Pacman uses the same logic as rpm to determine action against files that are
411 designated to be backed up. During an upgrade, 3 md5 hashes are used for each
412 backup file to determine the required action: one for the original file
413 installed, one for the new file that's about to be installed, and one for the
414 actual file existing on the filesystem. After comparing these 3 hashes, the
415 follow scenarios can result:
417 original=X, current=X, new=X::
418 All three files are the same, so overwrites are not an issue. Install the
421 original=X, current=X, new=Y::
422 The current file is the same as the original but the new one differs.
423 Since the user did not ever modify the file, and the new one may contain
424 improvements or bugfixes, install the new file.
426 original=X, current=Y, new=X::
427 Both package versions contain the exact same file, but the one on the
428 filesystem has been modified. Leave the current file in place.
430 original=X, current=Y, new=Y::
431 The new file is identical to the current file. Install the new file.
433 original=X, current=Y, new=Z::
434 All three files are different, so install the new file with a '.pacnew'
435 extension and warn the user. The user must then manually merge any
436 necessary changes into the original file.
443 Search for regexp "ne.hack" in package database.
446 Download and install gpm including dependencies.
448 pacman -U /home/user/ceofhack-0.6-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.gz::
449 Install ceofhack-0.6-1 package from a local file.
452 Update package list and upgrade all packages afterwards.
455 Update package list, upgrade all packages, and then install gpm if it
456 wasn't already installed.
460 See linkman:pacman.conf[5] for more details on configuring pacman using the
466 linkman:pacman.conf[5], linkman:makepkg[8], linkman:libalpm[3]
468 include::footer.txt[]