1 - A collection of various documents and links related to KWin is at http://techbase.kde.org/Projects/KWin .
4 - The mailing list for KWin is kwin@kde.org (https://mail.kde.org/mailman/listinfo/kwin).
6 - If you want to develop KWin, see file HACKING.
8 - If you want to check KWin's compliance with specifications, see file COMPLIANCE.
10 - File CONFIGURATION includes some details on configuring KWin.
12 - Below is some info for application developers about application interaction
13 with the window manager, but it'd need some cleanup.
22 This README is meant as an explanation of various window manager related
23 mechanisms that application developers need to be aware of. As some of these
24 concepts may be difficult to understand for people not having the required
25 background knowledge (since sometimes it's difficult even for people who
26 do have the knowledge), the mechanisms are first briefly explained, and
27 then an example of fixing the various problems is given.
29 For comments, questions, suggestions and whatever use the kwin@kde.org
37 - how to make the window manager know which windows belong together
38 - Focus stealing prevention
39 - how to solve cases where focus stealing prevention doesn't work
40 properly automatically
47 (For now, this explanation of window relations is mainly meant for
48 focus stealing prevention. To be extended later.)
50 All windows created by an application should be organized in a tree
51 with the root being the application's main window. Note that this is about
52 toplevel windows, not widgets inside the windows. For example, if you
53 have KWrite running, with a torn-off toolbar (i.e. a standalone toolbar),
54 a file save dialog open, and the file save dialog showing a dialog
55 for creating a directory, the window hiearchy should look like this:
61 file save dialog torn-off toolbar
64 create directory dialog
66 Each subwindow (i.e. all except for the KWrite mainwindow) points to its
67 main window (which in turn may have another main window, as in the case
68 of the file save dialog). When the window manager knows these relations,
69 it can better arrange the windows (keeping subwindows above their
70 main windows, preventing activation of a main window of a modal dialog,
71 and similar). Failing to provide this information to the window manager
72 may have various results, for example having dialogs positioned below
75 The window property used by subwindows to point to their mainwindows is
76 called WM_TRANSIENT_FOR. It can be seen by running
77 'xprop | grep WM_TRANSIENT_FOR' and clicking on a window. If the property
78 is not present, the window does not (claim to) have any mainwindow.
79 If the property is present, it's value is the window id of its main window;
80 window id of any window can be found out by running 'xwininfo'. A window
81 having WM_TRANSIENT_FOR poiting to another window is said to be transient
84 In some cases, the WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property may not point to any other
85 existing window, having value of 0, or pointing to the screen number
86 ('xwininfo -root'). These special values mean that the window is transient
87 for all other windows in its window group. This should be used only
88 in rare cases, everytime a specific main window is known, WM_TRANSIENT_FOR
89 should be pointing to it instead of using one of these special values.
90 (The explanation why is beyond the scope of this document - just accept it
93 With Qt, the WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property is set by Qt automatically, based
94 on the toplevel widget's parent. If the toplevel widget is of a normal
95 type (i.e. not a dialog, toolbar, etc.), Qt doesn't set WM_TRANSIENT_FOR
96 on it. For special widgets, such as dialogs, WM_TRANSIENT_FOR is set
97 to point to the widget's parent, if it has a specific parent, otherwise
98 WM_TRANSIENT_FOR points to the root window.
100 As already said above, WM_TRANSIENT_FOR poiting to the root window should
101 be usually avoided, so everytime the widget's main widget is known, the widget
102 should get it passed as a parent in its constructor.
103 (TODO KDialog etc. classes should not have a default argument for the parent
104 argument, and comments like 'just pass 0 as the parent' should go.)
108 Focus stealing prevention:
109 ==========================
111 Since KDE3.2 KWin has a feature called focus stealing prevention. As the name
112 suggests, it prevents unexpected changes of focus. With older versions of KWin,
113 if any application opened a new dialog, it became active, and
114 if the application's main window was on another virtual desktop, also
115 the virtual desktop was changed. This was annoying, and also sometimes led
116 to dialogs mistakenly being closed because they received keyboard input that
117 was meant for the previously active window.
119 The basic principle of focus stealing prevention is that the window with most
120 recent user activity wins. Any window of an application will become active
121 when being shown only if this application was the most recently used one.
122 KWin itself, and some of the related kdecore classes should take care
123 of the common cases, so usually there's no need for any special handling
124 in applications. Qt/KDE applications, that is. Applications using other
125 toolkits should in most cases work fine too. If they don't support
126 the window property _NET_WM_USER_TIME, the window manager may fail to detect
127 the user timestamp properly, resulting either in other windows becoming active
128 while the user works with this application, or this application may sometimes
129 steal focus (this second case should be very rare though).
131 There are also cases where KDE applications needs special handling. The two
132 most common cases are when windows relations are not setup properly to make
133 KWin realize that they belong to the same application, and when the user
134 activity is not represented by manipulating with the application windows
137 Also note that focus stealing prevention implemented in the window manager
138 can only help with focus stealing between different applications.
139 If an application itself suddenly pops up a dialog, KWin cannot do anything about
140 it, and its the application's job to handle this case.
146 The common case here is when a dialog is shown for an application, but this
147 dialog is not provided by the application itself, but by some other process.
148 For example, dialogs with warnings about accepted cookies are provided
149 by KCookieJar, instead of being shown by Konqueror. In the normal case,
150 from KWin's point of view the cookie dialog would be an attempt of another
151 application to show a dialog, and KWin wouldn't allow activation of this
154 The solution is to tell the window manager about the relation between
155 the Konqueror main window and the cookie dialog, by making the dialog
156 point to the mainwindow. Note that this is not special to focus stealing
157 prevention, subwindows such as dialogs, toolbars and similar should always
158 point to their mainwindow. See the section on window relations for full
161 The WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property that's set on dialogs to point to their
162 mainwindow should in the cookie dialog case point to the Konqueror window
163 for which it has been shown. This is solved in kcookiejar by including
164 the window id in the DCOP call. When the cookie dialog is shown, its
165 WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property is manually set using the XSetTransientForHint()
166 call (see kdelibs/kioslave/http/kcookiejar/kcookiewin.cpp). The arguments
167 to XSetTransientForHint() call are the X display (i.e. QX11Info::display()),
168 the window id on which the WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property is to be set
169 (i.e. use QWidget::winId()), and the window id of the mainwindow.
174 To put it simply: Let's say you have a daemon application that has
175 DCOP call "showDialog( QString text )", and when this is called, it shows
176 a dialog with the given text. This won't work properly with focus stealing
177 prevention. The DCOP call should be changed to
178 "showDialog( QString text, long id )". The caller should pass something like
179 myMainWindow->winId() as the second argument. In the daemon, before
180 the dialog is shown, a call to XSetTransientHint() should be added:
182 XSetTransientForHint( QX11Info::display(), dialog->winId(), id_of_mainwindow );
186 Non-standard user activity:
187 ---------------------------
189 The most common case in KDE will be DCOP calls. For example, KDesktop's DCOP
190 call "KDesktopIface popupExecuteCommand". Executing this DCOP call e.g.
191 from Konsole as 'dcop kdesktop KDesktopIface popupExecuteCommand" will lead
192 to showing the minicli, but the last user activity timestamp gained from events
193 sent by X server will be older than user activity timestamp of Konsole, and
194 would normally result in minicli not being active. Therefore, before showing
195 the minicli, kdesktop needs to call KApplication::updateUserTimestamp().
197 However, this shouldn't be done with all DCOP calls. If a DCOP call is not
198 a result of direct user action, calling KApplication::updateUserTimestamp()
199 would lead to focus stealing. For example, let's assume for a moment
200 that KMail would use this DCOP call in case it detects the modem is not
201 connected, allowing to you to start KPPP or whatever tool you use. If KMail
202 would be configured to check mail every 10 minutes, this would lead to minicli
203 possibly suddenly showing up at every check. Basically, doing the above change
204 to kdesktop's minicli means that the popupExecuteCommand() DCOP call is only
205 for user scripting. (TODO write about focus transferring?)
207 Simply said, KApplication::updateUserTimestamp() should be called only
208 as a result of user action. Unfortunately, I'm not aware of any universal
209 way how to handle this, so every case will have to be considered separately.