1 This is Python version 2.2
2 ==========================
4 Copyright (c) 2001 Python Software Foundation.
7 Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
10 Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
13 Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum.
20 See the file "LICENSE" for information on the history of this
21 software, terms & conditions for usage, and a DISCLAIMER OF ALL
24 This Python distribution contains no GNU General Public Licensed
25 (GPLed) code so it may be used in proprietary projects just like prior
26 Python distributions. There are interfaces to some GNU code but these
27 are entirely optional.
29 All trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective
33 What's new in this release?
34 ---------------------------
36 See the file "Misc/NEWS".
38 If you don't read instructions
39 ------------------------------
41 Congratulations on getting this far. :-)
43 To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the
44 current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section
45 `Build Instructions' below is still recommended reading, especially
46 the part on customizing Modules/Setup.
49 What is Python anyway?
50 ----------------------
52 Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language suitable
53 (amongst other uses) for distributed application development,
54 scripting, numeric computing and system testing. Python is often
55 compared to Tcl, Perl, Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic or Scheme. To
56 find out more about what Python can do for you, point your browser to
57 http://www.python.org/.
60 How do I learn Python?
61 ----------------------
63 The official tutorial is still a good place to start; see
64 http://www.python.org/doc/ for online and downloadable versions, as
65 well as a list of other introductions, and reference documentation.
67 There's a quickly growing set of books on Python. See
68 http://www.python.org/psa/bookstore/ for a list.
74 All documentation is provided online in a variety of formats. In
75 order of importance for new users: Tutorial, Library Reference,
76 Language Reference, Extending & Embedding, and the Python/C API. The
77 Library Reference is especially of immense value since much of
78 Python's power is described there, including the built-in data types
81 All documentation is also available online at the Python web site
82 (http://www.python.org/doc/, see below). It is available online for
83 occasional reference, or can be downloaded in many formats for faster
84 access. The documentation is available in HTML, PostScript, PDF, and
85 LaTeX formats; the LaTeX version is primarily for documentation
86 authors, translators, and people with special formatting requirements.
88 The best documentation for the new (in Python 2.2) type/class unification
89 features is Guido's tutorial introduction, at
91 http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html
97 New Python releases and related technologies are published at
98 http://www.python.org/. Come visit us!
100 There's also a Python community web site at http://starship.python.net/.
103 Newsgroups and Mailing Lists
104 ----------------------------
106 Read comp.lang.python, a high-volume discussion newsgroup about
107 Python, or comp.lang.python.announce, a low-volume moderated newsgroup
108 for Python-related announcements. These are also accessible as
109 mailing lists: see http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for an
110 overview of the many Python-related mailing lists.
112 Archives are accessible via Deja.com Usenet News: see
113 http://www.deja.com/usenet. The mailing lists are also archived, see
114 http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for details.
120 To report or search for bugs, please use the Python Bug
121 Tracker at http://sourceforge.net/bugs/?group_id=5470.
124 Patches and contributions
125 -------------------------
127 To submit a patch or other contribution, please use the Python Patch
128 Manager at http://sourceforge.net/patch/?group_id=5470. Guidelines
129 for patch submission may be found at http://www.python.org/patches/.
131 If you have a proposal to change Python, it's best to submit a Python
132 Enhancement Proposal (PEP) first. All current PEPs, as well as
133 guidelines for submitting a new PEP, are list at
134 http://python.sourceforge.net/peps/.
140 For help, if you can't find it in the manuals or on the web site, it's
141 best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing list (see
142 above). If you specifically don't want to involve the newsgroup or
143 mailing list, send questions to help@python.org (a group of volunteers
144 who answer questions as they can). The newsgroup is the most
145 efficient way to ask public questions.
151 Before you can build Python, you must first configure it. Fortunately,
152 the configuration and build process has been streamlined for most Unix
153 installations, so all you have to do is type a few commands,
154 optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some platforms
155 where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform specific notes
156 below. If you want to build for multiple platforms sharing the same
157 source tree, see the section on VPATH below.
159 Start by running the script "./configure", which determines your system
160 configuration and creates the Makefile. (It takes a minute or two --
161 please be patient!) You may want to pass options to the configure
162 script or edit the Modules/Setup file after running configure -- see the
163 section below on configuration options and variables. When it's done,
164 you are ready to run make.
166 To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory. If
167 you have changed the configuration or have modified Modules/Setup, the
168 Makefile may have to be rebuilt. In this case you may have to run make
169 again to correctly build your desired target. The interpreter
170 executable is built in the top level directory.
172 Once you have built a Python interpreter, see the subsections below on
173 testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run
174 into trouble, see the next section. Editing the Modules/Setup file
175 after running make is supported; just run "make" again after making
182 See also the platform specific notes in the next section.
184 If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ
185 (http://www.python.org/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
186 http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for hints on what can go wrong,
189 If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all
190 object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or
191 not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable
192 problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report!
194 If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that
195 should be there, inspect the config.log file. When you fix a
196 configure problem, be sure to remove config.cache!
198 If you get a warning for every file about the -Olimit option being no
199 longer supported, you can ignore it. There's no foolproof way to know
200 whether this option is needed; all we can do is test whether it is
201 accepted without error. On some systems, e.g. older SGI compilers, it
202 is essential for performance (specifically when compiling ceval.c,
203 which has more basic blocks than the default limit of 1000). If the
204 warning bothers you, edit the Makefile to remove "-Olimit 1500" from
207 If you get failures in test_long, or sys.maxint gets set to -1, you
208 are probably experiencing compiler bugs, usually related to
209 optimization. This is a common problem with some versions of gcc and
210 egcs, and some vendor-supplied compilers, which can sometimes be
211 worked around by turning off optimization. Consider switching to
212 stable versions (gcc 2.7.2.3, egcs 1.1.2, or contact your vendor.)
214 From Python 2.0 onward, all Python C code is ANSI C. Compiling using
215 old K&R-C-only compilers is no longer possible. ANSI C compilers are
216 available for all modern systems, either in the form of updated
217 compilers from the vendor, or one of the free compilers (gcc, egcs).
219 Platform specific notes
220 -----------------------
222 (Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python
223 on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here,
224 submit a documentation bug report to SourceForge (see Bug Reports
225 above) so we can remove them!)
227 64-bit platforms: The modules audioop, imageop and rgbimg don't work.
228 Don't try to enable them in the Modules/Setup file. They
229 contain code that is quite wordsize sensitive. (If you have a
232 Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris
233 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest
234 way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as
235 the "CC" environment variable when running the configure
238 Linux: A problem with threads and fork() was tracked down to a bug in
239 the pthreads code in glibc version 2.0.5; glibc version 2.0.7
240 solves the problem. This causes the popen2 test to fail;
241 problem and solution reported by Pablo Bleyer.
243 Under Linux systems using GNU libc 2 (aka libc6), the crypt
244 module now needs the -lcrypt option. Uncomment this flag in
245 Modules/Setup, or comment out the crypt module in the same
246 file. Most modern Linux systems use glibc2.
248 FreeBSD 3.x and probably platforms with NCurses that use libmytinfo or
249 similar: When using cursesmodule, the linking is not done in
250 the correct order with the defaults. Remove "-ltermcap" from
251 the readline entry in Setup, and use as curses entry: "curses
252 cursesmodule.c -lmytinfo -lncurses -ltermcap" - "mytinfo" (so
253 called on FreeBSD) should be the name of the auxiliary library
254 required on your platform. Normally, it would be linked
255 automatically, but not necessarily in the correct order.
257 BSDI: BSDI versions before 4.1 have known problems with threads,
258 which can cause strange errors in a number of modules (for
259 instance, the 'test_signal' test script will hang forever.)
260 Turning off threads (with --with-threads=no) or upgrading to
261 BSDI 4.1 solves this problem.
263 DEC Unix: Run configure with --with-dec-threads, or with
264 --with-threads=no if no threads are desired (threads are on by
265 default). When using GCC, it is possible to get an internal
266 compiler error if optimization is used. This was reported for
267 GCC 2.7.2.3 on selectmodule.c. Manually compile the affected
268 file without optimization to solve the problem.
270 DEC Ultrix: compile with GCC to avoid bugs in the native compiler,
271 and pass SHELL=/bin/sh5 to Make when installing.
273 AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in
274 place. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done.
275 (The optimizer bug reported at this place in previous releases
276 has been worked around by a minimal code change.) If you get
277 errors about ptread_* functions, during compile or during
278 testing, try setting CC to a thread-safe (reentrant) compiler,
279 like "cc_r". For full C++ module support, set CC="xlC_r" (or
280 CC="xlC" without thread support).
282 HP-UX: Please read the file Misc/HPUX-NOTES for shared libraries.
283 When using threading, you may have to add -D_REENTRANT to the
284 OPT variable in the top-level Makefile; reported by Pat Knight,
285 this seems to make a difference (at least for HP-UX 10.20)
286 even though config.h defines it.
288 Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"!
290 SCO: The following apply to SCO 3 only; Python builds out of the box
291 on SCO 5 (or so we've heard).
293 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the
294 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken.
295 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard is
296 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined.
298 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt
299 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS
302 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i'
304 UnixWare: There are known bugs in the math library of the system, as well as
305 problems in the handling of threads (calling fork in one
306 thread may interrupt system calls in others). Therefore, test_math and
307 tests involving threads will fail until those problems are fixed.
309 SunOS 4.x: When using the SunPro C compiler, you may want to use the
310 '-Xa' option instead of '-Xc', to enable some needed non-ANSI
313 NeXT: Not supported anymore. Start with the MacOSX/Darwin code if you
316 QNX: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
317 configure works best if you use GNU bash; a port is available on
318 ftp.qnx.com in /usr/free. I used the following process to build,
319 test and install Python 1.5.x under QNX:
321 1) CONFIG_SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash CC=cc RANLIB=: \
322 ./configure --verbose --without-gcc --with-libm=""
324 2) edit Modules/Setup to activate everything that makes sense for
325 your system... tested here at QNX with the following modules:
327 array, audioop, binascii, cPickle, cStringIO, cmath,
328 crypt, curses, errno, fcntl, gdbm, grp, imageop,
329 _locale, math, md5, new, operator, parser, pcre,
330 posix, pwd, readline, regex, reop, rgbimg, rotor,
331 select, signal, socket, soundex, strop, struct,
332 syslog, termios, time, timing, zlib, audioop, imageop, rgbimg
334 3) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash
336 or, if you feel the need for speed:
338 make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash OPT="-5 -Oil+nrt"
340 4) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash test
342 Using GNU readline 2.2 seems to behave strangely, but I
343 think that's a problem with my readline 2.2 port. :-\
345 5) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash install
347 If you get SIGSEGVs while running Python (I haven't yet, but
348 I've only run small programs and the test cases), you're
349 probably running out of stack; the default 32k could be a
350 little tight. To increase the stack size, edit the Makefile
351 to read: LDFLAGS = -N 48k
353 BeOS: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
354 See BeOS/README for notes about compiling/installing Python on
355 BeOS R3 or later. Note that only the PowerPC platform is
356 supported for R3; both PowerPC and x86 are supported for R4.
358 Cray T3E: Konrad Hinsen writes:
359 1) Don't use gcc. It compiles Python/graminit.c into something
360 that the Cray assembler doesn't like. Cray's cc seems to work
362 2) Comment out modules md5 (won't compile) and audioop (will
363 crash the interpreter during the test suite).
364 If you run the test suite, two tests will fail (rotate and
365 binascii), but these are not the modules you'd expect to need
368 SGI: SGI's standard "make" utility (/bin/make or /usr/bin/make)
369 does not check whether a command actually changed the file it
370 is supposed to build. This means that whenever you say "make"
371 it will redo the link step. The remedy is to use SGI's much
372 smarter "smake" utility (/usr/sbin/smake), or GNU make. If
373 you set the first line of the Makefile to #!/usr/sbin/smake
374 smake will be invoked by make (likewise for GNU make).
376 WARNING: There are bugs in the optimizer of some versions of
377 SGI's compilers that can cause bus errors or other strange
378 behavior, especially on numerical operations. To avoid this,
379 try building with "make OPT=".
381 OS/2: If you are running Warp3 or Warp4 and have IBM's VisualAge C/C++
382 compiler installed, just change into the pc\os2vacpp directory
383 and type NMAKE. Threading and sockets are supported by default
384 in the resulting binaries of PYTHON15.DLL and PYTHON.EXE.
386 Monterey (64-bit AIX): The current Monterey C compiler (Visual Age)
387 uses the OBJECT_MODE={32|64} environment variable to set the
388 compilation mode to either 32-bit or 64-bit (32-bit mode is
389 the default). Presumably you want 64-bit compilation mode for
390 this 64-bit OS. As a result you must first set OBJECT_MODE=64
391 in your environment before configuring (./configure) or
392 building (make) Python on Monterey.
394 Reliant UNIX: The thread support does not compile on Reliant UNIX, and
395 there is a (minor) problem in the configure script for that
396 platform as well. This should be resolved in time for a
399 Mac OS X 10: One of the regular expression tests fails
400 with a SEGV due to the small stack size used by default, if you do
401 "limit stacksize 2048" before "make test" it should work.
403 On naked Darwin you may want to add the configure option
404 "--disable-toolbox-glue" to disable the glue code for the Carbon
405 interface modules. The modules themselves are currently only built
406 if you add the --enable-framework option, see below.
408 On a clean OSX /usr/local does not exist. Do a
409 "sudo mkdir -m 775 /usr/local"
410 before you do a make install. Alternatively, do "sudo make install"
411 which installs everything as superuser.
413 You may want to try the configure option "--enable-framework"
414 which installs Python as a framework. The location can be set
415 as argument to the --enable-framework option (default
416 /Library/Frameworks). You may also want to check out ./Mac/OSX
417 for building a Python.app. You may also want to manually
418 install a symlink in /usr/local/bin/python to the executable
419 deep down in the framework.
421 Cygwin: With recent (relative to the time of writing, 2001-12-19)
422 Cygwin installations, there are problems with the interaction
423 of dynamic linking and fork(). This manifests itself in build
424 failures during the execution of setup.py.
426 There are two workarounds that both enable Python (albeit
427 without threading support) to build and pass all tests on
428 NT/2000 (and most likely XP as well, though reports of testing
429 on XP would be appreciated).
433 (a) the band-aid fix is to link the _socket module statically
434 rather than dynamically (which is the default).
436 To do this, run "./configure --with-threads=no" including any
437 other options you need (--prefix, etc.). Then in Modules/Setup
441 #_socket socketmodule.c \
442 # -DUSE_SSL -I$(SSL)/include -I$(SSL)/include/openssl \
443 # -L$(SSL)/lib -lssl -lcrypto
445 and remove "local/" from the SSL variable. Finally, just run
448 (b) The "proper" fix is to rebase the Cygwin DLLs to prevent
449 base address conflicts. Details on how to do this can be
450 found in the following mail:
452 http://sources.redhat.com/ml/cygwin/2001-12/msg00894.html
454 It is hoped that a version of this solution will be
455 incorporated into the Cygwin distribution fairly soon.
457 Two additional problems:
459 (1) Threading support should still be disabled due to a known
460 bug in Cygwin pthreads that causes test_threadedtempfile to
463 (2) The _curses module does not build. This is a known
464 Cygwin ncurses problem that should be resolved the next time
465 that this package is released.
467 On older versions of Cygwin, test_poll may hang and test_strftime
470 The situation on 9X/Me is not accurately known at present.
471 Some time ago, there were reports that the following
472 regression tests failed:
478 Due to the test_select hang on 9X/Me, one should run the
479 regression test using the following:
481 make TESTOPTS='-l -x test_select' test
483 News regarding these platforms with more recent Cygwin
484 versions would be appreciated!
489 As of Python 2.0, threads are enabled by default. If you wish to
490 compile without threads, or if your thread support is broken, pass the
491 --with-threads=no switch to configure. Unfortunately, on some
492 platforms, additional compiler and/or linker options are required for
493 threads to work properly. Below is a table of those options,
494 collected by Bill Janssen. We would love to automate this process
495 more, but the information below is not enough to write a patch for the
496 configure.in file, so manual intervention is required. If you patch
497 the configure.in file and are confident that the patch works, please
498 send in the patch. (Don't bother patching the configure script itself
499 -- it is regenerated each the configure.in file changes.)
501 Compiler switches for threads
502 .............................
504 The definition of _REENTRANT should be configured automatically, if
505 that does not work on your system, or if _REENTRANT is defined
506 incorrectly, please report that as a bug.
508 OS/Compiler/threads Switches for use with threads
509 (POSIX is draft 10, DCE is draft 4) compile & link
511 SunOS 5.{1-5}/{gcc,SunPro cc}/solaris -mt
512 SunOS 5.5/{gcc,SunPro cc}/POSIX (nothing)
513 DEC OSF/1 3.x/cc/DCE -threads
514 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
515 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/DCE -threads
516 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
517 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/POSIX -pthread
518 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
519 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r/d7 (nothing)
521 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r4/DCE (nothing)
523 IRIX 6.2/cc/POSIX (nothing)
527 Linker (ld) libraries and flags for threads
528 ...........................................
530 OS/threads Libraries/switches for use with threads
532 SunOS 5.{1-5}/solaris -lthread
533 SunOS 5.5/POSIX -lpthread
534 DEC OSF/1 3.x/DCE -lpthreads -lmach -lc_r -lc
535 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
536 Digital UNIX 4.x/DCE -lpthreads -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
537 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
538 Digital UNIX 4.x/POSIX -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
539 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
540 AIX 4.1.4/{draft7,DCE} (nothing)
542 IRIX 6.2/POSIX -lpthread
543 (jph@emilia.engr.sgi.com)
546 Configuring additional built-in modules
547 ---------------------------------------
549 Starting with Python 2.1, the setup.py script at the top of the source
550 distribution attempts to detect which modules can be built and
551 automatically compiles them. Autodetection doesn't always work, so
552 you can customize the configuration by editing the Modules/Setup file.
553 This file is initially copied from Setup.dist by the configure script;
554 if it does not exist yet, create it by copying Modules/Setup.dist
555 yourself (configure will never overwrite it). Never edit Setup.dist
556 -- always edit Setup or Setup.local (see below). Read the comments in
557 the file for information on what kind of edits are allowed. When you
558 have edited Setup in the Modules directory, the interpreter will
559 automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make (in the toplevel
562 Many useful modules can be built on any Unix system, but some optional
563 modules can't be reliably autodetected. Often the quickest way to
564 determine whether a particular module works or not is to see if it
565 will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get compilation or link
566 errors, disable it -- you're either missing support or need to adjust
567 the compilation and linking parameters for that module.
569 On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific
570 system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware. These
571 modules will not be built by the setup.py script.
573 In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local.
574 (the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more
575 convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when
576 installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local
580 Setting the optimization/debugging options
581 ------------------------------------------
583 If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for
584 the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make
585 command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python
586 on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the
587 environment when the configure script is run overrides this default
588 (likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base
589 set of libraries to link with).
591 When compiling with GCC, the default value of OPT will also include
592 the -Wall and -Wstrict-prototypes options.
594 Additional debugging code to help debug memory management problems can
595 be enabled by using the --with-pydebug option to the configure script.
601 If you want C profiling turned on, the easiest way is to run configure
602 with the CC environment variable to the necessary compiler
603 invocation. For example, on Linux, this works for profiling using
606 CC="gcc -pg" ./configure
608 Note that on Linux, gprof apparently does not work for shared
609 libraries. The Makefile/Setup mechanism can be used to compile and
610 link most extension module statically.
616 To test the interpreter, type "make test" in the top-level directory.
617 This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with
618 the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set
619 produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
620 skipped tests due to optional features which can't be imported. (If
621 you want to test those modules, edit Modules/Setup to configure them.)
622 If a message is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core
623 dump is produced, something is wrong. On some Linux systems (those
624 that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a
625 non-standard implementation of strftime() in the C library. Please
626 ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6.
628 IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report,
629 *don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the
630 failing test manually, as follows:
632 python ../Lib/test/test_whatever.py
634 (substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a
635 different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
641 To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules
642 (see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page,
647 This will install all platform-independent files in subdirectories of
648 the directory given with the --prefix option to configure or to the
649 `prefix' Make variable (default /usr/local). All binary and other
650 platform-specific files will be installed in subdirectories if the
651 directory given by --exec-prefix or the `exec_prefix' Make variable
652 (defaults to the --prefix directory) is given.
654 All subdirectories created will have Python's version number in their
655 name, e.g. the library modules are installed in
656 "/usr/local/lib/python<version>/" by default, where <version> is the
657 <major>.<minor> release number (e.g. "2.1"). The Python binary is
658 installed as "python<version>" and a hard link named "python" is
659 created. The only file not installed with a version number in its
660 name is the manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1"
663 If you have a previous installation of Python that you don't
664 want to replace yet, use
668 This installs the same set of files as "make install" except it
669 doesn't create the hard link to "python<version>" named "python" and
670 it doesn't install the manual page at all.
672 Alpha/beta revision levels are stripped from the executable and
673 library filenames during installation. For example, Python2.1a2 will
674 install as python2.1, overwriting the previous python2.1. To avoid
675 this, you could set the Makefile VERSION variable manually
676 (e.g. VERSION=2.1a2) before running "make install" or "make altinstall".
678 The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for
679 Emacs found in Misc/python-mode.el. (But then again, more recent
680 versions of Emacs may already have it.) Follow the instructions that
681 came with Emacs for installation of site-specific files.
683 On Mac OS X, if you have configured Python with --enable-framework, you
684 should use "make frameworkinstall" to do the installation. Note that this
685 installs the Python executable in a place that is not normally on your
686 PATH, you may want to set up a symlink in /usr/local/bin.
689 Configuration options and variables
690 -----------------------------------
692 Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure
695 WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you
696 must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule:
697 after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove
700 --with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if
701 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is
702 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option
703 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the
704 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the
705 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is
706 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck
709 --prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the
710 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib},
711 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter
712 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the
713 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass
714 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the
715 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the
716 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also
717 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when
718 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option
719 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the
720 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient
721 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind
722 about the install prefix.
724 --with-readline: This option is no longer supported. To use GNU
725 readline, enable module "readline" in the Modules/Setup file.
727 --with-threads: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple
728 threads, and support for this is enabled by default. To
729 disable this, pass --with-threads=no. If the library required
730 for threads lives in a peculiar place, you can use
731 --with-thread=DIRECTORY. IMPORTANT: run "make clean" after
732 changing (either enabling or disabling) this option, or you
733 will get link errors! Note: for DEC Unix use
734 --with-dec-threads instead.
736 --with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is
737 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is
738 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z.
739 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl
740 library) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY
741 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on
742 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style
743 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated.
745 --with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumored to be supported
746 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent
747 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a
748 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package
749 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an
750 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation
752 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To
753 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call
754 configure, passing it the option
755 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is
756 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and
757 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library.
758 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic
759 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is
762 --with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative
763 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library
764 (default the empty string) using the options
765 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. For
766 example, if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C
767 compiler to use the shared C library, you can pass
768 --with-libc=-lc_s. These libraries are passed after all other
769 libraries, the C library last.
771 --with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python interpreter
774 --with-cxx=<compiler>: Some C++ compilers require that main() is
775 compiled with the C++ if there is any C++ code in the application.
776 Specifically, g++ on a.out systems may require that to support
777 construction of global objects. With this option, the main() function
778 of Python will be compiled with <compiler>; use that only if you
779 plan to use C++ extension modules, and if your compiler requires
780 compilation of main() as a C++ program.
783 --with-pydebug: Enable additional debugging code to help track down
784 memory management problems. This allows printing a list of all
785 live objects when the interpreter terminates.
788 Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature)
789 -------------------------------------------------------------
791 If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it
792 usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each
793 architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the
794 VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each
795 architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the
796 appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the
797 necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles
798 contain a line VPATH=... which points to a directory containing the
799 actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if
800 you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.)
802 For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python
803 in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel
804 directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python):
806 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python
808 $ ~guido/src/python/configure
814 Note that configure copies the original Setup file to the build
815 directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can
816 edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this
817 reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked
818 automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy
819 of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The
820 makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be
821 fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it
822 doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local;
823 however this assumes that you only need to add modules.)
826 Building on non-UNIX systems
827 ----------------------------
829 For Windows (2000/NT/ME/98/95), assuming you have MS VC++ 6.0, the
830 project files are in PCbuild, the workspace is pcbuild.dsw. See
831 PCbuild\readme.txt for detailed instructions.
833 For other non-Unix Windows compilers, in particular Windows 3.1 and
834 for OS/2, enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt".
836 For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available,
837 for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac
838 development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group
839 (http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to
840 pythonmac-sig-request@python.org).
842 Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these
843 platforms -- see http://www.python.org/.
845 To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the
846 effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this
847 has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file
848 config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual
849 configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as
850 1 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone
851 otherwise; however the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant
852 of int if they need to be defined at all.
854 For all platforms, it's important that the build arrange to define the
855 preprocessor symbol NDEBUG on the compiler command line in a release
856 build of Python (else assert() calls remain in the code, hurting
857 release-build performance). The Unix, Windows and Mac builds already
867 There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file
868 Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by the famous Tim Peters, it
869 is now maintained by the equally famous Barry Warsaw (it's no
870 coincidence that they now both work on the same team). The latest
871 version, along with various other contributed Python-related Emacs
872 goodies, is online at http://www.python.org/emacs/python-mode. And
873 if you are planning to edit the Python C code, please pick up the
874 latest version of CC Mode http://www.python.org/emacs/cc-mode; it
875 contains a "python" style used throughout most of the Python C source
876 files. (Newer versions of Emacs or XEmacs may already come with the
877 latest version of python-mode.)
883 Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is
884 also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and
885 install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default when
886 building Python from source. Python supports Tcl/Tk version 8.0 and
889 See http://dev.ajubasolutions.com/ for more info on Tcl/Tk, including
890 the on-line manual pages.
893 To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed
894 Tcl/Tk, load the file Modules/Setup into your favorite text editor and
895 search for the string "_tkinter". Then follow the instructions found
896 there. If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual places, you
897 will have to edit the first line to fix or add the -I and -L options.
898 (Also see the general instructions at the top of that file.)
900 For more Tkinter information, see the Tkinter Resource page:
901 http://www.python.org/topics/tkinter/
903 There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories
904 guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been
905 overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions).
907 Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which
908 lives in Lib/lib-tk/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter"
909 (lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in
910 Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications import only the
911 Python Tkinter module -- the latter uses the C _tkinter module
912 directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled
913 and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the
914 Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module,
915 sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup
916 file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly
917 ("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for
918 the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path
919 or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.)
922 Distribution structure
923 ----------------------
925 Most subdirectories have their own README files. Most files have
928 .cvsignore Additional filename matching patterns for CVS to ignore
929 BeOS/ Files specific to the BeOS port
930 Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs
931 Doc/ Documentation sources (LaTeX)
932 Grammar/ Input for the parser generator
933 Include/ Public header files
934 LICENSE Licensing information
935 Lib/ Python library modules
936 Makefile.pre.in Source from which config.status creates the Makefile.pre
937 Misc/ Miscellaneous useful files
938 Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules
939 Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types
940 PC/ Files specific to PC ports (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
941 PCbuild/ Build directory for Microsoft Visual C++
942 Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling
943 Python/ The byte-compiler and interpreter
944 README The file you're reading now
945 Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python
946 acconfig.h Additional input for the GNU autoheader program
947 config.h.in Source from which config.h is created (GNU autoheader output)
948 configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output)
949 configure.in Configuration specification (input for GNU autoconf)
950 install-sh Shell script used to install files
952 The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by
953 the configuration and build processes:
956 Makefile.pre Build rules before running Modules/makesetup
957 buildno Keeps track of the build number
958 config.cache Cache of configuration variables
959 config.h Configuration header
960 config.log Log from last configure run
961 config.status Status from last run of the configure script
962 getbuildinfo.o Object file from Modules/getbuildinfo.c
963 libpython<version>.a The library archive
964 python The executable interpreter
965 tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs
972 --Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)