Python/marshal.c

   1
   2 /* Write Python objects to files and read them back.
   3    This is intended for writing and reading compiled Python code only;
   4    a true persistent storage facility would be much harder, since
   5    it would have to take circular links and sharing into account. */
   6
   7 #include "Python.h"
   8 #include "longintrepr.h"
   9 #include "compile.h"
  10 #include "marshal.h"
  11
  12 /* High water mark to determine when the marshalled object is dangerously deep
  13  * and risks coring the interpreter.  When the object stack gets this deep,
  14  * raise an exception instead of continuing.
  15  */
  16 #define MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH 5000
  17
  18 #define TYPE_NULL       '0'
  19 #define TYPE_NONE       'N'
  20 #define TYPE_ELLIPSIS   '.'
  21 #define TYPE_INT        'i'
  22 #define TYPE_INT64      'I'
  23 #define TYPE_FLOAT      'f'
  24 #define TYPE_COMPLEX    'x'
  25 #define TYPE_LONG       'l'
  26 #define TYPE_STRING     's'
  27 #define TYPE_TUPLE      '('
  28 #define TYPE_LIST       '['
  29 #define TYPE_DICT       '{'
  30 #define TYPE_CODE       'c'
  31 #define TYPE_UNICODE    'u'
  32 #define TYPE_UNKNOWN    '?'
  33
  34 typedef struct {
  35         FILE *fp;
  36         int error;
  37         int depth;
  38         /* If fp == NULL, the following are valid: */
  39         PyObject *str;
  40         char *ptr;
  41         char *end;
  42 } WFILE;
  43
  44 #define w_byte(c, p) if (((p)->fp)) putc((c), (p)->fp); \
  45                       else if ((p)->ptr != (p)->end) *(p)->ptr++ = (c); \
  46                            else w_more(c, p)
  47
  48 static void
  49 w_more(int c, WFILE *p)
  50 {
  51         int size, newsize;
  52         if (p->str == NULL)
  53                 return; /* An error already occurred */
  54         size = PyString_Size(p->str);
  55         newsize = size + 1024;
  56         if (_PyString_Resize(&p->str, newsize) != 0) {
  57                 p->ptr = p->end = NULL;
  58         }
  59         else {
  60                 p->ptr = PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)p->str) + size;
  61                 p->end =
  62                         PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)p->str) + newsize;
  63                 *p->ptr++ = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(c, int, char);
  64         }
  65 }
  66
  67 static void
  68 w_string(char *s, int n, WFILE *p)
  69 {
  70         if (p->fp != NULL) {
  71                 fwrite(s, 1, n, p->fp);
  72         }
  73         else {
  74                 while (--n >= 0) {
  75                         w_byte(*s, p);
  76                         s++;
  77                 }
  78         }
  79 }
  80
  81 static void
  82 w_short(int x, WFILE *p)
  83 {
  84         w_byte( x      & 0xff, p);
  85         w_byte((x>> 8) & 0xff, p);
  86 }
  87
  88 static void
  89 w_long(long x, WFILE *p)
  90 {
  91         w_byte((int)( x      & 0xff), p);
  92         w_byte((int)((x>> 8) & 0xff), p);
  93         w_byte((int)((x>>16) & 0xff), p);
  94         w_byte((int)((x>>24) & 0xff), p);
  95 }
  96
  97 #if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
  98 static void
  99 w_long64(long x, WFILE *p)
 100 {
 101         w_long(x, p);
 102         w_long(x>>32, p);
 103 }
 104 #endif
 105
 106 static void
 107 w_object(PyObject *v, WFILE *p)
 108 {
 109         int i, n;
 110         PyBufferProcs *pb;
 111
 112         p->depth++;
 113
 114         if (p->depth > MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH) {
 115                 p->error = 2;
 116         }
 117         else if (v == NULL) {
 118                 w_byte(TYPE_NULL, p);
 119         }
 120         else if (v == Py_None) {
 121                 w_byte(TYPE_NONE, p);
 122         }
 123         else if (v == Py_Ellipsis) {
 124                 w_byte(TYPE_ELLIPSIS, p);
 125         }
 126         else if (PyInt_Check(v)) {
 127                 long x = PyInt_AS_LONG((PyIntObject *)v);
 128 #if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
 129                 long y = x>>31;
 130                 if (y && y != -1) {
 131                         w_byte(TYPE_INT64, p);
 132                         w_long64(x, p);
 133                 }
 134                 else
 135 #endif
 136                         {
 137                         w_byte(TYPE_INT, p);
 138                         w_long(x, p);
 139                 }
 140         }
 141         else if (PyLong_Check(v)) {
 142                 PyLongObject *ob = (PyLongObject *)v;
 143                 w_byte(TYPE_LONG, p);
 144                 n = ob->ob_size;
 145                 w_long((long)n, p);
 146                 if (n < 0)
 147                         n = -n;
 148                 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
 149                         w_short(ob->ob_digit[i], p);
 150         }
 151         else if (PyFloat_Check(v)) {
 152                 extern void PyFloat_AsString(char *, PyFloatObject *);
 153                 char buf[256]; /* Plenty to format any double */
 154                 PyFloat_AsString(buf, (PyFloatObject *)v);
 155                 n = strlen(buf);
 156                 w_byte(TYPE_FLOAT, p);
 157                 w_byte(n, p);
 158                 w_string(buf, n, p);
 159         }
 160 #ifndef WITHOUT_COMPLEX
 161         else if (PyComplex_Check(v)) {
 162                 extern void PyFloat_AsString(char *, PyFloatObject *);
 163                 char buf[256]; /* Plenty to format any double */
 164                 PyFloatObject *temp;
 165                 w_byte(TYPE_COMPLEX, p);
 166                 temp = (PyFloatObject*)PyFloat_FromDouble(
 167                         PyComplex_RealAsDouble(v));
 168                 PyFloat_AsString(buf, temp);
 169                 Py_DECREF(temp);
 170                 n = strlen(buf);
 171                 w_byte(n, p);
 172                 w_string(buf, n, p);
 173                 temp = (PyFloatObject*)PyFloat_FromDouble(
 174                         PyComplex_ImagAsDouble(v));
 175                 PyFloat_AsString(buf, temp);
 176                 Py_DECREF(temp);
 177                 n = strlen(buf);
 178                 w_byte(n, p);
 179                 w_string(buf, n, p);
 180         }
 181 #endif
 182         else if (PyString_Check(v)) {
 183                 w_byte(TYPE_STRING, p);
 184                 n = PyString_GET_SIZE(v);
 185                 w_long((long)n, p);
 186                 w_string(PyString_AS_STRING(v), n, p);
 187         }
 188         else if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
 189                 PyObject *utf8;
 190                 utf8 = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(v);
 191                 if (utf8 == NULL) {
 192                         p->depth--;
 193                         p->error = 1;
 194                         return;
 195                 }
 196                 w_byte(TYPE_UNICODE, p);
 197                 n = PyString_GET_SIZE(utf8);
 198                 w_long((long)n, p);
 199                 w_string(PyString_AS_STRING(utf8), n, p);
 200                 Py_DECREF(utf8);
 201         }
 202         else if (PyTuple_Check(v)) {
 203                 w_byte(TYPE_TUPLE, p);
 204                 n = PyTuple_Size(v);
 205                 w_long((long)n, p);
 206                 for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 207                         w_object(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(v, i), p);
 208                 }
 209         }
 210         else if (PyList_Check(v)) {
 211                 w_byte(TYPE_LIST, p);
 212                 n = PyList_GET_SIZE(v);
 213                 w_long((long)n, p);
 214                 for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 215                         w_object(PyList_GET_ITEM(v, i), p);
 216                 }
 217         }
 218         else if (PyDict_Check(v)) {
 219                 int pos;
 220                 PyObject *key, *value;
 221                 w_byte(TYPE_DICT, p);
 222                 /* This one is NULL object terminated! */
 223                 pos = 0;
 224                 while (PyDict_Next(v, &pos, &key, &value)) {
 225                         w_object(key, p);
 226                         w_object(value, p);
 227                 }
 228                 w_object((PyObject *)NULL, p);
 229         }
 230         else if (PyCode_Check(v)) {
 231                 PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)v;
 232                 w_byte(TYPE_CODE, p);
 233                 w_short(co->co_argcount, p);
 234                 w_short(co->co_nlocals, p);
 235                 w_short(co->co_stacksize, p);
 236                 w_short(co->co_flags, p);
 237                 w_object(co->co_code, p);
 238                 w_object(co->co_consts, p);
 239                 w_object(co->co_names, p);
 240                 w_object(co->co_varnames, p);
 241                 w_object(co->co_filename, p);
 242                 w_object(co->co_name, p);
 243                 w_short(co->co_firstlineno, p);
 244                 w_object(co->co_lnotab, p);
 245         }
 246         else if ((pb = v->ob_type->tp_as_buffer) != NULL &&
 247                  pb->bf_getsegcount != NULL &&
 248                  pb->bf_getreadbuffer != NULL &&
 249                  (*pb->bf_getsegcount)(v, NULL) == 1)
 250         {
 251                 /* Write unknown buffer-style objects as a string */
 252                 char *s;
 253                 w_byte(TYPE_STRING, p);
 254                 n = (*pb->bf_getreadbuffer)(v, 0, (void **)&s);
 255                 w_long((long)n, p);
 256                 w_string(s, n, p);
 257         }
 258         else {
 259                 w_byte(TYPE_UNKNOWN, p);
 260                 p->error = 1;
 261         }
 262
 263         p->depth--;
 264 }
 265
 266 void
 267 PyMarshal_WriteLongToFile(long x, FILE *fp)
 268 {
 269         WFILE wf;
 270         wf.fp = fp;
 271         wf.error = 0;
 272         wf.depth = 0;
 273         w_long(x, &wf);
 274 }
 275
 276 void
 277 PyMarshal_WriteObjectToFile(PyObject *x, FILE *fp)
 278 {
 279         WFILE wf;
 280         wf.fp = fp;
 281         wf.error = 0;
 282         wf.depth = 0;
 283         w_object(x, &wf);
 284 }
 285
 286 typedef WFILE RFILE; /* Same struct with different invariants */
 287
 288 #define rs_byte(p) (((p)->ptr != (p)->end) ? (unsigned char)*(p)->ptr++ : EOF)
 289
 290 #define r_byte(p) ((p)->fp ? getc((p)->fp) : rs_byte(p))
 291
 292 static int
 293 r_string(char *s, int n, RFILE *p)
 294 {
 295         if (p->fp != NULL)
 296                 return fread(s, 1, n, p->fp);
 297         if (p->end - p->ptr < n)
 298                 n = p->end - p->ptr;
 299         memcpy(s, p->ptr, n);
 300         p->ptr += n;
 301         return n;
 302 }
 303
 304 static int
 305 r_short(RFILE *p)
 306 {
 307         register short x;
 308         x = r_byte(p);
 309         x |= r_byte(p) << 8;
 310         /* Sign-extension, in case short greater than 16 bits */
 311         x |= -(x & 0x8000);
 312         return x;
 313 }
 314
 315 static long
 316 r_long(RFILE *p)
 317 {
 318         register long x;
 319         register FILE *fp = p->fp;
 320         if (fp) {
 321                 x = getc(fp);
 322                 x |= (long)getc(fp) << 8;
 323                 x |= (long)getc(fp) << 16;
 324                 x |= (long)getc(fp) << 24;
 325         }
 326         else {
 327                 x = rs_byte(p);
 328                 x |= (long)rs_byte(p) << 8;
 329                 x |= (long)rs_byte(p) << 16;
 330                 x |= (long)rs_byte(p) << 24;
 331         }
 332 #if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
 333         /* Sign extension for 64-bit machines */
 334         x |= -(x & 0x80000000L);
 335 #endif
 336         return x;
 337 }
 338
 339 static long
 340 r_long64(RFILE *p)
 341 {
 342         register long x;
 343         x = r_long(p);
 344 #if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
 345         x = (x & 0xFFFFFFFFL) | (r_long(p) << 32);
 346 #else
 347         if (r_long(p) != 0) {
 348                 PyObject *f = PySys_GetObject("stderr");
 349                 if (f != NULL)
 350                         (void) PyFile_WriteString(
 351                             "Warning: un-marshal 64-bit int in 32-bit mode\n",
 352                             f);
 353         }
 354 #endif
 355         return x;
 356 }
 357
 358 static PyObject *
 359 r_object(RFILE *p)
 360 {
 361         PyObject *v, *v2;
 362         long i, n;
 363         int type = r_byte(p);
 364
 365         switch (type) {
 366
 367         case EOF:
 368                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
 369                                 "EOF read where object expected");
 370                 return NULL;
 371
 372         case TYPE_NULL:
 373                 return NULL;
 374
 375         case TYPE_NONE:
 376                 Py_INCREF(Py_None);
 377                 return Py_None;
 378
 379         case TYPE_ELLIPSIS:
 380                 Py_INCREF(Py_Ellipsis);
 381                 return Py_Ellipsis;
 382
 383         case TYPE_INT:
 384                 return PyInt_FromLong(r_long(p));
 385
 386         case TYPE_INT64:
 387                 return PyInt_FromLong(r_long64(p));
 388
 389         case TYPE_LONG:
 390                 {
 391                         int size;
 392                         PyLongObject *ob;
 393                         n = r_long(p);
 394                         size = n<0 ? -n : n;
 395                         ob = _PyLong_New(size);
 396                         if (ob == NULL)
 397                                 return NULL;
 398                         ob->ob_size = n;
 399                         for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
 400                                 ob->ob_digit[i] = r_short(p);
 401                         return (PyObject *)ob;
 402                 }
 403
 404         case TYPE_FLOAT:
 405                 {
 406                         extern double atof(const char *);
 407                         char buf[256];
 408                         double dx;
 409                         n = r_byte(p);
 410                         if (r_string(buf, (int)n, p) != n) {
 411                                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
 412                                         "EOF read where object expected");
 413                                 return NULL;
 414                         }
 415                         buf[n] = '\0';
 416                         PyFPE_START_PROTECT("atof", return 0)
 417                         dx = atof(buf);
 418                         PyFPE_END_PROTECT(dx)
 419                         return PyFloat_FromDouble(dx);
 420                 }
 421
 422 #ifndef WITHOUT_COMPLEX
 423         case TYPE_COMPLEX:
 424                 {
 425                         extern double atof(const char *);
 426                         char buf[256];
 427                         Py_complex c;
 428                         n = r_byte(p);
 429                         if (r_string(buf, (int)n, p) != n) {
 430                                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
 431                                         "EOF read where object expected");
 432                                 return NULL;
 433                         }
 434                         buf[n] = '\0';
 435                         PyFPE_START_PROTECT("atof", return 0)
 436                         c.real = atof(buf);
 437                         PyFPE_END_PROTECT(c)
 438                         n = r_byte(p);
 439                         if (r_string(buf, (int)n, p) != n) {
 440                                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
 441                                         "EOF read where object expected");
 442                                 return NULL;
 443                         }
 444                         buf[n] = '\0';
 445                         PyFPE_START_PROTECT("atof", return 0)
 446                         c.imag = atof(buf);
 447                         PyFPE_END_PROTECT(c)
 448                         return PyComplex_FromCComplex(c);
 449                 }
 450 #endif
 451
 452         case TYPE_STRING:
 453                 n = r_long(p);
 454                 if (n < 0) {
 455                         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
 456                         return NULL;
 457                 }
 458                 v = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, n);
 459                 if (v != NULL) {
 460                         if (r_string(PyString_AS_STRING(v), (int)n, p) != n) {
 461                                 Py_DECREF(v);
 462                                 v = NULL;
 463                                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
 464                                         "EOF read where object expected");
 465                         }
 466                 }
 467                 return v;
 468
 469         case TYPE_UNICODE:
 470             {
 471                 char *buffer;
 472
 473                 n = r_long(p);
 474                 if (n < 0) {
 475                         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
 476                         return NULL;
 477                 }
 478                 buffer = PyMem_NEW(char, n);
 479                 if (buffer == NULL)
 480                         return PyErr_NoMemory();
 481                 if (r_string(buffer, (int)n, p) != n) {
 482                         PyMem_DEL(buffer);
 483                         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
 484                                 "EOF read where object expected");
 485                         return NULL;
 486                 }
 487                 v = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(buffer, n, NULL);
 488                 PyMem_DEL(buffer);
 489                 return v;
 490             }
 491
 492         case TYPE_TUPLE:
 493                 n = r_long(p);
 494                 if (n < 0) {
 495                         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
 496                         return NULL;
 497                 }
 498                 v = PyTuple_New((int)n);
 499                 if (v == NULL)
 500                         return v;
 501                 for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 502                         v2 = r_object(p);
 503                         if ( v2 == NULL ) {
 504                                 Py_DECREF(v);
 505                                 v = NULL;
 506                                 break;
 507                         }
 508                         PyTuple_SET_ITEM(v, (int)i, v2);
 509                 }
 510                 return v;
 511
 512         case TYPE_LIST:
 513                 n = r_long(p);
 514                 if (n < 0) {
 515                         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
 516                         return NULL;
 517                 }
 518                 v = PyList_New((int)n);
 519                 if (v == NULL)
 520                         return v;
 521                 for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 522                         v2 = r_object(p);
 523                         if ( v2 == NULL ) {
 524                                 Py_DECREF(v);
 525                                 v = NULL;
 526                                 break;
 527                         }
 528                         PyList_SetItem(v, (int)i, v2);
 529                 }
 530                 return v;
 531
 532         case TYPE_DICT:
 533                 v = PyDict_New();
 534                 if (v == NULL)
 535                         return NULL;
 536                 for (;;) {
 537                         PyObject *key, *val;
 538                         key = r_object(p);
 539                         if (key == NULL)
 540                                 break; /* XXX Assume TYPE_NULL, not an error */
 541                         val = r_object(p);
 542                         if (val != NULL)
 543                                 PyDict_SetItem(v, key, val);
 544                         Py_DECREF(key);
 545                         Py_XDECREF(val);
 546                 }
 547                 return v;
 548
 549         case TYPE_CODE:
 550                 {
 551                         int argcount = r_short(p);
 552                         int nlocals = r_short(p);
 553                         int stacksize = r_short(p);
 554                         int flags = r_short(p);
 555                         PyObject *code = NULL;
 556                         PyObject *consts = NULL;
 557                         PyObject *names = NULL;
 558                         PyObject *varnames = NULL;
 559                         PyObject *filename = NULL;
 560                         PyObject *name = NULL;
 561                         int firstlineno = 0;
 562                         PyObject *lnotab = NULL;
 563
 564                         code = r_object(p);
 565                         if (code) consts = r_object(p);
 566                         if (consts) names = r_object(p);
 567                         if (names) varnames = r_object(p);
 568                         if (varnames) filename = r_object(p);
 569                         if (filename) name = r_object(p);
 570                         if (name) {
 571                                 firstlineno = r_short(p);
 572                                 lnotab = r_object(p);
 573                         }
 574
 575                         if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
 576                                 v = (PyObject *) PyCode_New(
 577                                         argcount, nlocals, stacksize, flags,
 578                                         code, consts, names, varnames,
 579                                         filename, name, firstlineno, lnotab);
 580                         }
 581                         else
 582                                 v = NULL;
 583                         Py_XDECREF(code);
 584                         Py_XDECREF(consts);
 585                         Py_XDECREF(names);
 586                         Py_XDECREF(varnames);
 587                         Py_XDECREF(filename);
 588                         Py_XDECREF(name);
 589                         Py_XDECREF(lnotab);
 590
 591                 }
 592                 return v;
 593
 594         default:
 595                 /* Bogus data got written, which isn't ideal.
 596                    This will let you keep working and recover. */
 597                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
 598                 return NULL;
 599
 600         }
 601 }
 602
 603 long
 604 PyMarshal_ReadLongFromFile(FILE *fp)
 605 {
 606         RFILE rf;
 607         rf.fp = fp;
 608         return r_long(&rf);
 609 }
 610
 611 PyObject *
 612 PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromFile(FILE *fp)
 613 {
 614         RFILE rf;
 615         if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
 616                 fprintf(stderr, "XXX rd_object called with exception set\n");
 617                 return NULL;
 618         }
 619         rf.fp = fp;
 620         return r_object(&rf);
 621 }
 622
 623 PyObject *
 624 PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromString(char *str, int len)
 625 {
 626         RFILE rf;
 627         if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
 628                 fprintf(stderr, "XXX rds_object called with exception set\n");
 629                 return NULL;
 630         }
 631         rf.fp = NULL;
 632         rf.str = NULL;
 633         rf.ptr = str;
 634         rf.end = str + len;
 635         return r_object(&rf);
 636 }
 637
 638 PyObject *
 639 PyMarshal_WriteObjectToString(PyObject *x) /* wrs_object() */
 640 {
 641         WFILE wf;
 642         wf.fp = NULL;
 643         wf.str = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, 50);
 644         if (wf.str == NULL)
 645                 return NULL;
 646         wf.ptr = PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)wf.str);
 647         wf.end = wf.ptr + PyString_Size(wf.str);
 648         wf.error = 0;
 649         wf.depth = 0;
 650         w_object(x, &wf);
 651         if (wf.str != NULL)
 652                 _PyString_Resize(&wf.str,
 653                     (int) (wf.ptr -
 654                            PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)wf.str)));
 655         if (wf.error) {
 656                 Py_XDECREF(wf.str);
 657                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
 658                                 (wf.error==1)?"unmarshallable object"
 659                                 :"object too deeply nested to marshal");
 660                 return NULL;
 661         }
 662         return wf.str;
 663 }
 664
 665 /* And an interface for Python programs... */
 666
 667 static PyObject *
 668 marshal_dump(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 669 {
 670         WFILE wf;
 671         PyObject *x;
 672         PyObject *f;
 673         if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO:dump", &x, &f))
 674                 return NULL;
 675         if (!PyFile_Check(f)) {
 676                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
 677                                 "marshal.dump() 2nd arg must be file");
 678                 return NULL;
 679         }
 680         wf.fp = PyFile_AsFile(f);
 681         wf.str = NULL;
 682         wf.ptr = wf.end = NULL;
 683         wf.error = 0;
 684         wf.depth = 0;
 685         w_object(x, &wf);
 686         if (wf.error) {
 687                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
 688                                 (wf.error==1)?"unmarshallable object"
 689                                 :"object too deeply nested to marshal");
 690                 return NULL;
 691         }
 692         Py_INCREF(Py_None);
 693         return Py_None;
 694 }
 695
 696 static PyObject *
 697 marshal_load(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 698 {
 699         RFILE rf;
 700         PyObject *f;
 701         PyObject *v;
 702         if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:load", &f))
 703                 return NULL;
 704         if (!PyFile_Check(f)) {
 705                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
 706                                 "marshal.load() arg must be file");
 707                 return NULL;
 708         }
 709         rf.fp = PyFile_AsFile(f);
 710         rf.str = NULL;
 711         rf.ptr = rf.end = NULL;
 712         PyErr_Clear();
 713         v = r_object(&rf);
 714         if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
 715                 Py_XDECREF(v);
 716                 v = NULL;
 717         }
 718         return v;
 719 }
 720
 721 static PyObject *
 722 marshal_dumps(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 723 {
 724         PyObject *x;
 725         if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:dumps", &x))
 726                 return NULL;
 727         return PyMarshal_WriteObjectToString(x);
 728 }
 729
 730 static PyObject *
 731 marshal_loads(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 732 {
 733         RFILE rf;
 734         PyObject *v;
 735         char *s;
 736         int n;
 737         if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#:loads", &s, &n))
 738                 return NULL;
 739         rf.fp = NULL;
 740         rf.str = args;
 741         rf.ptr = s;
 742         rf.end = s + n;
 743         PyErr_Clear();
 744         v = r_object(&rf);
 745         if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
 746                 Py_XDECREF(v);
 747                 v = NULL;
 748         }
 749         return v;
 750 }
 751
 752 static PyMethodDef marshal_methods[] = {
 753         {"dump",        marshal_dump,   1},
 754         {"load",        marshal_load,   1},
 755         {"dumps",       marshal_dumps,  1},
 756         {"loads",       marshal_loads,  1},
 757         {NULL,          NULL}           /* sentinel */
 758 };
 759
 760 void
 761 PyMarshal_Init(void)
 762 {
 763         (void) Py_InitModule("marshal", marshal_methods);
 764 }