Doc/ref/ref8.tex

   1 \chapter{Top-level components\label{top-level}}
   2
   3 The Python interpreter can get its input from a number of sources:
   4 from a script passed to it as standard input or as program argument,
   5 typed in interactively, from a module source file, etc.  This chapter
   6 gives the syntax used in these cases.
   7 \index{interpreter}
   8
   9 \section{Complete Python programs\label{programs}}
  10 \index{program}
  11
  12 While a language specification need not prescribe how the language
  13 interpreter is invoked, it is useful to have a notion of a complete
  14 Python program.  A complete Python program is executed in a minimally
  15 initialized environment: all built-in and standard modules are
  16 available, but none have been initialized, except for \module{sys}
  17 (various system services), \module{__builtin__} (built-in functions,
  18 exceptions and \code{None}) and \module{__main__}.  The latter is used
  19 to provide the local and global namespace for execution of the
  20 complete program.
  21 \refbimodindex{sys}
  22 \refbimodindex{__main__}
  23 \refbimodindex{__builtin__}
  24
  25 The syntax for a complete Python program is that for file input,
  26 described in the next section.
  27
  28 The interpreter may also be invoked in interactive mode; in this case,
  29 it does not read and execute a complete program but reads and executes
  30 one statement (possibly compound) at a time.  The initial environment
  31 is identical to that of a coplete program; each statement is executed
  32 in the namespace of \module{__main__}.
  33 \index{interactive mode}
  34 \refbimodindex{__main__}
  35
  36 Under {\UNIX}, a complete program can be passed to the interpreter in
  37 three forms: with the \programopt{-c} \var{string} command line option, as a
  38 file passed as the first command line argument, or as standard input.
  39 If the file or standard input is a tty device, the interpreter enters
  40 interactive mode; otherwise, it executes the file as a complete
  41 program.
  42 \index{UNIX}
  43 \index{command line}
  44 \index{standard input}
  45
  46 \section{File input\label{file-input}}
  47
  48 All input read from non-interactive files has the same form:
  49
  50 \begin{verbatim}
  51 file_input:     (NEWLINE | statement)*
  52 \end{verbatim}
  53
  54 This syntax is used in the following situations:
  55
  56 \begin{itemize}
  57
  58 \item when parsing a complete Python program (from a file or from a string);
  59
  60 \item when parsing a module;
  61
  62 \item when parsing a string passed to the \keyword{exec} statement;
  63
  64 \end{itemize}
  65
  66 \section{Interactive input\label{interactive}}
  67
  68 Input in interactive mode is parsed using the following grammar:
  69
  70 \begin{verbatim}
  71 interactive_input: [stmt_list] NEWLINE | compound_stmt NEWLINE
  72 \end{verbatim}
  73
  74 Note that a (top-level) compound statement must be followed by a blank
  75 line in interactive mode; this is needed to help the parser detect the
  76 end of the input.
  77
  78 \section{Expression input\label{expression-input}}
  79 \index{input}
  80
  81 There are two forms of expression input.  Both ignore leading
  82 whitespace.
  83 The string argument to \function{eval()} must have the following form:
  84 \bifuncindex{eval}
  85
  86 \begin{verbatim}
  87 eval_input:     expression_list NEWLINE*
  88 \end{verbatim}
  89
  90 The input line read by \function{input()} must have the following form:
  91 \bifuncindex{input}
  92
  93 \begin{verbatim}
  94 input_input:    expression_list NEWLINE
  95 \end{verbatim}
  96
  97 Note: to read `raw' input line without interpretation, you can use the
  98 built-in function \function{raw_input()} or the \method{readline()} method
  99 of file objects.
 100 \obindex{file}
 101 \index{input!raw}
 102 \index{raw input}
 103 \bifuncindex{raw_input}
 104 \withsubitem{(file method)}{\ttindex{readline()}}