1 This is Python version 2.2
2 ==========================
4 Copyright (c) 2001 Python Software Foundation.
7 Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
10 Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
13 Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum.
20 See the file "LICENSE" for information on the history of this
21 software, terms & conditions for usage, and a DISCLAIMER OF ALL
24 This Python distribution contains no GNU General Public Licensed
25 (GPLed) code so it may be used in proprietary projects just like prior
26 Python distributions. There are interfaces to some GNU code but these
27 are entirely optional.
29 All trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective
33 What's new in this release?
34 ---------------------------
36 See the file "Misc/NEWS".
38 If you don't read instructions
39 ------------------------------
41 Congratulations on getting this far. :-)
43 To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the
44 current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section
45 `Build Instructions' below is still recommended reading, especially
46 the part on customizing Modules/Setup.
49 What is Python anyway?
50 ----------------------
52 Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language suitable
53 (amongst other uses) for distributed application development,
54 scripting, numeric computing and system testing. Python is often
55 compared to Tcl, Perl, Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic or Scheme. To
56 find out more about what Python can do for you, point your browser to
57 http://www.python.org/.
60 How do I learn Python?
61 ----------------------
63 The official tutorial is still a good place to start; see
64 http://www.python.org/doc/ for online and downloadable versions, as
65 well as a list of other introductions, and reference documentation.
67 There's a quickly growing set of books on Python. See
68 http://www.python.org/psa/bookstore/ for a list.
74 All documentation is provided online in a variety of formats. In
75 order of importance for new users: Tutorial, Library Reference,
76 Language Reference, Extending & Embedding, and the Python/C API. The
77 Library Reference is especially of immense value since much of
78 Python's power is described there, including the built-in data types
81 All documentation is also available online at the Python web site
82 (http://www.python.org/doc/, see below). It is available online for
83 occasional reference, or can be downloaded in many formats for faster
84 access. The documentation is available in HTML, PostScript, PDF, and
85 LaTeX formats; the LaTeX version is primarily for documentation
86 authors, translators, and people with special formatting requirements.
88 The best documentation for the new (in Python 2.2) type/class unification
89 features is Guido's tutorial introduction, at
91 http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html
97 New Python releases and related technologies are published at
98 http://www.python.org/. Come visit us!
100 There's also a Python community web site at http://starship.python.net/.
103 Newsgroups and Mailing Lists
104 ----------------------------
106 Read comp.lang.python, a high-volume discussion newsgroup about
107 Python, or comp.lang.python.announce, a low-volume moderated newsgroup
108 for Python-related announcements. These are also accessible as
109 mailing lists: see http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for an
110 overview of the many Python-related mailing lists.
112 Archives are accessible via Deja.com Usenet News: see
113 http://www.deja.com/usenet. The mailing lists are also archived, see
114 http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for details.
120 To report or search for bugs, please use the Python Bug
121 Tracker at http://sourceforge.net/bugs/?group_id=5470.
124 Patches and contributions
125 -------------------------
127 To submit a patch or other contribution, please use the Python Patch
128 Manager at http://sourceforge.net/patch/?group_id=5470. Guidelines
129 for patch submission may be found at http://www.python.org/patches/.
131 If you have a proposal to change Python, it's best to submit a Python
132 Enhancement Proposal (PEP) first. All current PEPs, as well as
133 guidelines for submitting a new PEP, are list at
134 http://python.sourceforge.net/peps/.
140 For help, if you can't find it in the manuals or on the web site, it's
141 best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing list (see
142 above). If you specifically don't want to involve the newsgroup or
143 mailing list, send questions to help@python.org (a group of volunteers
144 who answer questions as they can). The newsgroup is the most
145 efficient way to ask public questions.
151 Before you can build Python, you must first configure it. Fortunately,
152 the configuration and build process has been streamlined for most Unix
153 installations, so all you have to do is type a few commands,
154 optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some platforms
155 where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform specific notes
156 below. If you want to build for multiple platforms sharing the same
157 source tree, see the section on VPATH below.
159 Start by running the script "./configure", which determines your system
160 configuration and creates the Makefile. (It takes a minute or two --
161 please be patient!) You may want to pass options to the configure
162 script or edit the Modules/Setup file after running configure -- see the
163 section below on configuration options and variables. When it's done,
164 you are ready to run make.
166 To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory. If
167 you have changed the configuration or have modified Modules/Setup, the
168 Makefile may have to be rebuilt. In this case you may have to run make
169 again to correctly build your desired target. The interpreter
170 executable is built in the top level directory.
172 Once you have built a Python interpreter, see the subsections below on
173 testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run
174 into trouble, see the next section. Editing the Modules/Setup file
175 after running make is supported; just run "make" again after making
182 See also the platform specific notes in the next section.
184 If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ
185 (http://www.python.org/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
186 http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for hints on what can go wrong,
189 If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all
190 object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or
191 not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable
192 problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report!
194 If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that
195 should be there, inspect the config.log file. When you fix a
196 configure problem, be sure to remove config.cache!
198 If you get a warning for every file about the -Olimit option being no
199 longer supported, you can ignore it. There's no foolproof way to know
200 whether this option is needed; all we can do is test whether it is
201 accepted without error. On some systems, e.g. older SGI compilers, it
202 is essential for performance (specifically when compiling ceval.c,
203 which has more basic blocks than the default limit of 1000). If the
204 warning bothers you, edit the Makefile to remove "-Olimit 1500" from
207 If you get failures in test_long, or sys.maxint gets set to -1, you
208 are probably experiencing compiler bugs, usually related to
209 optimization. This is a common problem with some versions of gcc and
210 egcs, and some vendor-supplied compilers, which can sometimes be
211 worked around by turning off optimization. Consider switching to
212 stable versions (gcc 2.7.2.3, egcs 1.1.2, or contact your vendor.)
214 From Python 2.0 onward, all Python C code is ANSI C. Compiling using
215 old K&R-C-only compilers is no longer possible. ANSI C compilers are
216 available for all modern systems, either in the form of updated
217 compilers from the vendor, or one of the free compilers (gcc, egcs).
219 Platform specific notes
220 -----------------------
222 (Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python
223 on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here,
224 submit a documentation bug report to SourceForge (see Bug Reports
225 above) so we can remove them!)
227 64-bit platforms: The modules audioop, imageop and rgbimg don't work.
228 Don't try to enable them in the Modules/Setup file. They
229 contain code that is quite wordsize sensitive. (If you have a
232 Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris
233 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest
234 way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as
235 the "CC" environment variable when running the configure
238 Linux: A problem with threads and fork() was tracked down to a bug in
239 the pthreads code in glibc version 2.0.5; glibc version 2.0.7
240 solves the problem. This causes the popen2 test to fail;
241 problem and solution reported by Pablo Bleyer.
243 Under Linux systems using GNU libc 2 (aka libc6), the crypt
244 module now needs the -lcrypt option. Uncomment this flag in
245 Modules/Setup, or comment out the crypt module in the same
246 file. Most modern Linux systems use glibc2.
248 FreeBSD 3.x and probably platforms with NCurses that use libmytinfo or
249 similar: When using cursesmodule, the linking is not done in
250 the correct order with the defaults. Remove "-ltermcap" from
251 the readline entry in Setup, and use as curses entry: "curses
252 cursesmodule.c -lmytinfo -lncurses -ltermcap" - "mytinfo" (so
253 called on FreeBSD) should be the name of the auxiliary library
254 required on your platform. Normally, it would be linked
255 automatically, but not necessarily in the correct order.
257 BSDI: BSDI versions before 4.1 have known problems with threads,
258 which can cause strange errors in a number of modules (for
259 instance, the 'test_signal' test script will hang forever.)
260 Turning off threads (with --with-threads=no) or upgrading to
261 BSDI 4.1 solves this problem.
263 DEC Unix: Run configure with --with-dec-threads, or with
264 --with-threads=no if no threads are desired (threads are on by
265 default). When using GCC, it is possible to get an internal
266 compiler error if optimization is used. This was reported for
267 GCC 2.7.2.3 on selectmodule.c. Manually compile the affected
268 file without optimization to solve the problem.
270 DEC Ultrix: compile with GCC to avoid bugs in the native compiler,
271 and pass SHELL=/bin/sh5 to Make when installing.
273 AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in
274 place. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done.
275 (The optimizer bug reported at this place in previous releases
276 has been worked around by a minimal code change.) If you get
277 errors about ptread_* functions, during compile or during
278 testing, try setting CC to a thread-safe (reentrant) compiler,
279 like "cc_r". For full C++ module support, set CC="xlC_r" (or
280 CC="xlC" without thread support).
282 HP-UX: Please read the file Misc/HPUX-NOTES for shared libraries.
283 When using threading, you may have to add -D_REENTRANT to the
284 OPT variable in the top-level Makefile; reported by Pat Knight,
285 this seems to make a difference (at least for HP-UX 10.20)
286 even though config.h defines it.
288 Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"!
290 SCO: The following apply to SCO 3 only; Python builds out of the box
291 on SCO 5 (or so we've heard).
293 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the
294 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken.
295 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard is
296 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined.
298 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt
299 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS
302 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i'
304 UnixWare: There are known bugs in the math library of the system, as well as
305 problems in the handling of threads (calling fork in one
306 thread may interrupt system calls in others). Therefore, test_math and
307 tests involving threads will fail until those problems are fixed.
309 SunOS 4.x: When using the SunPro C compiler, you may want to use the
310 '-Xa' option instead of '-Xc', to enable some needed non-ANSI
313 NeXT: Not supported anymore. Start with the MacOSX/Darwin code if you
316 QNX: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
317 configure works best if you use GNU bash; a port is available on
318 ftp.qnx.com in /usr/free. I used the following process to build,
319 test and install Python 1.5.x under QNX:
321 1) CONFIG_SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash CC=cc RANLIB=: \
322 ./configure --verbose --without-gcc --with-libm=""
324 2) edit Modules/Setup to activate everything that makes sense for
325 your system... tested here at QNX with the following modules:
327 array, audioop, binascii, cPickle, cStringIO, cmath,
328 crypt, curses, errno, fcntl, gdbm, grp, imageop,
329 _locale, math, md5, new, operator, parser, pcre,
330 posix, pwd, readline, regex, reop, rgbimg, rotor,
331 select, signal, socket, soundex, strop, struct,
332 syslog, termios, time, timing, zlib, audioop, imageop, rgbimg
334 3) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash
336 or, if you feel the need for speed:
338 make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash OPT="-5 -Oil+nrt"
340 4) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash test
342 Using GNU readline 2.2 seems to behave strangely, but I
343 think that's a problem with my readline 2.2 port. :-\
345 5) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash install
347 If you get SIGSEGVs while running Python (I haven't yet, but
348 I've only run small programs and the test cases), you're
349 probably running out of stack; the default 32k could be a
350 little tight. To increase the stack size, edit the Makefile
351 to read: LDFLAGS = -N 48k
353 BeOS: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
354 See BeOS/README for notes about compiling/installing Python on
355 BeOS R3 or later. Note that only the PowerPC platform is
356 supported for R3; both PowerPC and x86 are supported for R4.
358 Cray T3E: Konrad Hinsen writes:
359 1) Don't use gcc. It compiles Python/graminit.c into something
360 that the Cray assembler doesn't like. Cray's cc seems to work
362 2) Comment out modules md5 (won't compile) and audioop (will
363 crash the interpreter during the test suite).
364 If you run the test suite, two tests will fail (rotate and
365 binascii), but these are not the modules you'd expect to need
368 SGI: SGI's standard "make" utility (/bin/make or /usr/bin/make)
369 does not check whether a command actually changed the file it
370 is supposed to build. This means that whenever you say "make"
371 it will redo the link step. The remedy is to use SGI's much
372 smarter "smake" utility (/usr/sbin/smake), or GNU make. If
373 you set the first line of the Makefile to #!/usr/sbin/smake
374 smake will be invoked by make (likewise for GNU make).
376 WARNING: There are bugs in the optimizer of some versions of
377 SGI's compilers that can cause bus errors or other strange
378 behavior, especially on numerical operations. To avoid this,
379 try building with "make OPT=".
381 OS/2: If you are running Warp3 or Warp4 and have IBM's VisualAge C/C++
382 compiler installed, just change into the pc\os2vacpp directory
383 and type NMAKE. Threading and sockets are supported by default
384 in the resulting binaries of PYTHON15.DLL and PYTHON.EXE.
386 Monterey (64-bit AIX): The current Monterey C compiler (Visual Age)
387 uses the OBJECT_MODE={32|64} environment variable to set the
388 compilation mode to either 32-bit or 64-bit (32-bit mode is
389 the default). Presumably you want 64-bit compilation mode for
390 this 64-bit OS. As a result you must first set OBJECT_MODE=64
391 in your environment before configuring (./configure) or
392 building (make) Python on Monterey.
394 Reliant UNIX: The thread support does not compile on Reliant UNIX, and
395 there is a (minor) problem in the configure script for that
396 platform as well. This should be resolved in time for a
399 Mac OS X 10: One of the regular expression tests fails
400 with a SEGV due to the small stack size used by default, if you do
401 "limit stacksize 2048" before "make test" it should work.
403 On naked Darwin you may want to add the configure option
404 "--disable-toolbox-glue" to disable the glue code for the Carbon
405 interface modules. The modules themselves are currently only built
406 if you add the --enable-framework option, see below.
408 On a clean OSX /usr/local does not exist. Do a "sudo mkdir -m 775 /usr/local"
409 before you do a make install. Alternatively, do "sudo make install"
410 which installs everything as superuser.
412 You may want to try the configure option "--enable-framework" which
413 installs Python as a framework. The location can be set as argument
414 to the --enable-framework option (default /Library/Frameworks). You may
415 also want to check out ./Mac/OSX for building a Python.app. You may also
416 want to manually install a symlink in /usr/local/bin/python to the
417 executable deep down in the framework.
419 Cygwin: With recent (relative to the time of writing, 2001-12-11)
420 Cygwin installations, Python builds and passes all tests on
421 NT/2000 if the _socket module is linked statically. If the
422 _socket module is linked dynamically (the default), then
423 failures can occur under certain conditions related to fork().
424 This is a known Cygwin problem that may be resolved by rebasing
425 the necessary DLLs to prevent base address conflicts.
427 Threads support should still be disable due to a known bug in
428 Cygwin pthreads that causes test_threadedtempfile to hang.
430 To workaround the above, run "./configure --with-threads=no" and
431 include any other options you need (--prefix, etc.). Then in
432 Modules/Setup uncomment the lines:
435 #_socket socketmodule.c \
436 # -DUSE_SSL -I$(SSL)/include -I$(SSL)/include/openssl \
437 # -L$(SSL)/lib -lssl -lcrypto
439 and remove "local/" from the SSL variable. And finally, just
442 The _curses module does not build. This is an known Cygwin
443 ncurses problem that should be resolved the next time that this
446 On older versions of Cygwin, test_poll may hang and test_strftime
449 The situation on 9X/Me/XP is not accurately known at present.
450 However, it is expected that XP should be the same (or at least
451 very similar to) NT/2000. Some time ago, there were reports that
452 the following regression tests failed on 9X/Me:
458 Due to the test_select hang on 9X/Me, one should run the regression
459 test using the following:
461 make TESTOPTS='-l -x test_select' test
463 News regarding these platforms with more recent Cygwin verions would
469 As of Python 2.0, threads are enabled by default. If you wish to
470 compile without threads, or if your thread support is broken, pass the
471 --with-threads=no switch to configure. Unfortunately, on some
472 platforms, additional compiler and/or linker options are required for
473 threads to work properly. Below is a table of those options,
474 collected by Bill Janssen. We would love to automate this process
475 more, but the information below is not enough to write a patch for the
476 configure.in file, so manual intervention is required. If you patch
477 the configure.in file and are confident that the patch works, please
478 send in the patch. (Don't bother patching the configure script itself
479 -- it is regenerated each the configure.in file changes.)
481 Compiler switches for threads
482 .............................
484 The definition of _REENTRANT should be configured automatically, if
485 that does not work on your system, or if _REENTRANT is defined
486 incorrectly, please report that as a bug.
488 OS/Compiler/threads Switches for use with threads
489 (POSIX is draft 10, DCE is draft 4) compile & link
491 SunOS 5.{1-5}/{gcc,SunPro cc}/solaris -mt
492 SunOS 5.5/{gcc,SunPro cc}/POSIX (nothing)
493 DEC OSF/1 3.x/cc/DCE -threads
494 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
495 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/DCE -threads
496 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
497 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/POSIX -pthread
498 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
499 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r/d7 (nothing)
501 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r4/DCE (nothing)
503 IRIX 6.2/cc/POSIX (nothing)
507 Linker (ld) libraries and flags for threads
508 ...........................................
510 OS/threads Libraries/switches for use with threads
512 SunOS 5.{1-5}/solaris -lthread
513 SunOS 5.5/POSIX -lpthread
514 DEC OSF/1 3.x/DCE -lpthreads -lmach -lc_r -lc
515 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
516 Digital UNIX 4.x/DCE -lpthreads -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
517 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
518 Digital UNIX 4.x/POSIX -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
519 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
520 AIX 4.1.4/{draft7,DCE} (nothing)
522 IRIX 6.2/POSIX -lpthread
523 (jph@emilia.engr.sgi.com)
526 Configuring additional built-in modules
527 ---------------------------------------
529 Starting with Python 2.1, the setup.py script at the top of the source
530 distribution attempts to detect which modules can be built and
531 automatically compiles them. Autodetection doesn't always work, so
532 you can customize the configuration by editing the Modules/Setup file.
533 This file is initially copied from Setup.dist by the configure script;
534 if it does not exist yet, create it by copying Modules/Setup.dist
535 yourself (configure will never overwrite it). Never edit Setup.dist
536 -- always edit Setup or Setup.local (see below). Read the comments in
537 the file for information on what kind of edits are allowed. When you
538 have edited Setup in the Modules directory, the interpreter will
539 automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make (in the toplevel
542 Many useful modules can be built on any Unix system, but some optional
543 modules can't be reliably autodetected. Often the quickest way to
544 determine whether a particular module works or not is to see if it
545 will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get compilation or link
546 errors, disable it -- you're either missing support or need to adjust
547 the compilation and linking parameters for that module.
549 On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific
550 system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware. These
551 modules will not be built by the setup.py script.
553 In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local.
554 (the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more
555 convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when
556 installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local
560 Setting the optimization/debugging options
561 ------------------------------------------
563 If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for
564 the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make
565 command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python
566 on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the
567 environment when the configure script is run overrides this default
568 (likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base
569 set of libraries to link with).
571 When compiling with GCC, the default value of OPT will also include
572 the -Wall and -Wstrict-prototypes options.
574 Additional debugging code to help debug memory management problems can
575 be enabled by using the --with-pydebug option to the configure script.
581 If you want C profiling turned on, the easiest way is to run configure
582 with the CC environment variable to the necessary compiler
583 invocation. For example, on Linux, this works for profiling using
586 CC="gcc -pg" ./configure
588 Note that on Linux, gprof apparently does not work for shared
589 libraries. The Makefile/Setup mechanism can be used to compile and
590 link most extension module statically.
596 To test the interpreter, type "make test" in the top-level directory.
597 This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with
598 the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set
599 produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
600 skipped tests due to optional features which can't be imported. (If
601 you want to test those modules, edit Modules/Setup to configure them.)
602 If a message is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core
603 dump is produced, something is wrong. On some Linux systems (those
604 that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a
605 non-standard implementation of strftime() in the C library. Please
606 ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6.
608 IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report,
609 *don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the
610 failing test manually, as follows:
612 python ../Lib/test/test_whatever.py
614 (substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a
615 different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
621 To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules
622 (see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page,
627 This will install all platform-independent files in subdirectories of
628 the directory given with the --prefix option to configure or to the
629 `prefix' Make variable (default /usr/local). All binary and other
630 platform-specific files will be installed in subdirectories if the
631 directory given by --exec-prefix or the `exec_prefix' Make variable
632 (defaults to the --prefix directory) is given.
634 All subdirectories created will have Python's version number in their
635 name, e.g. the library modules are installed in
636 "/usr/local/lib/python<version>/" by default, where <version> is the
637 <major>.<minor> release number (e.g. "2.1"). The Python binary is
638 installed as "python<version>" and a hard link named "python" is
639 created. The only file not installed with a version number in its
640 name is the manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1"
643 If you have a previous installation of Python that you don't
644 want to replace yet, use
648 This installs the same set of files as "make install" except it
649 doesn't create the hard link to "python<version>" named "python" and
650 it doesn't install the manual page at all.
652 Alpha/beta revision levels are stripped from the executable and
653 library filenames during installation. For example, Python2.1a2 will
654 install as python2.1, overwriting the previous python2.1. To avoid
655 this, you could set the Makefile VERSION variable manually
656 (e.g. VERSION=2.1a2) before running "make install" or "make altinstall".
658 The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for
659 Emacs found in Misc/python-mode.el. (But then again, more recent
660 versions of Emacs may already have it.) Follow the instructions that
661 came with Emacs for installation of site-specific files.
663 On Mac OS X, if you have configured Python with --enable-framework, you
664 should use "make frameworkinstall" to do the installation. Note that this
665 installs the Python executable in a place that is not normally on your
666 PATH, you may want to set up a symlink in /usr/local/bin.
669 Configuration options and variables
670 -----------------------------------
672 Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure
675 WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you
676 must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule:
677 after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove
680 --with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if
681 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is
682 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option
683 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the
684 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the
685 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is
686 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck
689 --prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the
690 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib},
691 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter
692 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the
693 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass
694 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the
695 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the
696 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also
697 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when
698 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option
699 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the
700 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient
701 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind
702 about the install prefix.
704 --with-readline: This option is no longer supported. To use GNU
705 readline, enable module "readline" in the Modules/Setup file.
707 --with-threads: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple
708 threads, and support for this is enabled by default. To
709 disable this, pass --with-threads=no. If the library required
710 for threads lives in a peculiar place, you can use
711 --with-thread=DIRECTORY. IMPORTANT: run "make clean" after
712 changing (either enabling or disabling) this option, or you
713 will get link errors! Note: for DEC Unix use
714 --with-dec-threads instead.
716 --with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is
717 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is
718 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z.
719 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl
720 library) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY
721 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on
722 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style
723 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated.
725 --with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumored to be supported
726 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent
727 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a
728 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package
729 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an
730 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation
732 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To
733 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call
734 configure, passing it the option
735 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is
736 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and
737 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library.
738 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic
739 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is
742 --with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative
743 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library
744 (default the empty string) using the options
745 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. For
746 example, if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C
747 compiler to use the shared C library, you can pass
748 --with-libc=-lc_s. These libraries are passed after all other
749 libraries, the C library last.
751 --with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python interpreter
754 --with-cxx=<compiler>: Some C++ compilers require that main() is
755 compiled with the C++ if there is any C++ code in the application.
756 Specifically, g++ on a.out systems may require that to support
757 construction of global objects. With this option, the main() function
758 of Python will be compiled with <compiler>; use that only if you
759 plan to use C++ extension modules, and if your compiler requires
760 compilation of main() as a C++ program.
763 --with-pydebug: Enable additional debugging code to help track down
764 memory management problems. This allows printing a list of all
765 live objects when the interpreter terminates.
768 Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature)
769 -------------------------------------------------------------
771 If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it
772 usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each
773 architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the
774 VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each
775 architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the
776 appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the
777 necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles
778 contain a line VPATH=... which points to a directory containing the
779 actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if
780 you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.)
782 For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python
783 in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel
784 directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python):
786 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python
788 $ ~guido/src/python/configure
794 Note that configure copies the original Setup file to the build
795 directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can
796 edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this
797 reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked
798 automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy
799 of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The
800 makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be
801 fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it
802 doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local;
803 however this assumes that you only need to add modules.)
806 Building on non-UNIX systems
807 ----------------------------
809 For Windows (2000/NT/ME/98/95), assuming you have MS VC++ 6.0, the
810 project files are in PCbuild, the workspace is pcbuild.dsw. See
811 PCbuild\readme.txt for detailed instructions.
813 For other non-Unix Windows compilers, in particular Windows 3.1 and
814 for OS/2, enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt".
816 For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available,
817 for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac
818 development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group
819 (http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to
820 pythonmac-sig-request@python.org).
822 Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these
823 platforms -- see http://www.python.org/.
825 To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the
826 effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this
827 has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file
828 config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual
829 configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as
830 1 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone
831 otherwise; however the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant
832 of int if they need to be defined at all.
834 For all platforms, it's important that the build arrange to define the
835 preprocessor symbol NDEBUG on the compiler command line in a release
836 build of Python (else assert() calls remain in the code, hurting
837 release-build performance). The Unix, Windows and Mac builds already
847 There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file
848 Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by the famous Tim Peters, it
849 is now maintained by the equally famous Barry Warsaw (it's no
850 coincidence that they now both work on the same team). The latest
851 version, along with various other contributed Python-related Emacs
852 goodies, is online at http://www.python.org/emacs/python-mode. And
853 if you are planning to edit the Python C code, please pick up the
854 latest version of CC Mode http://www.python.org/emacs/cc-mode; it
855 contains a "python" style used throughout most of the Python C source
856 files. (Newer versions of Emacs or XEmacs may already come with the
857 latest version of python-mode.)
863 Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is
864 also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and
865 install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default when
866 building Python from source. Python supports Tcl/Tk version 8.0 and
869 See http://dev.ajubasolutions.com/ for more info on Tcl/Tk, including
870 the on-line manual pages.
873 To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed
874 Tcl/Tk, load the file Modules/Setup into your favorite text editor and
875 search for the string "_tkinter". Then follow the instructions found
876 there. If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual places, you
877 will have to edit the first line to fix or add the -I and -L options.
878 (Also see the general instructions at the top of that file.)
880 For more Tkinter information, see the Tkinter Resource page:
881 http://www.python.org/topics/tkinter/
883 There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories
884 guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been
885 overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions).
887 Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which
888 lives in Lib/lib-tk/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter"
889 (lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in
890 Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications import only the
891 Python Tkinter module -- the latter uses the C _tkinter module
892 directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled
893 and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the
894 Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module,
895 sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup
896 file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly
897 ("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for
898 the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path
899 or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.)
902 Distribution structure
903 ----------------------
905 Most subdirectories have their own README files. Most files have
908 .cvsignore Additional filename matching patterns for CVS to ignore
909 BeOS/ Files specific to the BeOS port
910 Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs
911 Doc/ Documentation sources (LaTeX)
912 Grammar/ Input for the parser generator
913 Include/ Public header files
914 LICENSE Licensing information
915 Lib/ Python library modules
916 Makefile.pre.in Source from which config.status creates the Makefile.pre
917 Misc/ Miscellaneous useful files
918 Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules
919 Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types
920 PC/ Files specific to PC ports (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
921 PCbuild/ Build directory for Microsoft Visual C++
922 Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling
923 Python/ The byte-compiler and interpreter
924 README The file you're reading now
925 Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python
926 acconfig.h Additional input for the GNU autoheader program
927 config.h.in Source from which config.h is created (GNU autoheader output)
928 configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output)
929 configure.in Configuration specification (input for GNU autoconf)
930 install-sh Shell script used to install files
932 The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by
933 the configuration and build processes:
936 Makefile.pre Build rules before running Modules/makesetup
937 buildno Keeps track of the build number
938 config.cache Cache of configuration variables
939 config.h Configuration header
940 config.log Log from last configure run
941 config.status Status from last run of the configure script
942 getbuildinfo.o Object file from Modules/getbuildinfo.c
943 libpython<version>.a The library archive
944 python The executable interpreter
945 tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs
952 --Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)