1 This is Python version 2.2
2 ==========================
4 Copyright (c) 2001 Python Software Foundation.
7 Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
10 Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
13 Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum.
20 See the file "LICENSE" for information on the history of this
21 software, terms & conditions for usage, and a DISCLAIMER OF ALL
24 This Python distribution contains no GNU General Public Licensed
25 (GPLed) code so it may be used in proprietary projects just like prior
26 Python distributions. There are interfaces to some GNU code but these
27 are entirely optional.
29 All trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective
33 What's new in this release?
34 ---------------------------
36 See the file "Misc/NEWS".
38 If you don't read instructions
39 ------------------------------
41 Congratulations on getting this far. :-)
43 To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the
44 current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section
45 `Build Instructions' below is still recommended reading, especially
46 the part on customizing Modules/Setup.
49 What is Python anyway?
50 ----------------------
52 Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language suitable
53 (amongst other uses) for distributed application development,
54 scripting, numeric computing and system testing. Python is often
55 compared to Tcl, Perl, Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic or Scheme. To
56 find out more about what Python can do for you, point your browser to
57 http://www.python.org/.
60 How do I learn Python?
61 ----------------------
63 The official tutorial is still a good place to start; see
64 http://www.python.org/doc/ for online and downloadable versions, as
65 well as a list of other introductions, and reference documentation.
67 There's a quickly growing set of books on Python. See
68 http://www.python.org/psa/bookstore/ for a list.
74 All documentation is provided online in a variety of formats. In
75 order of importance for new users: Tutorial, Library Reference,
76 Language Reference, Extending & Embedding, and the Python/C API. The
77 Library Reference is especially of immense value since much of
78 Python's power is described there, including the built-in data types
81 All documentation is also available online at the Python web site
82 (http://www.python.org/doc/, see below). It is available online for
83 occasional reference, or can be downloaded in many formats for faster
84 access. The documentation is available in HTML, PostScript, PDF, and
85 LaTeX formats; the LaTeX version is primarily for documentation
86 authors, translators, and people with special formatting requirements.
92 New Python releases and related technologies are published at
93 http://www.python.org/. Come visit us!
95 There's also a Python community web site at http://starship.python.net/.
98 Newsgroups and Mailing Lists
99 ----------------------------
101 Read comp.lang.python, a high-volume discussion newsgroup about
102 Python, or comp.lang.python.announce, a low-volume moderated newsgroup
103 for Python-related announcements. These are also accessible as
104 mailing lists: see http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for an
105 overview of the many Python-related mailing lists.
107 Archives are accessible via Deja.com Usenet News: see
108 http://www.deja.com/usenet. The mailing lists are also archived, see
109 http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for details.
115 To report or search for bugs, please use the Python Bug
116 Tracker at http://sourceforge.net/bugs/?group_id=5470.
119 Patches and contributions
120 -------------------------
122 To submit a patch or other contribution, please use the Python Patch
123 Manager at http://sourceforge.net/patch/?group_id=5470. Guidelines
124 for patch submission may be found at http://www.python.org/patches/.
126 If you have a proposal to change Python, it's best to submit a Python
127 Enhancement Proposal (PEP) first. All current PEPs, as well as
128 guidelines for submitting a new PEP, are list at
129 http://python.sourceforge.net/peps/.
135 For help, if you can't find it in the manuals or on the web site, it's
136 best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing list (see
137 above). If you specifically don't want to involve the newsgroup or
138 mailing list, send questions to help@python.org (a group of volunteers
139 who answer questions as they can). The newsgroup is the most
140 efficient way to ask public questions.
146 Before you can build Python, you must first configure it. Fortunately,
147 the configuration and build process has been streamlined for most Unix
148 installations, so all you have to do is type a few commands,
149 optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some platforms
150 where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform specific notes
151 below. If you want to build for multiple platforms sharing the same
152 source tree, see the section on VPATH below.
154 Start by running the script "./configure", which determines your system
155 configuration and creates the Makefile. (It takes a minute or two --
156 please be patient!) You may want to pass options to the configure
157 script or edit the Modules/Setup file after running configure -- see the
158 section below on configuration options and variables. When it's done,
159 you are ready to run make.
161 To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory. If
162 you have changed the configuration or have modified Modules/Setup, the
163 Makefile may have to be rebuilt. In this case you may have to run make
164 again to correctly build your desired target. The interpreter
165 executable is built in the top level directory.
167 Once you have built a Python interpreter, see the subsections below on
168 testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run
169 into trouble, see the next section. Editing the Modules/Setup file
170 after running make is supported; just run "make" again after making
177 See also the platform specific notes in the next section.
179 If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ
180 (http://www.python.org/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
181 http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for hints on what can go wrong,
184 If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all
185 object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or
186 not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable
187 problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report!
189 If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that
190 should be there, inspect the config.log file. When you fix a
191 configure problem, be sure to remove config.cache!
193 If you get a warning for every file about the -Olimit option being no
194 longer supported, you can ignore it. There's no foolproof way to know
195 whether this option is needed; all we can do is test whether it is
196 accepted without error. On some systems, e.g. older SGI compilers, it
197 is essential for performance (specifically when compiling ceval.c,
198 which has more basic blocks than the default limit of 1000). If the
199 warning bothers you, edit the Makefile to remove "-Olimit 1500" from
202 If you get failures in test_long, or sys.maxint gets set to -1, you
203 are probably experiencing compiler bugs, usually related to
204 optimization. This is a common problem with some versions of gcc and
205 egcs, and some vendor-supplied compilers, which can sometimes be
206 worked around by turning off optimization. Consider switching to
207 stable versions (gcc 2.7.2.3, egcs 1.1.2, or contact your vendor.)
209 From Python 2.0 onward, all Python C code is ANSI C. Compiling using
210 old K&R-C-only compilers is no longer possible. ANSI C compilers are
211 available for all modern systems, either in the form of updated
212 compilers from the vendor, or one of the free compilers (gcc, egcs).
214 Platform specific notes
215 -----------------------
217 (Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python
218 on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here,
219 submit a documentation bug report to SourceForge (see Bug Reports
220 above) so we can remove them!)
222 64-bit platforms: The modules audioop, imageop and rgbimg don't work.
223 Don't try to enable them in the Modules/Setup file. They
224 contain code that is quite wordsize sensitive. (If you have a
227 Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris
228 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest
229 way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as
230 the "CC" environment variable when running the configure
233 Linux: A problem with threads and fork() was tracked down to a bug in
234 the pthreads code in glibc version 2.0.5; glibc version 2.0.7
235 solves the problem. This causes the popen2 test to fail;
236 problem and solution reported by Pablo Bleyer.
238 Under Linux systems using GNU libc 2 (aka libc6), the crypt
239 module now needs the -lcrypt option. Uncomment this flag in
240 Modules/Setup, or comment out the crypt module in the same
241 file. Most modern Linux systems use glibc2.
243 FreeBSD 3.x and probably platforms with NCurses that use libmytinfo or
244 similar: When using cursesmodule, the linking is not done in
245 the correct order with the defaults. Remove "-ltermcap" from
246 the readline entry in Setup, and use as curses entry: "curses
247 cursesmodule.c -lmytinfo -lncurses -ltermcap" - "mytinfo" (so
248 called on FreeBSD) should be the name of the auxiliary library
249 required on your platform. Normally, it would be linked
250 automatically, but not necessarily in the correct order.
252 BSDI: BSDI versions before 4.1 have known problems with threads,
253 which can cause strange errors in a number of modules (for
254 instance, the 'test_signal' test script will hang forever.)
255 Turning off threads (with --with-threads=no) or upgrading to
256 BSDI 4.1 solves this problem.
258 DEC Unix: Run configure with --with-dec-threads, or with
259 --with-threads=no if no threads are desired (threads are on by
260 default). When using GCC, it is possible to get an internal
261 compiler error if optimization is used. This was reported for
262 GCC 2.7.2.3 on selectmodule.c. Manually compile the affected
263 file without optimization to solve the problem.
265 DEC Ultrix: compile with GCC to avoid bugs in the native compiler,
266 and pass SHELL=/bin/sh5 to Make when installing.
268 AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in
269 place. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done.
270 (The optimizer bug reported at this place in previous releases
271 has been worked around by a minimal code change.) If you get
272 errors about ptread_* functions, during compile or during
273 testing, try setting CC to a thread-safe (reentrant) compiler,
274 like "cc_r". For full C++ module support, set CC="xlC_r" (or
275 CC="xlC" without thread support).
277 HP-UX: Please read the file Misc/HPUX-NOTES for shared libraries.
278 When using threading, you may have to add -D_REENTRANT to the
279 OPT variable in the top-level Makefile; reported by Pat Knight,
280 this seems to make a difference (at least for HP-UX 10.20)
281 even though config.h defines it.
283 Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"!
285 SCO: The following apply to SCO 3 only; Python builds out of the box
286 on SCO 5 (or so we've heard).
288 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the
289 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken.
290 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard is
291 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined.
293 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt
294 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS
297 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i'
299 UnixWare: There are known bugs in the math library of the system, as well as
300 problems in the handling of threads (calling fork in one
301 thread may interrupt system calls in others). Therefore, test_math and
302 tests involving threads will fail until those problems are fixed.
304 SunOS 4.x: When using the SunPro C compiler, you may want to use the
305 '-Xa' option instead of '-Xc', to enable some needed non-ANSI
308 NeXT: Not supported anymore. Start with the MacOSX/Darwin code if you
311 QNX: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
312 configure works best if you use GNU bash; a port is available on
313 ftp.qnx.com in /usr/free. I used the following process to build,
314 test and install Python 1.5.x under QNX:
316 1) CONFIG_SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash CC=cc RANLIB=: \
317 ./configure --verbose --without-gcc --with-libm=""
319 2) edit Modules/Setup to activate everything that makes sense for
320 your system... tested here at QNX with the following modules:
322 array, audioop, binascii, cPickle, cStringIO, cmath,
323 crypt, curses, errno, fcntl, gdbm, grp, imageop,
324 _locale, math, md5, new, operator, parser, pcre,
325 posix, pwd, readline, regex, reop, rgbimg, rotor,
326 select, signal, socket, soundex, strop, struct,
327 syslog, termios, time, timing, zlib, audioop, imageop, rgbimg
329 3) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash
331 or, if you feel the need for speed:
333 make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash OPT="-5 -Oil+nrt"
335 4) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash test
337 Using GNU readline 2.2 seems to behave strangely, but I
338 think that's a problem with my readline 2.2 port. :-\
340 5) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash install
342 If you get SIGSEGVs while running Python (I haven't yet, but
343 I've only run small programs and the test cases), you're
344 probably running out of stack; the default 32k could be a
345 little tight. To increase the stack size, edit the Makefile
346 to read: LDFLAGS = -N 48k
348 BeOS: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
349 See BeOS/README for notes about compiling/installing Python on
350 BeOS R3 or later. Note that only the PowerPC platform is
351 supported for R3; both PowerPC and x86 are supported for R4.
353 Cray T3E: Konrad Hinsen writes:
354 1) Don't use gcc. It compiles Python/graminit.c into something
355 that the Cray assembler doesn't like. Cray's cc seems to work
357 2) Comment out modules md5 (won't compile) and audioop (will
358 crash the interpreter during the test suite).
359 If you run the test suite, two tests will fail (rotate and
360 binascii), but these are not the modules you'd expect to need
363 SGI: SGI's standard "make" utility (/bin/make or /usr/bin/make)
364 does not check whether a command actually changed the file it
365 is supposed to build. This means that whenever you say "make"
366 it will redo the link step. The remedy is to use SGI's much
367 smarter "smake" utility (/usr/sbin/smake), or GNU make. If
368 you set the first line of the Makefile to #!/usr/sbin/smake
369 smake will be invoked by make (likewise for GNU make).
371 WARNING: There are bugs in the optimizer of some versions of
372 SGI's compilers that can cause bus errors or other strange
373 behavior, especially on numerical operations. To avoid this,
374 try building with "make OPT=".
376 OS/2: If you are running Warp3 or Warp4 and have IBM's VisualAge C/C++
377 compiler installed, just change into the pc\os2vacpp directory
378 and type NMAKE. Threading and sockets are supported by default
379 in the resulting binaries of PYTHON15.DLL and PYTHON.EXE.
381 Monterey (64-bit AIX): The current Monterey C compiler (Visual Age)
382 uses the OBJECT_MODE={32|64} environment variable to set the
383 compilation mode to either 32-bit or 64-bit (32-bit mode is
384 the default). Presumably you want 64-bit compilation mode for
385 this 64-bit OS. As a result you must first set OBJECT_MODE=64
386 in your environment before configuring (./configure) or
387 building (make) Python on Monterey.
389 Reliant UNIX: The thread support does not compile on Reliant UNIX, and
390 there is a (minor) problem in the configure script for that
391 platform as well. This should be resolved in time for a
394 Mac OS X 10.0: Run configure with "./configure --with-suffix=.exe".
395 This generates executable file: 'python.exe' (it cannot be named
396 'python' on an HFS or HFS+ disk as the file name clashes with
397 directory 'Python'). One of the regular expression tests fails
398 with a SEGV due to the small stack size used by default (how to
399 change this?), and the test_largefile test is only expected to
400 work on a Unix UFS filesystem (how to check for this on Mac OS
402 On naked Darwin you may have to add the configure option
403 "--without-toolbox-glue" to disable the glue code for the Carbon
404 interface modules. (The modules themselves are currently not built
405 by default as they are experimental, on real OSX you can enable them
407 You may want to try the configure option "--enable-framework" which
408 installs Python as a framework. The location can be set as argument
409 to the --enable-framework option (default /Library/Frameworks).
411 Cygwin: Cygwin Python builds OOTB when configured as follows:
413 configure --with-threads=no
415 assuming Cygwin 1.1.8-2 and gcc 2.95.3-1 or later. At the time
416 of this writing, Cygwin pthread support is being significantly
417 enhanced. Hopefully, there will be a Cygwin Python with thread
420 Cygwin Python supports the building of shared extensions via the
421 traditional Misc/Makefile.pre.in and the newer distutils methods.
423 On NT/2000, the following regression tests fail:
428 Due to the test_poll hang on NT/2000, one should run the
429 regression test using the following:
431 PYTHONPATH= ./python.exe -tt ./Lib/test/regrtest.py -l -x test_poll
433 On 9X/Me, in addition the above NT/2000 failures, it has been
434 reported that the following regression tests also fail:
440 Due to the test_poll and test_select hang on 9X/Me, one should
441 run the regression test using the following:
443 PYTHONPATH= ./python.exe -tt ./Lib/test/regrtest.py -l -x test_poll -x test_select
445 Help trying to track down the root causes for these known problems
446 will be greatly appreciated.
452 As of Python 2.0, threads are enabled by default. If you wish to
453 compile without threads, or if your thread support is broken, pass the
454 --with-threads=no switch to configure. Unfortunately, on some
455 platforms, additional compiler and/or linker options are required for
456 threads to work properly. Below is a table of those options,
457 collected by Bill Janssen. We would love to automate this process
458 more, but the information below is not enough to write a patch for the
459 configure.in file, so manual intervention is required. If you patch
460 the configure.in file and are confident that the patch works, please
461 send in the patch. (Don't bother patching the configure script itself
462 -- it is regenerated each the configure.in file changes.)
464 Compiler switches for threads
465 .............................
467 The definition of _REENTRANT should be configured automatically, if
468 that does not work on your system, or if _REENTRANT is defined
469 incorrectly, please report that as a bug.
471 OS/Compiler/threads Switches for use with threads
472 (POSIX is draft 10, DCE is draft 4) compile & link
474 SunOS 5.{1-5}/{gcc,SunPro cc}/solaris -mt
475 SunOS 5.5/{gcc,SunPro cc}/POSIX (nothing)
476 DEC OSF/1 3.x/cc/DCE -threads
477 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
478 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/DCE -threads
479 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
480 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/POSIX -pthread
481 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
482 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r/d7 (nothing)
484 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r4/DCE (nothing)
486 IRIX 6.2/cc/POSIX (nothing)
490 Linker (ld) libraries and flags for threads
491 ...........................................
493 OS/threads Libraries/switches for use with threads
495 SunOS 5.{1-5}/solaris -lthread
496 SunOS 5.5/POSIX -lpthread
497 DEC OSF/1 3.x/DCE -lpthreads -lmach -lc_r -lc
498 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
499 Digital UNIX 4.x/DCE -lpthreads -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
500 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
501 Digital UNIX 4.x/POSIX -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
502 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
503 AIX 4.1.4/{draft7,DCE} (nothing)
505 IRIX 6.2/POSIX -lpthread
506 (jph@emilia.engr.sgi.com)
509 Configuring additional built-in modules
510 ---------------------------------------
512 Starting with Python 2.1, the setup.py script at the top of the source
513 distribution attempts to detect which modules can be built and
514 automatically compiles them. Autodetection doesn't always work, so
515 you can customize the configuration by editing the Modules/Setup file.
516 This file is initially copied from Setup.dist by the configure script;
517 if it does not exist yet, create it by copying Modules/Setup.dist
518 yourself (configure will never overwrite it). Never edit Setup.dist
519 -- always edit Setup or Setup.local (see below). Read the comments in
520 the file for information on what kind of edits are allowed. When you
521 have edited Setup in the Modules directory, the interpreter will
522 automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make in the toplevel
523 directory. (When working inside the Modules directory, use "make
526 Many useful modules can be built on any Unix system, but some optional
527 modules can't be reliably autodetected. Often the quickest way to
528 determine whether a particular module works or not is to see if it
529 will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get compilation or link
530 errors, disable it -- you're either missing support or need to adjust
531 the compilation and linking parameters for that module.
533 On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific
534 system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware. These
535 modules will not be built by the setup.py script.
537 In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local.
538 (the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more
539 convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when
540 installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local
544 Setting the optimization/debugging options
545 ------------------------------------------
547 If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for
548 the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make
549 command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python
550 on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the
551 environment when the configure script is run overrides this default
552 (likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base
553 set of libraries to link with).
555 When compiling with GCC, the default value of OPT will also include
556 the -Wall and -Wstrict-prototypes options.
558 Additional debugging code to help debug memory management problems can
559 be enabled by using the --with-pydebug option to the configure script.
565 To test the interpreter, type "make test" in the top-level directory.
566 This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with
567 the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set
568 produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
569 skipped tests due to optional features which can't be imported. (If
570 you want to test those modules, edit Modules/Setup to configure them.)
571 If a message is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core
572 dump is produced, something is wrong. On some Linux systems (those
573 that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a
574 non-standard implementation of strftime() in the C library. Please
575 ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6.
577 IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report,
578 *don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the
579 failing test manually, as follows:
581 python ../Lib/test/test_whatever.py
583 (substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a
584 different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
590 To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules
591 (see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page,
596 This will install all platform-independent files in subdirectories of
597 the directory given with the --prefix option to configure or to the
598 `prefix' Make variable (default /usr/local). All binary and other
599 platform-specific files will be installed in subdirectories if the
600 directory given by --exec-prefix or the `exec_prefix' Make variable
601 (defaults to the --prefix directory) is given.
603 All subdirectories created will have Python's version number in their
604 name, e.g. the library modules are installed in
605 "/usr/local/lib/python<version>/" by default, where <version> is the
606 <major>.<minor> release number (e.g. "2.1"). The Python binary is
607 installed as "python<version>" and a hard link named "python" is
608 created. The only file not installed with a version number in its
609 name is the manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1"
612 If you have a previous installation of Python that you don't
613 want to replace yet, use
617 This installs the same set of files as "make install" except it
618 doesn't create the hard link to "python<version>" named "python" and
619 it doesn't install the manual page at all.
621 Alpha/beta revision levels are stripped from the executable and
622 library filenames during installation. For example, Python2.1a2 will
623 install as python2.1, overwriting the previous python2.1. To avoid
624 this, you could set the Makefile VERSION variable manually
625 (e.g. VERSION=2.1a2) before running "make install" or "make altinstall".
627 The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for
628 Emacs found in Misc/python-mode.el. (But then again, more recent
629 versions of Emacs may already have it.) Follow the instructions that
630 came with Emacs for installation of site-specific files.
632 On Mac OS X, if you have configured Python with --enable-framework, you
633 should use "make frameworkinstall" to do the installation. Note that this
634 installs the Python executable in a place that is not normally on your
635 PATH, you may want to set up a symlink in /usr/local/bin.
638 Configuration options and variables
639 -----------------------------------
641 Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure
644 WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you
645 must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule:
646 after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove
649 --with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if
650 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is
651 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option
652 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the
653 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the
654 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is
655 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck
658 --prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the
659 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib},
660 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter
661 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the
662 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass
663 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the
664 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the
665 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also
666 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when
667 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option
668 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the
669 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient
670 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind
671 about the install prefix.
673 --with-readline: This option is no longer supported. To use GNU
674 readline, enable module "readline" in the Modules/Setup file.
676 --with-threads: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple
677 threads, and support for this is enabled by default. To
678 disable this, pass --with-threads=no. If the library required
679 for threads lives in a peculiar place, you can use
680 --with-thread=DIRECTORY. IMPORTANT: run "make clean" after
681 changing (either enabling or disabling) this option, or you
682 will get link errors! Note: for DEC Unix use
683 --with-dec-threads instead.
685 --with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is
686 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is
687 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z.
688 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl
689 library) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY
690 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on
691 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style
692 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated.
694 --with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumored to be supported
695 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent
696 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a
697 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package
698 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an
699 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation
701 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To
702 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call
703 configure, passing it the option
704 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is
705 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and
706 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library.
707 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic
708 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is
711 --with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative
712 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library
713 (default the empty string) using the options
714 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. For
715 example, if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C
716 compiler to use the shared C library, you can pass
717 --with-libc=-lc_s. These libraries are passed after all other
718 libraries, the C library last.
720 --with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python interpreter
723 --with-cxx=<compiler>: Some C++ compilers require that main() is
724 compiled with the C++ if there is any C++ code in the application.
725 Specifically, g++ on a.out systems may require that to support
726 construction of global objects. With this option, the main() function
727 of Python will be compiled with <compiler>; use that only if you
728 plan to use C++ extension modules, and if your compiler requires
729 compilation of main() as a C++ program.
732 --with-pydebug: Enable additional debugging code to help track down
733 memory management problems. This allows printing a list of all
734 live objects when the interpreter terminates.
737 Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature)
738 -------------------------------------------------------------
740 If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it
741 usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each
742 architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the
743 VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each
744 architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the
745 appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the
746 necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles
747 contain a line VPATH=... which points to a directory containing the
748 actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if
749 you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.)
751 For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python
752 in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel
753 directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python):
755 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python
757 $ ~guido/src/python/configure
763 Note that configure copies the original Setup file to the build
764 directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can
765 edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this
766 reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked
767 automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy
768 of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The
769 makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be
770 fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it
771 doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local;
772 however this assumes that you only need to add modules.)
775 Building on non-UNIX systems
776 ----------------------------
778 For Windows (2000/NT/ME/98/95), assuming you have MS VC++ 6.0, the
779 project files are in PCbuild, the workspace is pcbuild.dsw. See
780 PCbuild\readme.txt for detailed instructions.
782 For other non-Unix Windows compilers, in particular Windows 3.1 and
783 for OS/2, enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt".
785 For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available,
786 for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac
787 development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group
788 (http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to
789 pythonmac-sig-request@python.org).
791 Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these
792 platforms -- see http://www.python.org/.
794 To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the
795 effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this
796 has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file
797 config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual
798 configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as
799 1 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone
800 otherwise; however the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant
801 of int if they need to be defined at all.
811 There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file
812 Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by the famous Tim Peters, it
813 is now maintained by the equally famous Barry Warsaw (it's no
814 coincidence that they now both work on the same team). The latest
815 version, along with various other contributed Python-related Emacs
816 goodies, is online at http://www.python.org/emacs/python-mode. And
817 if you are planning to edit the Python C code, please pick up the
818 latest version of CC Mode http://www.python.org/emacs/cc-mode; it
819 contains a "python" style used throughout most of the Python C source
820 files. (Newer versions of Emacs or XEmacs may already come with the
821 latest version of python-mode.)
827 Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is
828 also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and
829 install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default when
830 building Python from source. Python supports Tcl/Tk version 8.0 and
833 See http://dev.ajubasolutions.com/ for more info on Tcl/Tk, including
834 the on-line manual pages.
837 To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed
838 Tcl/Tk, load the file Modules/Setup into your favorite text editor and
839 search for the string "_tkinter". Then follow the instructions found
840 there. If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual places, you
841 will have to edit the first line to fix or add the -I and -L options.
842 (Also see the general instructions at the top of that file.)
844 For more Tkinter information, see the Tkinter Resource page:
845 http://www.python.org/topics/tkinter/
847 There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories
848 guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been
849 overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions).
851 Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which
852 lives in Lib/lib-tk/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter"
853 (lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in
854 Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications import only the
855 Python Tkinter module -- the latter uses the C _tkinter module
856 directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled
857 and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the
858 Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module,
859 sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup
860 file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly
861 ("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for
862 the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path
863 or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.)
866 Distribution structure
867 ----------------------
869 Most subdirectories have their own README files. Most files have
872 .cvsignore Additional filename matching patterns for CVS to ignore
873 BeOS/ Files specific to the BeOS port
874 Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs
875 Doc/ Documentation sources (LaTeX)
876 Grammar/ Input for the parser generator
877 Include/ Public header files
878 LICENSE Licensing information
879 Lib/ Python library modules
880 Makefile.pre.in Source from which config.status creates the Makefile.pre
881 Misc/ Miscellaneous useful files
882 Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules
883 Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types
884 PC/ Files specific to PC ports (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
885 PCbuild/ Build directory for Microsoft Visual C++
886 Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling
887 Python/ The byte-compiler and interpreter
888 README The file you're reading now
889 Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python
890 acconfig.h Additional input for the GNU autoheader program
891 config.h.in Source from which config.h is created (GNU autoheader output)
892 configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output)
893 configure.in Configuration specification (input for GNU autoconf)
894 install-sh Shell script used to install files
896 The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by
897 the configuration and build processes:
900 Makefile.pre Build rules before running Modules/makesetup
901 buildno Keeps track of the build number
902 config.cache Cache of configuration variables
903 config.h Configuration header
904 config.log Log from last configure run
905 config.status Status from last run of the configure script
906 getbuildinfo.o Object file from Modules/getbuildinfo.c
907 libpython<version>.a The library archive
908 python The executable interpreter
909 tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs
916 --Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)