1 This is Python version 2.2
2 ==========================
4 Copyright (c) 2001 Python Software Foundation.
7 Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
10 Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
13 Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum.
20 See the file "LICENSE" for information on the history of this
21 software, terms & conditions for usage, and a DISCLAIMER OF ALL
24 This Python distribution contains no GNU General Public Licensed
25 (GPLed) code so it may be used in proprietary projects just like prior
26 Python distributions. There are interfaces to some GNU code but these
27 are entirely optional.
29 All trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective
33 What's new in this release?
34 ---------------------------
36 See the file "Misc/NEWS".
38 If you don't read instructions
39 ------------------------------
41 Congratulations on getting this far. :-)
43 To start building right away (on UNIX): type "./configure" in the
44 current directory and when it finishes, type "make". The section
45 `Build Instructions' below is still recommended reading, especially
46 the part on customizing Modules/Setup.
49 What is Python anyway?
50 ----------------------
52 Python is an interpreted object-oriented programming language suitable
53 (amongst other uses) for distributed application development,
54 scripting, numeric computing and system testing. Python is often
55 compared to Tcl, Perl, Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic or Scheme. To
56 find out more about what Python can do for you, point your browser to
57 http://www.python.org/.
60 How do I learn Python?
61 ----------------------
63 The official tutorial is still a good place to start; see
64 http://www.python.org/doc/ for online and downloadable versions, as
65 well as a list of other introductions, and reference documentation.
67 There's a quickly growing set of books on Python. See
68 http://www.python.org/psa/bookstore/ for a list.
74 All documentation is provided online in a variety of formats. In
75 order of importance for new users: Tutorial, Library Reference,
76 Language Reference, Extending & Embedding, and the Python/C API. The
77 Library Reference is especially of immense value since much of
78 Python's power is described there, including the built-in data types
81 All documentation is also available online at the Python web site
82 (http://www.python.org/doc/, see below). It is available online for
83 occasional reference, or can be downloaded in many formats for faster
84 access. The documentation is available in HTML, PostScript, PDF, and
85 LaTeX formats; the LaTeX version is primarily for documentation
86 authors, translators, and people with special formatting requirements.
92 New Python releases and related technologies are published at
93 http://www.python.org/. Come visit us!
95 There's also a Python community web site at http://starship.python.net/.
98 Newsgroups and Mailing Lists
99 ----------------------------
101 Read comp.lang.python, a high-volume discussion newsgroup about
102 Python, or comp.lang.python.announce, a low-volume moderated newsgroup
103 for Python-related announcements. These are also accessible as
104 mailing lists: see http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for an
105 overview of the many Python-related mailing lists.
107 Archives are accessible via Deja.com Usenet News: see
108 http://www.deja.com/usenet. The mailing lists are also archived, see
109 http://www.python.org/psa/MailingLists.html for details.
115 To report or search for bugs, please use the Python Bug
116 Tracker at http://sourceforge.net/bugs/?group_id=5470.
119 Patches and contributions
120 -------------------------
122 To submit a patch or other contribution, please use the Python Patch
123 Manager at http://sourceforge.net/patch/?group_id=5470. Guidelines
124 for patch submission may be found at http://www.python.org/patches/.
126 If you have a proposal to change Python, it's best to submit a Python
127 Enhancement Proposal (PEP) first. All current PEPs, as well as
128 guidelines for submitting a new PEP, are list at
129 http://python.sourceforge.net/peps/.
135 For help, if you can't find it in the manuals or on the web site, it's
136 best to post to the comp.lang.python or the Python mailing list (see
137 above). If you specifically don't want to involve the newsgroup or
138 mailing list, send questions to help@python.org (a group of volunteers
139 who answer questions as they can). The newsgroup is the most
140 efficient way to ask public questions.
146 Before you can build Python, you must first configure it. Fortunately,
147 the configuration and build process has been streamlined for most Unix
148 installations, so all you have to do is type a few commands,
149 optionally edit one file, and sit back. There are some platforms
150 where things are not quite as smooth; see the platform specific notes
151 below. If you want to build for multiple platforms sharing the same
152 source tree, see the section on VPATH below.
154 Start by running the script "./configure", which determines your system
155 configuration and creates the Makefile. (It takes a minute or two --
156 please be patient!) You may want to pass options to the configure
157 script or edit the Modules/Setup file after running configure -- see the
158 section below on configuration options and variables. When it's done,
159 you are ready to run make.
161 To build Python, you normally type "make" in the toplevel directory. If
162 you have changed the configuration or have modified Modules/Setup, the
163 Makefile may have to be rebuilt. In this case you may have to run make
164 again to correctly build your desired target. The interpreter
165 executable is built in the top level directory.
167 Once you have built a Python interpreter, see the subsections below on
168 testing, configuring additional modules, and installation. If you run
169 into trouble, see the next section. Editing the Modules/Setup file
170 after running make is supported; just run "make" again after making
177 See also the platform specific notes in the next section.
179 If you run into other trouble, see section 3 of the FAQ
180 (http://www.python.org/cgi-bin/faqw.py or
181 http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html) for hints on what can go wrong,
184 If you rerun the configure script with different options, remove all
185 object files by running "make clean" before rebuilding. Believe it or
186 not, "make clean" sometimes helps to clean up other inexplicable
187 problems as well. Try it before sending in a bug report!
189 If the configure script fails or doesn't seem to find things that
190 should be there, inspect the config.log file. When you fix a
191 configure problem, be sure to remove config.cache!
193 If you get a warning for every file about the -Olimit option being no
194 longer supported, you can ignore it. There's no foolproof way to know
195 whether this option is needed; all we can do is test whether it is
196 accepted without error. On some systems, e.g. older SGI compilers, it
197 is essential for performance (specifically when compiling ceval.c,
198 which has more basic blocks than the default limit of 1000). If the
199 warning bothers you, edit the Makefile to remove "-Olimit 1500" from
202 If you get failures in test_long, or sys.maxint gets set to -1, you
203 are probably experiencing compiler bugs, usually related to
204 optimization. This is a common problem with some versions of gcc and
205 egcs, and some vendor-supplied compilers, which can sometimes be
206 worked around by turning off optimization. Consider switching to
207 stable versions (gcc 2.7.2.3, egcs 1.1.2, or contact your vendor.)
209 From Python 2.0 onward, all Python C code is ANSI C. Compiling using
210 old K&R-C-only compilers is no longer possible. ANSI C compilers are
211 available for all modern systems, either in the form of updated
212 compilers from the vendor, or one of the free compilers (gcc, egcs).
214 Platform specific notes
215 -----------------------
217 (Some of these may no longer apply. If you find you can build Python
218 on these platforms without the special directions mentioned here,
219 submit a documentation bug report to SourceForge (see Bug Reports
220 above) so we can remove them!)
222 64-bit platforms: The modules audioop, imageop and rgbimg don't work.
223 Don't try to enable them in the Modules/Setup file. They
224 contain code that is quite wordsize sensitive. (If you have a
227 Solaris: When using Sun's C compiler with threads, at least on Solaris
228 2.5.1, you need to add the "-mt" compiler option (the simplest
229 way is probably to specify the compiler with this option as
230 the "CC" environment variable when running the configure
233 Linux: A problem with threads and fork() was tracked down to a bug in
234 the pthreads code in glibc version 2.0.5; glibc version 2.0.7
235 solves the problem. This causes the popen2 test to fail;
236 problem and solution reported by Pablo Bleyer.
238 Under Linux systems using GNU libc 2 (aka libc6), the crypt
239 module now needs the -lcrypt option. Uncomment this flag in
240 Modules/Setup, or comment out the crypt module in the same
241 file. Most modern Linux systems use glibc2.
243 FreeBSD 3.x and probably platforms with NCurses that use libmytinfo or
244 similar: When using cursesmodule, the linking is not done in
245 the correct order with the defaults. Remove "-ltermcap" from
246 the readline entry in Setup, and use as curses entry: "curses
247 cursesmodule.c -lmytinfo -lncurses -ltermcap" - "mytinfo" (so
248 called on FreeBSD) should be the name of the auxiliary library
249 required on your platform. Normally, it would be linked
250 automatically, but not necessarily in the correct order.
252 BSDI: BSDI versions before 4.1 have known problems with threads,
253 which can cause strange errors in a number of modules (for
254 instance, the 'test_signal' test script will hang forever.)
255 Turning off threads (with --with-threads=no) or upgrading to
256 BSDI 4.1 solves this problem.
258 DEC Unix: Run configure with --with-dec-threads, or with
259 --with-threads=no if no threads are desired (threads are on by
260 default). When using GCC, it is possible to get an internal
261 compiler error if optimization is used. This was reported for
262 GCC 2.7.2.3 on selectmodule.c. Manually compile the affected
263 file without optimization to solve the problem.
265 DEC Ultrix: compile with GCC to avoid bugs in the native compiler,
266 and pass SHELL=/bin/sh5 to Make when installing.
268 AIX: A complete overhaul of the shared library support is now in
269 place. See Misc/AIX-NOTES for some notes on how it's done.
270 (The optimizer bug reported at this place in previous releases
271 has been worked around by a minimal code change.) If you get
272 errors about ptread_* functions, during compile or during
273 testing, try setting CC to a thread-safe (reentrant) compiler,
274 like "cc_r". For full C++ module support, set CC="xlC_r" (or
275 CC="xlC" without thread support).
277 HP-UX: Please read the file Misc/HPUX-NOTES for shared libraries.
278 When using threading, you may have to add -D_REENTRANT to the
279 OPT variable in the top-level Makefile; reported by Pat Knight,
280 this seems to make a difference (at least for HP-UX 10.20)
281 even though config.h defines it.
283 Minix: When using ack, use "CC=cc AR=aal RANLIB=: ./configure"!
285 SCO: The following apply to SCO 3 only; Python builds out of the box
286 on SCO 5 (or so we've heard).
288 1) Everything works much better if you add -U__STDC__ to the
289 defs. This is because all the SCO header files are broken.
290 Anything that isn't mentioned in the C standard is
291 conditionally excluded when __STDC__ is defined.
293 2) Due to the U.S. export restrictions, SCO broke the crypt
294 stuff out into a separate library, libcrypt_i.a so the LIBS
297 LIBS=' -lsocket -lcrypt_i'
299 SunOS 4.x: When using the SunPro C compiler, you may want to use the
300 '-Xa' option instead of '-Xc', to enable some needed non-ANSI
303 NeXT: To build fat binaries, use the --with-next-archs switch
306 QNX: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
307 configure works best if you use GNU bash; a port is available on
308 ftp.qnx.com in /usr/free. I used the following process to build,
309 test and install Python 1.5.x under QNX:
311 1) CONFIG_SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash CC=cc RANLIB=: \
312 ./configure --verbose --without-gcc --with-libm=""
314 2) edit Modules/Setup to activate everything that makes sense for
315 your system... tested here at QNX with the following modules:
317 array, audioop, binascii, cPickle, cStringIO, cmath,
318 crypt, curses, errno, fcntl, gdbm, grp, imageop,
319 _locale, math, md5, new, operator, parser, pcre,
320 posix, pwd, readline, regex, reop, rgbimg, rotor,
321 select, signal, socket, soundex, strop, struct,
322 syslog, termios, time, timing, zlib, audioop, imageop, rgbimg
324 3) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash
326 or, if you feel the need for speed:
328 make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash OPT="-5 -Oil+nrt"
330 4) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash test
332 Using GNU readline 2.2 seems to behave strangely, but I
333 think that's a problem with my readline 2.2 port. :-\
335 5) make SHELL=/usr/local/bin/bash install
337 If you get SIGSEGVs while running Python (I haven't yet, but
338 I've only run small programs and the test cases), you're
339 probably running out of stack; the default 32k could be a
340 little tight. To increase the stack size, edit the Makefile
341 to read: LDFLAGS = -N 48k
343 BeOS: Chris Herborth (chrish@qnx.com) writes:
344 See BeOS/README for notes about compiling/installing Python on
345 BeOS R3 or later. Note that only the PowerPC platform is
346 supported for R3; both PowerPC and x86 are supported for R4.
348 Cray T3E: Konrad Hinsen writes:
349 1) Don't use gcc. It compiles Python/graminit.c into something
350 that the Cray assembler doesn't like. Cray's cc seems to work
352 2) Comment out modules md5 (won't compile) and audioop (will
353 crash the interpreter during the test suite).
354 If you run the test suite, two tests will fail (rotate and
355 binascii), but these are not the modules you'd expect to need
358 SGI: SGI's standard "make" utility (/bin/make or /usr/bin/make)
359 does not check whether a command actually changed the file it
360 is supposed to build. This means that whenever you say "make"
361 it will redo the link step. The remedy is to use SGI's much
362 smarter "smake" utility (/usr/sbin/smake), or GNU make. If
363 you set the first line of the Makefile to #!/usr/sbin/smake
364 smake will be invoked by make (likewise for GNU make).
366 WARNING: There are bugs in the optimizer of some versions of
367 SGI's compilers that can cause bus errors or other strange
368 behavior, especially on numerical operations. To avoid this,
369 try building with "make OPT=".
371 OS/2: If you are running Warp3 or Warp4 and have IBM's VisualAge C/C++
372 compiler installed, just change into the pc\os2vacpp directory
373 and type NMAKE. Threading and sockets are supported by default
374 in the resulting binaries of PYTHON15.DLL and PYTHON.EXE.
376 Monterey (64-bit AIX): The current Monterey C compiler (Visual Age)
377 uses the OBJECT_MODE={32|64} environment variable to set the
378 compilation mode to either 32-bit or 64-bit (32-bit mode is
379 the default). Presumably you want 64-bit compilation mode for
380 this 64-bit OS. As a result you must first set OBJECT_MODE=64
381 in your environment before configuring (./configure) or
382 building (make) Python on Monterey.
384 Reliant UNIX: The thread support does not compile on Reliant UNIX, and
385 there is a (minor) problem in the configure script for that
386 platform as well. This should be resolved in time for a
389 Mac OS X 10.0: Run configure with "OPT='-no-cpp-precomp' ./configure
390 --with-suffix=.exe --with-dyld". This generates executable
391 file: 'python.exe' (it cannot be named 'python' on an HFS or
392 HFS+ disk as the file name clashes with directory 'Python').
393 The '-no-cpp-precomp' option prevents a large number of
394 compilation warnings. One of the regular expression tests
395 fails with a SEGV due to the small stack size used by default
396 (how to change this?), and the test_largefile test is only
397 expected to work on a Unix UFS filesystem (how to check for
400 Cygwin: Cygwin Python builds OOTB when configured as follows:
402 configure --with-threads=no
404 assuming Cygwin 1.1.8-2 and gcc 2.95.3-1 or later. At the time
405 of this writing, Cygwin pthread support is being significantly
406 enhanced. Hopefully, there will be a Cygwin Python with thread
409 Cygwin Python supports the building of shared extensions via the
410 traditional Misc/Makefile.pre.in and the newer distutils methods.
412 On NT/2000, the following regression tests fail:
417 Due to the test_poll hang on NT/2000, one should run the
418 regression test using the following:
420 PYTHONPATH= ./python.exe -tt ./Lib/test/regrtest.py -l -x test_poll
422 On 9X/Me, in addition the above NT/2000 failures, it has been
423 reported that the following regression tests also fail:
429 Due to the test_poll and test_select hang on 9X/Me, one should
430 run the regression test using the following:
432 PYTHONPATH= ./python.exe -tt ./Lib/test/regrtest.py -l -x test_poll -x test_select
434 Help trying to track down the root causes for these known problems
435 will be greatly appreciated.
441 As of Python 2.0, threads are enabled by default. If you wish to
442 compile without threads, or if your thread support is broken, pass the
443 --with-threads=no switch to configure. Unfortunately, on some
444 platforms, additional compiler and/or linker options are required for
445 threads to work properly. Below is a table of those options,
446 collected by Bill Janssen. We would love to automate this process
447 more, but the information below is not enough to write a patch for the
448 configure.in file, so manual intervention is required. If you patch
449 the configure.in file and are confident that the patch works, please
450 send in the patch. (Don't bother patching the configure script itself
451 -- it is regenerated each the configure.in file changes.)
453 Compiler switches for threads
454 .............................
456 The definition of _REENTRANT should be configured automatically, if
457 that does not work on your system, or if _REENTRANT is defined
458 incorrectly, please report that as a bug.
460 OS/Compiler/threads Switches for use with threads
461 (POSIX is draft 10, DCE is draft 4) compile & link
463 SunOS 5.{1-5}/{gcc,SunPro cc}/solaris -mt
464 SunOS 5.5/{gcc,SunPro cc}/POSIX (nothing)
465 DEC OSF/1 3.x/cc/DCE -threads
466 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
467 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/DCE -threads
468 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
469 Digital UNIX 4.x/cc/POSIX -pthread
470 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
471 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r/d7 (nothing)
473 AIX 4.1.4/cc_r4/DCE (nothing)
475 IRIX 6.2/cc/POSIX (nothing)
479 Linker (ld) libraries and flags for threads
480 ...........................................
482 OS/threads Libraries/switches for use with threads
484 SunOS 5.{1-5}/solaris -lthread
485 SunOS 5.5/POSIX -lpthread
486 DEC OSF/1 3.x/DCE -lpthreads -lmach -lc_r -lc
487 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
488 Digital UNIX 4.x/DCE -lpthreads -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
489 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
490 Digital UNIX 4.x/POSIX -lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc
491 (butenhof@zko.dec.com)
492 AIX 4.1.4/{draft7,DCE} (nothing)
494 IRIX 6.2/POSIX -lpthread
495 (jph@emilia.engr.sgi.com)
498 Configuring additional built-in modules
499 ---------------------------------------
501 Starting with Python 2.1, the setup.py script at the top of the source
502 distribution attempts to detect which modules can be built and
503 automatically compiles them. Autodetection doesn't always work, so
504 you can customize the configuration by editing the Modules/Setup file.
505 This file is initially copied from Setup.dist by the configure script;
506 if it does not exist yet, create it by copying Modules/Setup.dist
507 yourself (configure will never overwrite it). Never edit Setup.dist
508 -- always edit Setup or Setup.local (see below). Read the comments in
509 the file for information on what kind of edits are allowed. When you
510 have edited Setup in the Modules directory, the interpreter will
511 automatically be rebuilt the next time you run make in the toplevel
512 directory. (When working inside the Modules directory, use "make
515 Many useful modules can be built on any Unix system, but some optional
516 modules can't be reliably autodetected. Often the quickest way to
517 determine whether a particular module works or not is to see if it
518 will build: enable it in Setup, then if you get compilation or link
519 errors, disable it -- you're either missing support or need to adjust
520 the compilation and linking parameters for that module.
522 On SGI IRIX, there are modules that interface to many SGI specific
523 system libraries, e.g. the GL library and the audio hardware. These
524 modules will not be built by the setup.py script.
526 In addition to the file Setup, you can also edit the file Setup.local.
527 (the makesetup script processes both). You may find it more
528 convenient to edit Setup.local and leave Setup alone. Then, when
529 installing a new Python version, you can copy your old Setup.local
533 Setting the optimization/debugging options
534 ------------------------------------------
536 If you want or need to change the optimization/debugging options for
537 the C compiler, assign to the OPT variable on the toplevel make
538 command; e.g. "make OPT=-g" will build a debugging version of Python
539 on most platforms. The default is OPT=-O; a value for OPT in the
540 environment when the configure script is run overrides this default
541 (likewise for CC; and the initial value for LIBS is used as the base
542 set of libraries to link with).
544 When compiling with GCC, the default value of OPT will also include
545 the -Wall and -Wstrict-prototypes options.
547 Additional debugging code to help debug memory management problems can
548 be enabled by using the --with-pydebug option to the configure script.
554 To test the interpreter, type "make test" in the top-level directory.
555 This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with
556 the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set
557 produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about
558 skipped tests due to optional features which can't be imported. (If
559 you want to test those modules, edit Modules/Setup to configure them.)
560 If a message is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core
561 dump is produced, something is wrong. On some Linux systems (those
562 that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a
563 non-standard implementation of strftime() in the C library. Please
564 ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6.
566 IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report,
567 *don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the
568 failing test manually, as follows:
570 python ../Lib/test/test_whatever.py
572 (substituting the top of the source tree for .. if you built in a
573 different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode.
579 To install the Python binary, library modules, shared library modules
580 (see below), include files, configuration files, and the manual page,
585 This will install all platform-independent files in subdirectories of
586 the directory given with the --prefix option to configure or to the
587 `prefix' Make variable (default /usr/local). All binary and other
588 platform-specific files will be installed in subdirectories if the
589 directory given by --exec-prefix or the `exec_prefix' Make variable
590 (defaults to the --prefix directory) is given.
592 All subdirectories created will have Python's version number in their
593 name, e.g. the library modules are installed in
594 "/usr/local/lib/python<version>/" by default, where <version> is the
595 <major>.<minor> release number (e.g. "2.1"). The Python binary is
596 installed as "python<version>" and a hard link named "python" is
597 created. The only file not installed with a version number in its
598 name is the manual page, installed as "/usr/local/man/man1/python.1"
601 If you have a previous installation of Python that you don't
602 want to replace yet, use
606 This installs the same set of files as "make install" except it
607 doesn't create the hard link to "python<version>" named "python" and
608 it doesn't install the manual page at all.
610 Alpha/beta revision levels are stripped from the executable and
611 library filenames during installation. For example, Python2.1a2 will
612 install as python2.1, overwriting the previous python2.1. To avoid
613 this, you could set the Makefile VERSION variable manually
614 (e.g. VERSION=2.1a2) before running "make install" or "make altinstall".
616 The only thing you may have to install manually is the Python mode for
617 Emacs found in Misc/python-mode.el. (But then again, more recent
618 versions of Emacs may already have it.) Follow the instructions that
619 came with Emacs for installation of site-specific files.
622 Configuration options and variables
623 -----------------------------------
625 Some special cases are handled by passing options to the configure
628 WARNING: if you rerun the configure script with different options, you
629 must run "make clean" before rebuilding. Exceptions to this rule:
630 after changing --prefix or --exec-prefix, all you need to do is remove
633 --with(out)-gcc: The configure script uses gcc (the GNU C compiler) if
634 it finds it. If you don't want this, or if this compiler is
635 installed but broken on your platform, pass the option
636 --without-gcc. You can also pass "CC=cc" (or whatever the
637 name of the proper C compiler is) in the environment, but the
638 advantage of using --without-gcc is that this option is
639 remembered by the config.status script for its --recheck
642 --prefix, --exec-prefix: If you want to install the binaries and the
643 Python library somewhere else than in /usr/local/{bin,lib},
644 you can pass the option --prefix=DIRECTORY; the interpreter
645 binary will be installed as DIRECTORY/bin/python and the
646 library files as DIRECTORY/lib/python/*. If you pass
647 --exec-prefix=DIRECTORY (as well) this overrides the
648 installation prefix for architecture-dependent files (like the
649 interpreter binary). Note that --prefix=DIRECTORY also
650 affects the default module search path (sys.path), when
651 Modules/config.c is compiled. Passing make the option
652 prefix=DIRECTORY (and/or exec_prefix=DIRECTORY) overrides the
653 prefix set at configuration time; this may be more convenient
654 than re-running the configure script if you change your mind
655 about the install prefix.
657 --with-readline: This option is no longer supported. To use GNU
658 readline, enable module "readline" in the Modules/Setup file.
660 --with-threads: On most Unix systems, you can now use multiple
661 threads, and support for this is enabled by default. To
662 disable this, pass --with-threads=no. If the library required
663 for threads lives in a peculiar place, you can use
664 --with-thread=DIRECTORY. IMPORTANT: run "make clean" after
665 changing (either enabling or disabling) this option, or you
666 will get link errors! Note: for DEC Unix use
667 --with-dec-threads instead.
669 --with-sgi-dl: On SGI IRIX 4, dynamic loading of extension modules is
670 supported by the "dl" library by Jack Jansen, which is
671 ftp'able from ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-1.6.tar.Z.
672 This is enabled (after you've ftp'ed and compiled the dl
673 library) by passing --with-sgi-dl=DIRECTORY where DIRECTORY
674 is the absolute pathname of the dl library. (Don't bother on
675 IRIX 5, it already has dynamic linking using SunOS style
676 shared libraries.) Support for this feature is deprecated.
678 --with-dl-dld: Dynamic loading of modules is rumored to be supported
679 on some other systems: VAX (Ultrix), Sun3 (SunOS 3.4), Sequent
680 Symmetry (Dynix), and Atari ST. This is done using a
681 combination of the GNU dynamic loading package
682 (ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dl-dld-1.1.tar.Z) and an
683 emulation of the SGI dl library mentioned above (the emulation
685 ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/dynload/dld-3.2.3.tar.Z). To
686 enable this, ftp and compile both libraries, then call
687 configure, passing it the option
688 --with-dl-dld=DL_DIRECTORY,DLD_DIRECTORY where DL_DIRECTORY is
689 the absolute pathname of the dl emulation library and
690 DLD_DIRECTORY is the absolute pathname of the GNU dld library.
691 (Don't bother on SunOS 4 or 5, they already have dynamic
692 linking using shared libraries.) Support for this feature is
695 --with-libm, --with-libc: It is possible to specify alternative
696 versions for the Math library (default -lm) and the C library
697 (default the empty string) using the options
698 --with-libm=STRING and --with-libc=STRING, respectively. For
699 example, if your system requires that you pass -lc_s to the C
700 compiler to use the shared C library, you can pass
701 --with-libc=-lc_s. These libraries are passed after all other
702 libraries, the C library last.
704 --with-next-archs='arch1 arch2': Under NEXTSTEP, this will build
705 all compiled binaries with the architectures listed. This will
706 also correctly set the target architecture-specific resource
707 directory. (This option is not supported on other platforms.)
709 --with-libs='libs': Add 'libs' to the LIBS that the python interpreter
712 --with-cxx=<compiler>: Some C++ compilers require that main() is
713 compiled with the C++ if there is any C++ code in the application.
714 Specifically, g++ on a.out systems may require that to support
715 construction of global objects. With this option, the main() function
716 of Python will be compiled with <compiler>; use that only if you
717 plan to use C++ extension modules, and if your compiler requires
718 compilation of main() as a C++ program.
721 --with-pydebug: Enable additional debugging code to help track down
722 memory management problems. This allows printing a list of all
723 live objects when the interpreter terminates.
726 Building for multiple architectures (using the VPATH feature)
727 -------------------------------------------------------------
729 If your file system is shared between multiple architectures, it
730 usually is not necessary to make copies of the sources for each
731 architecture you want to support. If the make program supports the
732 VPATH feature, you can create an empty build directory for each
733 architecture, and in each directory run the configure script (on the
734 appropriate machine with the appropriate options). This creates the
735 necessary subdirectories and the Makefiles therein. The Makefiles
736 contain a line VPATH=... which points to a directory containing the
737 actual sources. (On SGI systems, use "smake -J1" instead of "make" if
738 you use VPATH -- don't try gnumake.)
740 For example, the following is all you need to build a minimal Python
741 in /usr/tmp/python (assuming ~guido/src/python is the toplevel
742 directory and you want to build in /usr/tmp/python):
744 $ mkdir /usr/tmp/python
746 $ ~guido/src/python/configure
752 Note that configure copies the original Setup file to the build
753 directory if it finds no Setup file there. This means that you can
754 edit the Setup file for each architecture independently. For this
755 reason, subsequent changes to the original Setup file are not tracked
756 automatically, as they might overwrite local changes. To force a copy
757 of a changed original Setup file, delete the target Setup file. (The
758 makesetup script supports multiple input files, so if you want to be
759 fancy you can change the rules to create an empty Setup.local if it
760 doesn't exist and run it with arguments $(srcdir)/Setup Setup.local;
761 however this assumes that you only need to add modules.)
764 Building on non-UNIX systems
765 ----------------------------
767 For Windows (2000/NT/ME/98/95), assuming you have MS VC++ 6.0, the
768 project files are in PCbuild, the workspace is pcbuild.dsw. See
769 PCbuild\readme.txt for detailed instructions.
771 For other non-Unix Windows compilers, in particular Windows 3.1 and
772 for OS/2, enter the directory "PC" and read the file "readme.txt".
774 For the Mac, a separate source distribution will be made available,
775 for use with the CodeWarrior compiler. If you are interested in Mac
776 development, join the PythonMac Special Interest Group
777 (http://www.python.org/sigs/pythonmac-sig/, or send email to
778 pythonmac-sig-request@python.org).
780 Of course, there are also binary distributions available for these
781 platforms -- see http://www.python.org/.
783 To port Python to a new non-UNIX system, you will have to fake the
784 effect of running the configure script manually (for Mac and PC, this
785 has already been done for you). A good start is to copy the file
786 config.h.in to config.h and edit the latter to reflect the actual
787 configuration of your system. Most symbols must simply be defined as
788 1 only if the corresponding feature is present and can be left alone
789 otherwise; however the *_t type symbols must be defined as some variant
790 of int if they need to be defined at all.
800 There's an excellent Emacs editing mode for Python code; see the file
801 Misc/python-mode.el. Originally written by the famous Tim Peters, it
802 is now maintained by the equally famous Barry Warsaw (it's no
803 coincidence that they now both work on the same team). The latest
804 version, along with various other contributed Python-related Emacs
805 goodies, is online at http://www.python.org/emacs/python-mode. And
806 if you are planning to edit the Python C code, please pick up the
807 latest version of CC Mode http://www.python.org/emacs/cc-mode; it
808 contains a "python" style used throughout most of the Python C source
809 files. (Newer versions of Emacs or XEmacs may already come with the
810 latest version of python-mode.)
816 Tk (the user interface component of John Ousterhout's Tcl language) is
817 also usable from Python. Since this requires that you first build and
818 install Tcl/Tk, the Tk interface is not enabled by default when
819 building Python from source. Python supports Tcl/Tk version 8.0 and
822 See http://dev.ajubasolutions.com/ for more info on Tcl/Tk, including
823 the on-line manual pages.
826 To enable the Python/Tk interface, once you've built and installed
827 Tcl/Tk, load the file Modules/Setup into your favorite text editor and
828 search for the string "_tkinter". Then follow the instructions found
829 there. If you have installed Tcl/Tk or X11 in unusual places, you
830 will have to edit the first line to fix or add the -I and -L options.
831 (Also see the general instructions at the top of that file.)
833 For more Tkinter information, see the Tkinter Resource page:
834 http://www.python.org/topics/tkinter/
836 There are demos in the Demo/tkinter directory, in the subdirectories
837 guido, matt and www (the matt and guido subdirectories have been
838 overhauled to use more recent Tkinter coding conventions).
840 Note that there's a Python module called "Tkinter" (capital T) which
841 lives in Lib/lib-tk/Tkinter.py, and a C module called "_tkinter"
842 (lower case t and leading underscore) which lives in
843 Modules/_tkinter.c. Demos and normal Tk applications import only the
844 Python Tkinter module -- the latter uses the C _tkinter module
845 directly. In order to find the C _tkinter module, it must be compiled
846 and linked into the Python interpreter -- the _tkinter line in the
847 Setup file does this. In order to find the Python Tkinter module,
848 sys.path must be set correctly -- the TKPATH assignment in the Setup
849 file takes care of this, but only if you install Python properly
850 ("make install libinstall"). (You can also use dynamic loading for
851 the C _tkinter module, in which case you must manually fix up sys.path
852 or set $PYTHONPATH for the Python Tkinter module.)
855 Distribution structure
856 ----------------------
858 Most subdirectories have their own README files. Most files have
861 .cvsignore Additional filename matching patterns for CVS to ignore
862 BeOS/ Files specific to the BeOS port
863 Demo/ Demonstration scripts, modules and programs
864 Doc/ Documentation sources (LaTeX)
865 Grammar/ Input for the parser generator
866 Include/ Public header files
867 LICENSE Licensing information
868 Lib/ Python library modules
869 Makefile.pre.in Source from which config.status creates the Makefile.pre
870 Misc/ Miscellaneous useful files
871 Modules/ Implementation of most built-in modules
872 Objects/ Implementation of most built-in object types
873 PC/ Files specific to PC ports (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
874 PCbuild/ Build directory for Microsoft Visual C++
875 Parser/ The parser and tokenizer and their input handling
876 Python/ The byte-compiler and interpreter
877 README The file you're reading now
878 Tools/ Some useful programs written in Python
879 acconfig.h Additional input for the GNU autoheader program
880 config.h.in Source from which config.h is created (GNU autoheader output)
881 configure Configuration shell script (GNU autoconf output)
882 configure.in Configuration specification (input for GNU autoconf)
883 install-sh Shell script used to install files
885 The following files will (may) be created in the toplevel directory by
886 the configuration and build processes:
889 Makefile.pre Build rules before running Modules/makesetup
890 buildno Keeps track of the build number
891 config.cache Cache of configuration variables
892 config.h Configuration header
893 config.log Log from last configure run
894 config.status Status from last run of the configure script
895 getbuildinfo.o Object file from Modules/getbuildinfo.c
896 libpython<version>.a The library archive
897 python The executable interpreter
898 tags, TAGS Tags files for vi and Emacs
905 --Guido van Rossum (home page: http://www.python.org/~guido/)