6 Both QBE and LLVM are compiler backends using an SSA
7 representation. This document will explain why LLVM
8 does not make QBE a redundant project. Obviously,
9 everything following is biased, because written by me.
14 QBE is a much smaller scale project with different goals
17 * QBE is for amateur language designers.
19 It does not address all the problems faced when
20 conceiving an industry-grade language. If you are
21 toying with some language ideas, using LLVM will
22 be like hauling your backpack with a truck, but
23 using QBE will feel more like riding a bicycle.
25 * QBE is about the first 70%, not the last 30%.
27 It attempts to pinpoint, in the extremely vast
28 compilation literature, the optimizations that get
29 you 70% of the performance in 10% of the code of
32 For example, copy propagation on SSA form is
33 implemented in 160 lines of code in QBE!
35 * QBE is extremely hackable.
37 First, it is, and will remain, a small project
38 (less than 8 kloc). Second, it is programmed in
39 non-fancy C99 without any dependencies. Third,
40 it is able to dump the IL and debug information in
41 a uniform format after each pass.
43 On my Core 2 Duo machine, QBE compiles in half a
44 second (without optimizations).
49 LLVM is definitely more packed with features, but there
50 are a few things provided in QBE to consider.
52 * LLVM does NOT provide full C compatibility for you.
54 In more technical terms, any language that provides
55 good C compatibility and uses LLVM as a backend
56 needs to reimplement large chunks of the ABI in
57 its frontend! This well known issue in the LLVM
58 community causes a great deal of duplication
61 Implementing a complete C ABI (with struct arguments
62 and returns) is incredibly tricky, and not really
63 a lot of fun. QBE provides you with IL operations
64 to call in (and be called by) C with no pain.
65 Moreover the ABI implementation in QBE has been
66 thoroughly tested by fuzzing and manual tests.
68 * LLVM IL is more cluttered with memory operations.
70 Implementing SSA construction is hard. To save its
71 users from having to implement it, LLVM provides
72 stack slots. This means that one increment of
73 a variable `v` will be composed of three LLVM
74 instructions: one load, one add, and one store.
76 QBE provides simple non-SSA temporaries, so
77 incrementing `v` is simply done with one instruction
80 This could seem cosmetic, but dividing the size of
81 the IL by three makes it easier for the frontend
82 writers to spot bugs in the generated code.
84 * LLVM IL is more cluttered with type annotations and
87 For the sake of advanced optimizations and
88 correctness, LLVM has complex IL types. However,
89 only a few types are really first class and many
90 operations of source languages require casts to be
93 Because QBE makes a much lighter use of types, the
94 IL is more readable and shorter. It can of course be
95 argued back that the correctness of QBE is jeoparadized,
96 but remember that, in practice, the large amount
97 of casts necessary in LLVM IL is undermining the
98 overall effectiveness of the type system.