1 AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV)
2 =========================================
4 Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV) is a feature found on AMD processors.
6 SEV is an extension to the AMD-V architecture which supports running encrypted
7 virtual machines (VMs) under the control of KVM. Encrypted VMs have their pages
8 (code and data) secured such that only the guest itself has access to the
9 unencrypted version. Each encrypted VM is associated with a unique encryption
10 key; if its data is accessed by a different entity using a different key the
11 encrypted guests data will be incorrectly decrypted, leading to unintelligible
14 Key management for this feature is handled by a separate processor known as the
15 AMD secure processor (AMD-SP), which is present in AMD SOCs. Firmware running
16 inside the AMD-SP provides commands to support a common VM lifecycle. This
17 includes commands for launching, snapshotting, migrating and debugging the
18 encrypted guest. These SEV commands can be issued via KVM_MEMORY_ENCRYPT_OP
21 Secure Encrypted Virtualization - Encrypted State (SEV-ES) builds on the SEV
22 support to additionally protect the guest register state. In order to allow a
23 hypervisor to perform functions on behalf of a guest, there is architectural
24 support for notifying a guest's operating system when certain types of VMEXITs
25 are about to occur. This allows the guest to selectively share information with
26 the hypervisor to satisfy the requested function.
31 Boot images (such as bios) must be encrypted before a guest can be booted. The
32 ``MEMORY_ENCRYPT_OP`` ioctl provides commands to encrypt the images: ``LAUNCH_START``,
33 ``LAUNCH_UPDATE_DATA``, ``LAUNCH_MEASURE`` and ``LAUNCH_FINISH``. These four commands
34 together generate a fresh memory encryption key for the VM, encrypt the boot
35 images and provide a measurement than can be used as an attestation of a
38 For a SEV-ES guest, the ``LAUNCH_UPDATE_VMSA`` command is also used to encrypt the
39 guest register state, or VM save area (VMSA), for all of the guest vCPUs.
41 ``LAUNCH_START`` is called first to create a cryptographic launch context within
42 the firmware. To create this context, guest owner must provide a guest policy,
43 its public Diffie-Hellman key (PDH) and session parameters. These inputs
44 should be treated as a binary blob and must be passed as-is to the SEV firmware.
46 The guest policy is passed as plaintext. A hypervisor may choose to read it,
47 but should not modify it (any modification of the policy bits will result
48 in bad measurement). The guest policy is a 4-byte data structure containing
49 several flags that restricts what can be done on a running SEV guest.
50 See SEV API Spec ([SEVAPI]_) section 3 and 6.2 for more details.
52 The guest policy can be provided via the ``policy`` property::
55 sev-guest,id=sev0,policy=0x1...\
57 Setting the "SEV-ES required" policy bit (bit 2) will launch the guest as a
61 sev-guest,id=sev0,policy=0x5...\
63 The guest owner provided DH certificate and session parameters will be used to
64 establish a cryptographic session with the guest owner to negotiate keys used
67 The DH certificate and session blob can be provided via the ``dh-cert-file`` and
68 ``session-file`` properties::
71 sev-guest,id=sev0,dh-cert-file=<file1>,session-file=<file2>
73 ``LAUNCH_UPDATE_DATA`` encrypts the memory region using the cryptographic context
74 created via the ``LAUNCH_START`` command. If required, this command can be called
75 multiple times to encrypt different memory regions. The command also calculates
76 the measurement of the memory contents as it encrypts.
78 ``LAUNCH_UPDATE_VMSA`` encrypts all the vCPU VMSAs for a SEV-ES guest using the
79 cryptographic context created via the ``LAUNCH_START`` command. The command also
80 calculates the measurement of the VMSAs as it encrypts them.
82 ``LAUNCH_MEASURE`` can be used to retrieve the measurement of encrypted memory and,
83 for a SEV-ES guest, encrypted VMSAs. This measurement is a signature of the
84 memory contents and, for a SEV-ES guest, the VMSA contents, that can be sent
85 to the guest owner as an attestation that the memory and VMSAs were encrypted
86 correctly by the firmware. The guest owner may wait to provide the guest
87 confidential information until it can verify the attestation measurement.
88 Since the guest owner knows the initial contents of the guest at boot, the
89 attestation measurement can be verified by comparing it to what the guest owner
92 ``LAUNCH_FINISH`` finalizes the guest launch and destroys the cryptographic
95 See SEV API Spec ([SEVAPI]_) 'Launching a guest' usage flow (Appendix A) for the
98 To launch a SEV guest::
101 -machine ...,confidential-guest-support=sev0 \
102 -object sev-guest,id=sev0,cbitpos=47,reduced-phys-bits=1
104 To launch a SEV-ES guest::
107 -machine ...,confidential-guest-support=sev0 \
108 -object sev-guest,id=sev0,cbitpos=47,reduced-phys-bits=1,policy=0x5
110 An SEV-ES guest has some restrictions as compared to a SEV guest. Because the
111 guest register state is encrypted and cannot be updated by the VMM/hypervisor,
114 - Does not support SMM - SMM support requires updating the guest register
116 - Does not support reboot - a system reset requires updating the guest register
118 - Requires in-kernel irqchip - the burden is placed on the hypervisor to
121 Calculating expected guest launch measurement
122 ---------------------------------------------
124 In order to verify the guest launch measurement, The Guest Owner must compute
125 it in the exact same way as it is calculated by the AMD-SP. SEV API Spec
126 ([SEVAPI]_) section 6.5.1 describes the AMD-SP operations:
128 GCTX.LD is finalized, producing the hash digest of all plaintext data
129 imported into the guest.
131 The launch measurement is calculated as:
133 HMAC(0x04 || API_MAJOR || API_MINOR || BUILD || GCTX.POLICY || GCTX.LD || MNONCE; GCTX.TIK)
135 where "||" represents concatenation.
137 The values of API_MAJOR, API_MINOR, BUILD, and GCTX.POLICY can be obtained
138 from the ``query-sev`` qmp command.
140 The value of MNONCE is part of the response of ``query-sev-launch-measure``: it
141 is the last 16 bytes of the base64-decoded data field (see SEV API Spec
142 ([SEVAPI]_) section 6.5.2 Table 52: LAUNCH_MEASURE Measurement Buffer).
144 The value of GCTX.LD is
145 ``SHA256(firmware_blob || kernel_hashes_blob || vmsas_blob)``, where:
147 * ``firmware_blob`` is the content of the entire firmware flash file (for
148 example, ``OVMF.fd``). Note that you must build a stateless firmware file
149 which doesn't use an NVRAM store, because the NVRAM area is not measured, and
150 therefore it is not secure to use a firmware which uses state from an NVRAM
152 * if kernel is used, and ``kernel-hashes=on``, then ``kernel_hashes_blob`` is
153 the content of PaddedSevHashTable (including the zero padding), which itself
154 includes the hashes of kernel, initrd, and cmdline that are passed to the
155 guest. The PaddedSevHashTable struct is defined in ``target/i386/sev.c``.
156 * if SEV-ES is enabled (``policy & 0x4 != 0``), ``vmsas_blob`` is the
157 concatenation of all VMSAs of the guest vcpus. Each VMSA is 4096 bytes long;
158 its content is defined inside Linux kernel code as ``struct vmcb_save_area``,
159 or in AMD APM Volume 2 ([APMVOL2]_) Table B-2: VMCB Layout, State Save Area.
161 If kernel hashes are not used, or SEV-ES is disabled, use empty blobs for
162 ``kernel_hashes_blob`` and ``vmsas_blob`` as needed.
167 Since the memory contents of a SEV guest are encrypted, hypervisor access to
168 the guest memory will return cipher text. If the guest policy allows debugging,
169 then a hypervisor can use the DEBUG_DECRYPT and DEBUG_ENCRYPT commands to access
170 the guest memory region for debug purposes. This is not supported in QEMU yet.
185 `AMD Memory Encryption whitepaper
186 <https://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2013/12/AMD_Memory_Encryption_Whitepaper_v7-Public.pdf>`_
188 .. [SEVAPI] `Secure Encrypted Virtualization API
189 <https://www.amd.com/system/files/TechDocs/55766_SEV-KM_API_Specification.pdf>`_
191 .. [APMVOL2] `AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 2: System Programming
192 <https://www.amd.com/system/files/TechDocs/24593.pdf>`_
196 * `AMD’s Virtualization Memory Encryption (2016)
197 <http://www.linux-kvm.org/images/7/74/02x08A-Thomas_Lendacky-AMDs_Virtualizatoin_Memory_Encryption_Technology.pdf>`_
198 * `Extending Secure Encrypted Virtualization With SEV-ES (2018)
199 <https://www.linux-kvm.org/images/9/94/Extending-Secure-Encrypted-Virtualization-with-SEV-ES-Thomas-Lendacky-AMD.pdf>`_
201 `AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual:
202 <http://support.amd.com/TechDocs/24593.pdf>`_
204 * SME is section 7.10
205 * SEV is section 15.34
206 * SEV-ES is section 15.35