5 This document describes the tracing infrastructure in QEMU and how to use it
6 for debugging, profiling, and observing execution.
10 1. Build with the 'simple' trace backend:
12 ./configure --trace-backend=simple
15 2. Enable trace events you are interested in:
17 $EDITOR trace-events # remove "disable" from events you want
19 3. Run the virtual machine to produce a trace file:
21 qemu ... # your normal QEMU invocation
23 4. Pretty-print the binary trace file:
25 ./simpletrace.py trace-events trace-*
29 There is a set of static trace events declared in the trace-events source
30 file. Each trace event declaration names the event, its arguments, and the
31 format string which can be used for pretty-printing:
33 qemu_malloc(size_t size, void *ptr) "size %zu ptr %p"
34 qemu_free(void *ptr) "ptr %p"
36 The trace-events file is processed by the tracetool script during build to
37 generate code for the trace events. Trace events are invoked directly from
38 source code like this:
40 #include "trace.h" /* needed for trace event prototype */
42 void *qemu_malloc(size_t size)
45 if (!size && !allow_zero_malloc()) {
48 ptr = oom_check(malloc(size ? size : 1));
49 trace_qemu_malloc(size, ptr); /* <-- trace event */
53 === Declaring trace events ===
55 The tracetool script produces the trace.h header file which is included by
56 every source file that uses trace events. Since many source files include
57 trace.h, it uses a minimum of types and other header files included to keep
58 the namespace clean and compile times and dependencies down.
60 Trace events should use types as follows:
62 * Use stdint.h types for fixed-size types. Most offsets and guest memory
63 addresses are best represented with uint32_t or uint64_t. Use fixed-size
64 types over primitive types whose size may change depending on the host
65 (32-bit versus 64-bit) so trace events don't truncate values or break
68 * Use void * for pointers to structs or for arrays. The trace.h header
69 cannot include all user-defined struct declarations and it is therefore
70 necessary to use void * for pointers to structs.
72 * For everything else, use primitive scalar types (char, int, long) with the
73 appropriate signedness.
75 === Hints for adding new trace events ===
77 1. Trace state changes in the code. Interesting points in the code usually
78 involve a state change like starting, stopping, allocating, freeing. State
79 changes are good trace events because they can be used to understand the
80 execution of the system.
82 2. Trace guest operations. Guest I/O accesses like reading device registers
83 are good trace events because they can be used to understand guest
86 3. Use correlator fields so the context of an individual line of trace output
87 can be understood. For example, trace the pointer returned by malloc and
88 used as an argument to free. This way mallocs and frees can be matched up.
89 Trace events with no context are not very useful.
91 4. Name trace events after their function. If there are multiple trace events
92 in one function, append a unique distinguisher at the end of the name.
94 5. Declare trace events with the "disable" keyword. Some trace events can
95 produce a lot of output and users are typically only interested in a subset
96 of trace events. Marking trace events disabled by default saves the user
97 from having to manually disable noisy trace events.
101 The tracetool script automates tedious trace event code generation and also
102 keeps the trace event declarations independent of the trace backend. The trace
103 events are not tightly coupled to a specific trace backend, such as LTTng or
104 SystemTap. Support for trace backends can be added by extending the tracetool
107 The trace backend is chosen at configure time and only one trace backend can
108 be built into the binary:
110 ./configure --trace-backend=simple
112 For a list of supported trace backends, try ./configure --help or see below.
114 The following subsections describe the supported trace backends.
118 The "nop" backend generates empty trace event functions so that the compiler
119 can optimize out trace events completely. This is the default and imposes no
124 The "simple" backend supports common use cases and comes as part of the QEMU
125 source tree. It may not be as powerful as platform-specific or third-party
126 trace backends but it is portable. This is the recommended trace backend
127 unless you have specific needs for more advanced backends.
129 ==== Monitor commands ====
132 Display the contents of trace buffer. This command dumps the trace buffer
133 with simple formatting. For full pretty-printing, use the simpletrace.py
134 script on a binary trace file.
136 The trace buffer is written into until full. The full trace buffer is
137 flushed and emptied. This means the 'info trace' will display few or no
138 entries if the buffer has just been flushed.
141 View available trace events and their state. State 1 means enabled, state 0
144 * trace-event NAME on|off
145 Enable/disable a given trace event.
147 * trace-file on|off|flush|set <path>
148 Enable/disable/flush the trace file or set the trace file name.
150 ==== Enabling/disabling trace events programmatically ====
152 The st_change_trace_event_state() function can be used to enable or disable trace
153 events at runtime inside QEMU:
157 st_change_trace_event_state("virtio_irq", true); /* enable */
159 st_change_trace_event_state("virtio_irq", false); /* disable */
161 ==== Analyzing trace files ====
163 The "simple" backend produces binary trace files that can be formatted with the
164 simpletrace.py script. The script takes the trace-events file and the binary
167 ./simpletrace.py trace-events trace-12345
169 You must ensure that the same trace-events file was used to build QEMU,
170 otherwise trace event declarations may have changed and output will not be
173 === LTTng Userspace Tracer ===
175 The "ust" backend uses the LTTng Userspace Tracer library. There are no
176 monitor commands built into QEMU, instead UST utilities should be used to list,
177 enable/disable, and dump traces.