tests/rtc-test.c

   1 /*
   2  * QTest testcase for the MC146818 real-time clock
   3  *
   4  * Copyright IBM, Corp. 2012
   5  *
   6  * Authors:
   7  *  Anthony Liguori   <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
   8  *
   9  * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
  10  * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
  11  *
  12  */
  13 #include "libqtest.h"
  14 #include "hw/mc146818rtc_regs.h"
  15
  16 #include <glib.h>
  17 #include <stdio.h>
  18 #include <string.h>
  19 #include <stdlib.h>
  20 #include <unistd.h>
  21
  22 static uint8_t base = 0x70;
  23
  24 static int bcd2dec(int value)
  25 {
  26     return (((value >> 4) & 0x0F) * 10) + (value & 0x0F);
  27 }
  28
  29 static uint8_t cmos_read(uint8_t reg)
  30 {
  31     outb(base + 0, reg);
  32     return inb(base + 1);
  33 }
  34
  35 static void cmos_write(uint8_t reg, uint8_t val)
  36 {
  37     outb(base + 0, reg);
  38     outb(base + 1, val);
  39 }
  40
  41 static int tm_cmp(struct tm *lhs, struct tm *rhs)
  42 {
  43     time_t a, b;
  44     struct tm d1, d2;
  45
  46     memcpy(&d1, lhs, sizeof(d1));
  47     memcpy(&d2, rhs, sizeof(d2));
  48
  49     a = mktime(&d1);
  50     b = mktime(&d2);
  51
  52     if (a < b) {
  53         return -1;
  54     } else if (a > b) {
  55         return 1;
  56     }
  57
  58     return 0;
  59 }
  60
  61 #if 0
  62 static void print_tm(struct tm *tm)
  63 {
  64     printf("%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d\n",
  65            tm->tm_year + 1900, tm->tm_mon + 1, tm->tm_mday,
  66            tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec, tm->tm_gmtoff);
  67 }
  68 #endif
  69
  70 static void cmos_get_date_time(struct tm *date)
  71 {
  72     int base_year = 2000, hour_offset;
  73     int sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year;
  74     time_t ts;
  75     struct tm dummy;
  76
  77     sec = cmos_read(RTC_SECONDS);
  78     min = cmos_read(RTC_MINUTES);
  79     hour = cmos_read(RTC_HOURS);
  80     mday = cmos_read(RTC_DAY_OF_MONTH);
  81     mon = cmos_read(RTC_MONTH);
  82     year = cmos_read(RTC_YEAR);
  83
  84     if ((cmos_read(RTC_REG_B) & REG_B_DM) == 0) {
  85         sec = bcd2dec(sec);
  86         min = bcd2dec(min);
  87         hour = bcd2dec(hour);
  88         mday = bcd2dec(mday);
  89         mon = bcd2dec(mon);
  90         year = bcd2dec(year);
  91         hour_offset = 80;
  92     } else {
  93         hour_offset = 0x80;
  94     }
  95
  96     if ((cmos_read(0x0B) & REG_B_24H) == 0) {
  97         if (hour >= hour_offset) {
  98             hour -= hour_offset;
  99             hour += 12;
 100         }
 101     }
 102
 103     ts = time(NULL);
 104     localtime_r(&ts, &dummy);
 105
 106     date->tm_isdst = dummy.tm_isdst;
 107     date->tm_sec = sec;
 108     date->tm_min = min;
 109     date->tm_hour = hour;
 110     date->tm_mday = mday;
 111     date->tm_mon = mon - 1;
 112     date->tm_year = base_year + year - 1900;
 113 #ifndef __sun__
 114     date->tm_gmtoff = 0;
 115 #endif
 116
 117     ts = mktime(date);
 118 }
 119
 120 static void check_time(int wiggle)
 121 {
 122     struct tm start, date[4], end;
 123     struct tm *datep;
 124     time_t ts;
 125
 126     /*
 127      * This check assumes a few things.  First, we cannot guarantee that we get
 128      * a consistent reading from the wall clock because we may hit an edge of
 129      * the clock while reading.  To work around this, we read four clock readings
 130      * such that at least two of them should match.  We need to assume that one
 131      * reading is corrupt so we need four readings to ensure that we have at
 132      * least two consecutive identical readings
 133      *
 134      * It's also possible that we'll cross an edge reading the host clock so
 135      * simply check to make sure that the clock reading is within the period of
 136      * when we expect it to be.
 137      */
 138
 139     ts = time(NULL);
 140     gmtime_r(&ts, &start);
 141
 142     cmos_get_date_time(&date[0]);
 143     cmos_get_date_time(&date[1]);
 144     cmos_get_date_time(&date[2]);
 145     cmos_get_date_time(&date[3]);
 146
 147     ts = time(NULL);
 148     gmtime_r(&ts, &end);
 149
 150     if (tm_cmp(&date[0], &date[1]) == 0) {
 151         datep = &date[0];
 152     } else if (tm_cmp(&date[1], &date[2]) == 0) {
 153         datep = &date[1];
 154     } else if (tm_cmp(&date[2], &date[3]) == 0) {
 155         datep = &date[2];
 156     } else {
 157         g_assert_not_reached();
 158     }
 159
 160     if (!(tm_cmp(&start, datep) <= 0 && tm_cmp(datep, &end) <= 0)) {
 161         long t, s;
 162
 163         start.tm_isdst = datep->tm_isdst;
 164
 165         t = (long)mktime(datep);
 166         s = (long)mktime(&start);
 167         if (t < s) {
 168             g_test_message("RTC is %ld second(s) behind wall-clock\n", (s - t));
 169         } else {
 170             g_test_message("RTC is %ld second(s) ahead of wall-clock\n", (t - s));
 171         }
 172
 173         g_assert_cmpint(ABS(t - s), <=, wiggle);
 174     }
 175 }
 176
 177 static int wiggle = 2;
 178
 179 static void set_year_20xx(void)
 180 {
 181     /* Set BCD mode */
 182     cmos_write(RTC_REG_B, REG_B_24H);
 183     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x76);
 184     cmos_write(RTC_YEAR, 0x11);
 185     cmos_write(RTC_CENTURY, 0x20);
 186     cmos_write(RTC_MONTH, 0x02);
 187     cmos_write(RTC_DAY_OF_MONTH, 0x02);
 188     cmos_write(RTC_HOURS, 0x02);
 189     cmos_write(RTC_MINUTES, 0x04);
 190     cmos_write(RTC_SECONDS, 0x58);
 191     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x26);
 192
 193     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_HOURS), ==, 0x02);
 194     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MINUTES), ==, 0x04);
 195     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_SECONDS), >=, 0x58);
 196     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_DAY_OF_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 197     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 198     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_YEAR), ==, 0x11);
 199     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_CENTURY), ==, 0x20);
 200
 201     if (sizeof(time_t) == 4) {
 202         return;
 203     }
 204
 205     /* Set a date in 2080 to ensure there is no year-2038 overflow.  */
 206     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x76);
 207     cmos_write(RTC_YEAR, 0x80);
 208     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x26);
 209
 210     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_HOURS), ==, 0x02);
 211     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MINUTES), ==, 0x04);
 212     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_SECONDS), >=, 0x58);
 213     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_DAY_OF_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 214     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 215     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_YEAR), ==, 0x80);
 216     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_CENTURY), ==, 0x20);
 217
 218     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x76);
 219     cmos_write(RTC_YEAR, 0x11);
 220     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x26);
 221
 222     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_HOURS), ==, 0x02);
 223     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MINUTES), ==, 0x04);
 224     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_SECONDS), >=, 0x58);
 225     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_DAY_OF_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 226     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 227     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_YEAR), ==, 0x11);
 228     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_CENTURY), ==, 0x20);
 229 }
 230
 231 static void set_year_1980(void)
 232 {
 233     /* Set BCD mode */
 234     cmos_write(RTC_REG_B, REG_B_24H);
 235     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x76);
 236     cmos_write(RTC_YEAR, 0x80);
 237     cmos_write(RTC_CENTURY, 0x19);
 238     cmos_write(RTC_MONTH, 0x02);
 239     cmos_write(RTC_DAY_OF_MONTH, 0x02);
 240     cmos_write(RTC_HOURS, 0x02);
 241     cmos_write(RTC_MINUTES, 0x04);
 242     cmos_write(RTC_SECONDS, 0x58);
 243     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x26);
 244
 245     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_HOURS), ==, 0x02);
 246     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MINUTES), ==, 0x04);
 247     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_SECONDS), >=, 0x58);
 248     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_DAY_OF_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 249     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 250     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_YEAR), ==, 0x80);
 251     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_CENTURY), ==, 0x19);
 252 }
 253
 254 static void bcd_check_time(void)
 255 {
 256     /* Set BCD mode */
 257     cmos_write(RTC_REG_B, REG_B_24H);
 258     check_time(wiggle);
 259 }
 260
 261 static void dec_check_time(void)
 262 {
 263     /* Set DEC mode */
 264     cmos_write(RTC_REG_B, REG_B_24H | REG_B_DM);
 265     check_time(wiggle);
 266 }
 267
 268 static void alarm_time(void)
 269 {
 270     struct tm now;
 271     time_t ts;
 272     int i;
 273
 274     ts = time(NULL);
 275     gmtime_r(&ts, &now);
 276
 277     /* set DEC mode */
 278     cmos_write(RTC_REG_B, REG_B_24H | REG_B_DM);
 279
 280     g_assert(!get_irq(RTC_ISA_IRQ));
 281     cmos_read(RTC_REG_C);
 282
 283     now.tm_sec = (now.tm_sec + 2) % 60;
 284     cmos_write(RTC_SECONDS_ALARM, now.tm_sec);
 285     cmos_write(RTC_MINUTES_ALARM, RTC_ALARM_DONT_CARE);
 286     cmos_write(RTC_HOURS_ALARM, RTC_ALARM_DONT_CARE);
 287     cmos_write(RTC_REG_B, cmos_read(RTC_REG_B) | REG_B_AIE);
 288
 289     for (i = 0; i < 2 + wiggle; i++) {
 290         if (get_irq(RTC_ISA_IRQ)) {
 291             break;
 292         }
 293
 294         clock_step(1000000000);
 295     }
 296
 297     g_assert(get_irq(RTC_ISA_IRQ));
 298     g_assert((cmos_read(RTC_REG_C) & REG_C_AF) != 0);
 299     g_assert(cmos_read(RTC_REG_C) == 0);
 300 }
 301
 302 static void set_time(int mode, int h, int m, int s)
 303 {
 304     /* set BCD 12 hour mode */
 305     cmos_write(RTC_REG_B, mode);
 306
 307     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x76);
 308     cmos_write(RTC_HOURS, h);
 309     cmos_write(RTC_MINUTES, m);
 310     cmos_write(RTC_SECONDS, s);
 311     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x26);
 312 }
 313
 314 #define assert_time(h, m, s) \
 315     do { \
 316         g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_HOURS), ==, h); \
 317         g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MINUTES), ==, m); \
 318         g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_SECONDS), ==, s); \
 319     } while(0)
 320
 321 static void basic_12h_bcd(void)
 322 {
 323     /* set BCD 12 hour mode */
 324     set_time(0, 0x81, 0x59, 0x00);
 325     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 326     assert_time(0x81, 0x59, 0x01);
 327     clock_step(59000000000LL);
 328     assert_time(0x82, 0x00, 0x00);
 329
 330     /* test BCD wraparound */
 331     set_time(0, 0x09, 0x59, 0x59);
 332     clock_step(60000000000LL);
 333     assert_time(0x10, 0x00, 0x59);
 334
 335     /* 12 AM -> 1 AM */
 336     set_time(0, 0x12, 0x59, 0x59);
 337     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 338     assert_time(0x01, 0x00, 0x00);
 339
 340     /* 12 PM -> 1 PM */
 341     set_time(0, 0x92, 0x59, 0x59);
 342     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 343     assert_time(0x81, 0x00, 0x00);
 344
 345     /* 11 AM -> 12 PM */
 346     set_time(0, 0x11, 0x59, 0x59);
 347     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 348     assert_time(0x92, 0x00, 0x00);
 349     /* TODO: test day wraparound */
 350
 351     /* 11 PM -> 12 AM */
 352     set_time(0, 0x91, 0x59, 0x59);
 353     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 354     assert_time(0x12, 0x00, 0x00);
 355     /* TODO: test day wraparound */
 356 }
 357
 358 static void basic_12h_dec(void)
 359 {
 360     /* set decimal 12 hour mode */
 361     set_time(REG_B_DM, 0x81, 59, 0);
 362     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 363     assert_time(0x81, 59, 1);
 364     clock_step(59000000000LL);
 365     assert_time(0x82, 0, 0);
 366
 367     /* 12 PM -> 1 PM */
 368     set_time(REG_B_DM, 0x8c, 59, 59);
 369     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 370     assert_time(0x81, 0, 0);
 371
 372     /* 12 AM -> 1 AM */
 373     set_time(REG_B_DM, 0x0c, 59, 59);
 374     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 375     assert_time(0x01, 0, 0);
 376
 377     /* 11 AM -> 12 PM */
 378     set_time(REG_B_DM, 0x0b, 59, 59);
 379     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 380     assert_time(0x8c, 0, 0);
 381
 382     /* 11 PM -> 12 AM */
 383     set_time(REG_B_DM, 0x8b, 59, 59);
 384     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 385     assert_time(0x0c, 0, 0);
 386     /* TODO: test day wraparound */
 387 }
 388
 389 static void basic_24h_bcd(void)
 390 {
 391     /* set BCD 24 hour mode */
 392     set_time(REG_B_24H, 0x09, 0x59, 0x00);
 393     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 394     assert_time(0x09, 0x59, 0x01);
 395     clock_step(59000000000LL);
 396     assert_time(0x10, 0x00, 0x00);
 397
 398     /* test BCD wraparound */
 399     set_time(REG_B_24H, 0x09, 0x59, 0x00);
 400     clock_step(60000000000LL);
 401     assert_time(0x10, 0x00, 0x00);
 402
 403     /* TODO: test day wraparound */
 404     set_time(REG_B_24H, 0x23, 0x59, 0x00);
 405     clock_step(60000000000LL);
 406     assert_time(0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
 407 }
 408
 409 static void basic_24h_dec(void)
 410 {
 411     /* set decimal 24 hour mode */
 412     set_time(REG_B_24H | REG_B_DM, 9, 59, 0);
 413     clock_step(1000000000LL);
 414     assert_time(9, 59, 1);
 415     clock_step(59000000000LL);
 416     assert_time(10, 0, 0);
 417
 418     /* test BCD wraparound */
 419     set_time(REG_B_24H | REG_B_DM, 9, 59, 0);
 420     clock_step(60000000000LL);
 421     assert_time(10, 0, 0);
 422
 423     /* TODO: test day wraparound */
 424     set_time(REG_B_24H | REG_B_DM, 23, 59, 0);
 425     clock_step(60000000000LL);
 426     assert_time(0, 0, 0);
 427 }
 428
 429 static void am_pm_alarm(void)
 430 {
 431     cmos_write(RTC_MINUTES_ALARM, 0xC0);
 432     cmos_write(RTC_SECONDS_ALARM, 0xC0);
 433
 434     /* set BCD 12 hour mode */
 435     cmos_write(RTC_REG_B, 0);
 436
 437     /* Set time and alarm hour.  */
 438     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x76);
 439     cmos_write(RTC_HOURS_ALARM, 0x82);
 440     cmos_write(RTC_HOURS, 0x81);
 441     cmos_write(RTC_MINUTES, 0x59);
 442     cmos_write(RTC_SECONDS, 0x00);
 443     cmos_read(RTC_REG_C);
 444     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x26);
 445
 446     /* Check that alarm triggers when AM/PM is set.  */
 447     clock_step(60000000000LL);
 448     g_assert(cmos_read(RTC_HOURS) == 0x82);
 449     g_assert((cmos_read(RTC_REG_C) & REG_C_AF) != 0);
 450
 451     /*
 452      * Each of the following two tests takes over 60 seconds due to the time
 453      * needed to report the PIT interrupts.  Unfortunately, our PIT device
 454      * model keeps counting even when GATE=0, so we cannot simply disable
 455      * it in main().
 456      */
 457     if (g_test_quick()) {
 458         return;
 459     }
 460
 461     /* set DEC 12 hour mode */
 462     cmos_write(RTC_REG_B, REG_B_DM);
 463
 464     /* Set time and alarm hour.  */
 465     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x76);
 466     cmos_write(RTC_HOURS_ALARM, 0x82);
 467     cmos_write(RTC_HOURS, 3);
 468     cmos_write(RTC_MINUTES, 0);
 469     cmos_write(RTC_SECONDS, 0);
 470     cmos_read(RTC_REG_C);
 471     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x26);
 472
 473     /* Check that alarm triggers.  */
 474     clock_step(3600 * 11 * 1000000000LL);
 475     g_assert(cmos_read(RTC_HOURS) == 0x82);
 476     g_assert((cmos_read(RTC_REG_C) & REG_C_AF) != 0);
 477
 478     /* Same as above, with inverted HOURS and HOURS_ALARM.  */
 479     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x76);
 480     cmos_write(RTC_HOURS_ALARM, 2);
 481     cmos_write(RTC_HOURS, 3);
 482     cmos_write(RTC_MINUTES, 0);
 483     cmos_write(RTC_SECONDS, 0);
 484     cmos_read(RTC_REG_C);
 485     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x26);
 486
 487     /* Check that alarm does not trigger if hours differ only by AM/PM.  */
 488     clock_step(3600 * 11 * 1000000000LL);
 489     g_assert(cmos_read(RTC_HOURS) == 0x82);
 490     g_assert((cmos_read(RTC_REG_C) & REG_C_AF) == 0);
 491 }
 492
 493 /* success if no crash or abort */
 494 static void fuzz_registers(void)
 495 {
 496     unsigned int i;
 497
 498     for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
 499         uint8_t reg, val;
 500
 501         reg = (uint8_t)g_test_rand_int_range(0, 16);
 502         val = (uint8_t)g_test_rand_int_range(0, 256);
 503
 504         cmos_write(reg, val);
 505         cmos_read(reg);
 506     }
 507 }
 508
 509 static void register_b_set_flag(void)
 510 {
 511     /* Enable binary-coded decimal (BCD) mode and SET flag in Register B*/
 512     cmos_write(RTC_REG_B, REG_B_24H | REG_B_SET);
 513
 514     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x76);
 515     cmos_write(RTC_YEAR, 0x11);
 516     cmos_write(RTC_CENTURY, 0x20);
 517     cmos_write(RTC_MONTH, 0x02);
 518     cmos_write(RTC_DAY_OF_MONTH, 0x02);
 519     cmos_write(RTC_HOURS, 0x02);
 520     cmos_write(RTC_MINUTES, 0x04);
 521     cmos_write(RTC_SECONDS, 0x58);
 522     cmos_write(RTC_REG_A, 0x26);
 523
 524     /* Since SET flag is still enabled, these are equality checks. */
 525     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_HOURS), ==, 0x02);
 526     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MINUTES), ==, 0x04);
 527     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_SECONDS), ==, 0x58);
 528     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_DAY_OF_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 529     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 530     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_YEAR), ==, 0x11);
 531     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_CENTURY), ==, 0x20);
 532
 533     /* Disable SET flag in Register B */
 534     cmos_write(RTC_REG_B, cmos_read(RTC_REG_B) & ~REG_B_SET);
 535
 536     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_HOURS), ==, 0x02);
 537     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MINUTES), ==, 0x04);
 538
 539     /* Since SET flag is disabled, this is an inequality check.
 540      * We (reasonably) assume that no (sexagesimal) overflow occurs. */
 541     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_SECONDS), >=, 0x58);
 542     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_DAY_OF_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 543     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_MONTH), ==, 0x02);
 544     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_YEAR), ==, 0x11);
 545     g_assert_cmpint(cmos_read(RTC_CENTURY), ==, 0x20);
 546 }
 547
 548 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 549 {
 550     QTestState *s = NULL;
 551     int ret;
 552
 553     g_test_init(&argc, &argv, NULL);
 554
 555     s = qtest_start("-display none -rtc clock=vm");
 556     qtest_irq_intercept_in(s, "ioapic");
 557
 558     qtest_add_func("/rtc/check-time/bcd", bcd_check_time);
 559     qtest_add_func("/rtc/check-time/dec", dec_check_time);
 560     qtest_add_func("/rtc/alarm/interrupt", alarm_time);
 561     qtest_add_func("/rtc/alarm/am-pm", am_pm_alarm);
 562     qtest_add_func("/rtc/basic/dec-24h", basic_24h_dec);
 563     qtest_add_func("/rtc/basic/bcd-24h", basic_24h_bcd);
 564     qtest_add_func("/rtc/basic/dec-12h", basic_12h_dec);
 565     qtest_add_func("/rtc/basic/bcd-12h", basic_12h_bcd);
 566     qtest_add_func("/rtc/set-year/20xx", set_year_20xx);
 567     qtest_add_func("/rtc/set-year/1980", set_year_1980);
 568     qtest_add_func("/rtc/misc/register_b_set_flag", register_b_set_flag);
 569     qtest_add_func("/rtc/misc/fuzz-registers", fuzz_registers);
 570     ret = g_test_run();
 571
 572     if (s) {
 573         qtest_quit(s);
 574     }
 575
 576     return ret;
 577 }