4 Mapped-ram is a new stream format for the RAM section designed to
5 supplement the existing ``file:`` migration and make it compatible
6 with ``multifd``. This enables parallel migration of a guest's RAM to
9 The core of the feature is to ensure that RAM pages are mapped
10 directly to offsets in the resulting migration file. This enables the
11 ``multifd`` threads to write exclusively to those offsets even if the
12 guest is constantly dirtying pages (i.e. live migration). Another
13 benefit is that the resulting file will have a bounded size, since
14 pages which are dirtied multiple times will always go to a fixed
15 location in the file, rather than constantly being added to a
16 sequential stream. Having the pages at fixed offsets also allows the
17 usage of O_DIRECT for save/restore of the migration stream as the
18 pages are ensured to be written respecting O_DIRECT alignment
24 On both source and destination, enable the ``multifd`` and
25 ``mapped-ram`` capabilities:
27 ``migrate_set_capability multifd on``
29 ``migrate_set_capability mapped-ram on``
31 Use a ``file:`` URL for migration:
33 ``migrate file:/path/to/migration/file``
35 Mapped-ram migration is best done non-live, i.e. by stopping the VM on
36 the source side before migrating.
38 For best performance enable the ``direct-io`` parameter as well:
40 ``migrate_set_parameter direct-io on``
45 The mapped-ram feature was designed for use cases where the migration
46 stream will be directed to a file in the filesystem and not
47 immediately restored on the destination VM\ [#alternatives]_. These could be
48 thought of as snapshots. We can further categorize them into live and
53 If the use case requires a VM to be stopped before taking a snapshot,
54 that's the ideal scenario for mapped-ram migration. Not having to
55 track dirty pages, the migration will write the RAM pages to the disk
58 Note: if a snapshot is taken of a running VM, but the VM will be
59 stopped after the snapshot by the admin, then consider stopping it
60 right before the snapshot to take benefit of the performance gains
65 If the use case requires that the VM keeps running during and after
66 the snapshot operation, then mapped-ram migration can still be used,
67 but will be less performant. Other strategies such as
68 background-snapshot should be evaluated as well. One benefit of
69 mapped-ram in this scenario is portability since background-snapshot
70 depends on async dirty tracking (KVM_GET_DIRTY_LOG) which is not
71 supported outside of Linux.
73 .. [#alternatives] While this same effect could be obtained with the usage of
74 snapshots or the ``file:`` migration alone, mapped-ram provides
75 a performance increase for VMs with larger RAM sizes (10s to
76 100s of GiBs), specially if the VM has been stopped beforehand.
81 Instead of having a sequential stream of pages that follow the
82 RAMBlock headers, the dirty pages for a RAMBlock follow its header
83 instead. This ensures that each RAM page has a fixed offset in the
84 resulting migration file.
86 A bitmap is introduced to track which pages have been written in the
87 migration file. Pages are written at a fixed location for every
88 ramblock. Zero pages are ignored as they'd be zero in the destination
93 Without mapped-ram: With mapped-ram:
95 --------------------- --------------------------------
96 | ramblock 1 header | | ramblock 1 header |
97 --------------------- --------------------------------
98 | ramblock 2 header | | ramblock 1 mapped-ram header |
99 --------------------- --------------------------------
100 | ... | | padding to next 1MB boundary |
101 --------------------- | ... |
102 | ramblock n header | --------------------------------
103 --------------------- | ramblock 1 pages |
104 | RAM_SAVE_FLAG_EOS | | ... |
105 --------------------- --------------------------------
106 | stream of pages | | ramblock 2 header |
107 | (iter 1) | --------------------------------
108 | ... | | ramblock 2 mapped-ram header |
109 --------------------- --------------------------------
110 | RAM_SAVE_FLAG_EOS | | padding to next 1MB boundary |
111 --------------------- | ... |
112 | stream of pages | --------------------------------
113 | (iter 2) | | ramblock 2 pages |
115 --------------------- --------------------------------
117 --------------------- --------------------------------
118 | RAM_SAVE_FLAG_EOS |
119 --------------------------------
121 --------------------------------
124 - ramblock header: the generic information for a ramblock, such as
125 idstr, used_len, etc.
127 - ramblock mapped-ram header: the information added by this feature:
128 bitmap of pages written, bitmap size and offset of pages in the
134 Since pages are written to their relative offsets and out of order
135 (due to the memory dirtying patterns), streaming channels such as
136 sockets are not supported. A seekable channel such as a file is
137 required. This can be verified in the QIOChannel by the presence of
138 the QIO_CHANNEL_FEATURE_SEEKABLE.
140 The improvements brought by this feature apply only to guest physical
141 RAM. Other types of memory such as VRAM are migrated as part of device