1 Block I/O error injection using ``blkdebug``
2 ============================================
5 Copyright (C) 2014-2015 Red Hat Inc
7 This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later. See
8 the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
10 The ``blkdebug`` block driver is a rule-based error injection engine. It can be
11 used to exercise error code paths in block drivers including ``ENOSPC`` (out of
14 This document gives an overview of the features available in ``blkdebug``.
18 Block drivers have many error code paths that handle I/O errors. Image formats
19 are especially complex since metadata I/O errors during cluster allocation or
20 while updating tables happen halfway through request processing and require
21 discipline to keep image files consistent.
23 Error injection allows test cases to trigger I/O errors at specific points.
24 This way, all error paths can be tested to make sure they are correct.
28 The ``blkdebug`` block driver takes a list of "rules" that tell the error injection
29 engine when to fail an I/O request.
31 Each I/O request is evaluated against the rules. If a rule matches the request
32 then its "action" is executed.
34 Rules can be placed in a configuration file; the configuration file
35 follows the same .ini-like format used by QEMU's ``-readconfig`` option, and
36 each section of the file represents a rule.
38 The following configuration file defines a single rule::
45 This rule fails all aio read requests with ``ENOSPC`` (28). Note that the errno
46 value depends on the host. On Linux, see
47 ``/usr/include/asm-generic/errno-base.h`` for errno values.
49 Invoke QEMU as follows::
52 -drive if=none,cache=none,file=blkdebug:blkdebug.conf:test.img,id=drive0 \
53 -device virtio-blk-pci,drive=drive0,id=virtio-blk-pci0
55 Rules support the following attributes:
58 which type of operation to match (e.g. ``read_aio``, ``write_aio``,
59 ``flush_to_os``, ``flush_to_disk``). See `Events`_ for
60 information on events.
63 (optional) the engine must be in this state number in order for this
64 rule to match. See `State transitions`_ for information
68 the numeric errno value to return when a request matches this rule.
69 The errno values depend on the host since the numeric values are not
70 standardized in the POSIX specification.
73 (optional) a sector number that the request must overlap in order to
77 (optional, default ``off``) only execute this action on the first
81 (optional, default ``off``) return a NULL ``BlockAIOCB``
82 pointer and fail without an errno instead. This
83 exercises the code path where ``BlockAIOCB`` fails and the
84 caller's ``BlockCompletionFunc`` is not invoked.
88 Block drivers provide information about the type of I/O request they are about
89 to make so rules can match specific types of requests. For example, the ``qcow2``
90 block driver tells ``blkdebug`` when it accesses the L1 table so rules can match
91 only L1 table accesses and not other metadata or guest data requests.
102 write out unwritten block driver state (e.g. cached metadata)
105 flush the host block device's disk cache
107 See ``qapi/block-core.json:BlkdebugEvent`` for the full list of events.
108 You may need to grep block driver source code to understand the
109 meaning of specific events.
113 There are cases where more power is needed to match a particular I/O request in
114 a longer sequence of requests. For example::
120 How do we match the 2nd ``write_aio`` but not the first? This is where state
123 The error injection engine has an integer called the "state" that always starts
124 initialized to 1. The state integer is internal to ``blkdebug`` and cannot be
125 observed from outside but rules can interact with it for powerful matching
128 Rules can be conditional on the current state and they can transition to a new
131 When a rule's "state" attribute is non-zero then the current state must equal
132 the attribute in order for the rule to match.
134 For example, to match the 2nd write_aio::
146 The first ``write_aio`` request matches the ``set-state`` rule and transitions from
147 state 1 to state 2. Once state 2 has been entered, the ``set-state`` rule no
148 longer matches since it requires state 1. But the ``inject-error`` rule now
149 matches the next ``write_aio`` request and injects ``EIO`` (5).
151 State transition rules support the following attributes:
154 which type of operation to match (e.g. ``read_aio``, ``write_aio``,
155 ``flush_to_os`, ``flush_to_disk``). See `Events`_ for
156 information on events.
159 (optional) the engine must be in this state number in order for this
163 transition to this state number
167 Exercising code paths in block drivers may require specific ordering amongst
168 concurrent requests. The "breakpoint" feature allows requests to be halted on
169 a ``blkdebug`` event and resumed later. This makes it possible to achieve
170 deterministic ordering when multiple requests are in flight.
172 Breakpoints on ``blkdebug`` events are associated with a user-defined ``tag`` string.
173 This tag serves as an identifier by which the request can be resumed at a later
176 See the ``qemu-io(1)`` ``break``, ``resume``, ``remove_break``, and ``wait_break``
177 commands for details.