1 Hexagon is Qualcomm's very long instruction word (VLIW) digital signal
2 processor(DSP). We also support Hexagon Vector eXtensions (HVX). HVX
3 is a wide vector coprocessor designed for high performance computer vision,
4 image processing, machine learning, and other workloads.
6 The following versions of the Hexagon core are supported
8 https://developer.qualcomm.com/downloads/qualcomm-hexagon-v73-programmers-reference-manual-rev-aa
10 https://developer.qualcomm.com/downloads/qualcomm-hexagon-v73-hvx-programmers-reference-manual-rev-aa
12 We presented an overview of the project at the 2019 KVM Forum.
13 https://kvmforum2019.sched.com/event/Tmwc/qemu-hexagon-automatic-translation-of-the-isa-manual-pseudcode-to-tiny-code-instructions-of-a-vliw-architecture-niccolo-izzo-revng-taylor-simpson-qualcomm-innovation-center
15 *** Tour of the code ***
17 The qemu-hexagon implementation is a combination of qemu and the Hexagon
18 architecture library (aka archlib). The three primary directories with
19 Hexagon-specific code are
22 This has all the instruction and packet semantics
23 qemu/target/hexagon/imported
24 These files are imported with very little modification from archlib
25 *.idef Instruction semantics definition
26 macros.def Mapping of macros to instruction attributes
27 encode*.def Encoding patterns for each instruction
28 iclass.def Instruction class definitions used to determine
29 legal VLIW slots for each instruction
30 qemu/target/hexagon/idef-parser
31 Parser that, given the high-level definitions of an instruction,
32 produces a C function generating equivalent tiny code instructions.
34 qemu/linux-user/hexagon
35 Helpers for loading the ELF file and making Linux system calls,
38 We start with scripts that generate a bunch of include files. This
39 is a two step process. The first step is to use the C preprocessor to expand
40 macros inside the architecture definition files. This is done in
41 target/hexagon/gen_semantics.c. This step produces
42 <BUILD_DIR>/target/hexagon/semantics_generated.pyinc.
43 That file is consumed by the following python scripts to produce the indicated
44 header files in <BUILD_DIR>/target/hexagon
45 gen_opcodes_def.py -> opcodes_def_generated.h.inc
46 gen_printinsn.py -> printinsn_generated.h.inc
47 gen_op_attribs.py -> op_attribs_generated.h.inc
48 gen_helper_protos.py -> helper_protos_generated.h.inc
49 gen_tcg_funcs.py -> tcg_funcs_generated.c.inc
50 gen_tcg_func_table.py -> tcg_func_table_generated.c.inc
51 gen_helper_funcs.py -> helper_funcs_generated.c.inc
52 gen_idef_parser_funcs.py -> idef_parser_input.h
53 gen_analyze_funcs.py -> analyze_funcs_generated.c.inc
55 Qemu helper functions have 3 parts
56 DEF_HELPER declaration indicates the signature of the helper
57 gen_helper_<NAME> will generate a TCG call to the helper function
58 The helper implementation
60 Here's an example of the A2_add instruction.
61 Instruction tag A2_add
62 Assembly syntax "Rd32=add(Rs32,Rt32)"
63 Instruction semantics "{ RdV=RsV+RtV;}"
65 By convention, the operands are identified by letter
66 RdV is the destination register
67 RsV, RtV are source registers
69 The generator uses the operand naming conventions (see large comment in
70 hex_common.py) to determine the signature of the helper function. Here are the
73 helper_protos_generated.h.inc
74 DEF_HELPER_3(A2_add, s32, env, s32, s32)
76 tcg_funcs_generated.c.inc
77 static void generate_A2_add(
83 TCGv RdV = tcg_temp_new();
84 const int RdN = insn->regno[0];
85 TCGv RsV = hex_gpr[insn->regno[1]];
86 TCGv RtV = hex_gpr[insn->regno[2]];
87 gen_helper_A2_add(RdV, tcg_env, RsV, RtV);
88 gen_log_reg_write(ctx, RdN, RdV);
91 helper_funcs_generated.c.inc
92 int32_t HELPER(A2_add)(CPUHexagonState *env, int32_t RsV, int32_t RtV)
94 uint32_t slot __attribute__((unused)) = 4;
100 Note that generate_A2_add updates the disassembly context to be processed
101 when the packet commits (see "Packet Semantics" below).
103 The generator checks for fGEN_TCG_<tag> macro. This allows us to generate
104 TCG code instead of a call to the helper. If defined, the macro takes 1
106 C semantics (aka short code)
108 This allows the code generator to override the auto-generated code. In some
109 cases this is necessary for correct execution. We can also override for
110 faster emulation. For example, calling a helper for add is more expensive
111 than generating a TCG add operation.
113 The gen_tcg.h file has any overrides. For example, we could write
114 #define fGEN_TCG_A2_add(GENHLPR, SHORTCODE) \
115 tcg_gen_add_tl(RdV, RsV, RtV)
117 The instruction semantics C code relies heavily on macros. In cases where the
118 C semantics are specified only with macros, we can override the default with
119 the short semantics option and #define the macros to generate TCG code. One
120 example is L2_loadw_locked:
121 Instruction tag L2_loadw_locked
122 Assembly syntax "Rd32=memw_locked(Rs32)"
123 Instruction semantics "{ fEA_REG(RsV); fLOAD_LOCKED(1,4,u,EA,RdV) }"
125 In gen_tcg.h, we use the shortcode
126 #define fGEN_TCG_L2_loadw_locked(SHORTCODE) \
129 There are also cases where we brute force the TCG code generation.
130 Instructions with multiple definitions are examples. These require special
131 handling because qemu helpers can only return a single value.
133 For HVX vectors, the generator behaves slightly differently. The wide vectors
134 won't fit in a TCGv or TCGv_i64, so we pass TCGv_ptr variables to pass the
135 address to helper functions. Here's an example for an HVX vector-add-word
137 static void generate_V6_vaddw(DisasContext *ctx)
139 Insn *insn __attribute__((unused)) = ctx->insn;
140 const int VdN = insn->regno[0];
141 const intptr_t VdV_off =
142 ctx_future_vreg_off(ctx, VdN, 1, true);
143 TCGv_ptr VdV = tcg_temp_new_ptr();
144 tcg_gen_addi_ptr(VdV, tcg_env, VdV_off);
145 const int VuN = insn->regno[1];
146 const intptr_t VuV_off =
147 vreg_src_off(ctx, VuN);
148 TCGv_ptr VuV = tcg_temp_new_ptr();
149 const int VvN = insn->regno[2];
150 const intptr_t VvV_off =
151 vreg_src_off(ctx, VvN);
152 TCGv_ptr VvV = tcg_temp_new_ptr();
153 tcg_gen_addi_ptr(VuV, tcg_env, VuV_off);
154 tcg_gen_addi_ptr(VvV, tcg_env, VvV_off);
155 gen_helper_V6_vaddw(tcg_env, VdV, VuV, VvV);
158 Notice that we also generate a variable named <operand>_off for each operand of
159 the instruction. This makes it easy to override the instruction semantics with
160 functions from tcg-op-gvec.h. Here's the override for this instruction.
161 #define fGEN_TCG_V6_vaddw(SHORTCODE) \
162 tcg_gen_gvec_add(MO_32, VdV_off, VuV_off, VvV_off, \
163 sizeof(MMVector), sizeof(MMVector))
165 Finally, we notice that the override doesn't use the TCGv_ptr variables, so
166 we don't generate them when an override is present. Here is what we generate
167 when the override is present.
168 static void generate_V6_vaddw(DisasContext *ctx)
170 Insn *insn __attribute__((unused)) = ctx->insn;
171 const int VdN = insn->regno[0];
172 const intptr_t VdV_off =
173 ctx_future_vreg_off(ctx, VdN, 1, true);
174 const int VuN = insn->regno[1];
175 const intptr_t VuV_off =
176 vreg_src_off(ctx, VuN);
177 const int VvN = insn->regno[2];
178 const intptr_t VvV_off =
179 vreg_src_off(ctx, VvN);
180 fGEN_TCG_V6_vaddw({ fHIDE(int i;) fVFOREACH(32, i) { VdV.w[i] = VuV.w[i] + VvV.w[i] ; } });
183 We also generate an analyze_<tag> function for each instruction. Currently,
184 these functions record the reads and writes to registers by calling ctx_log_*.
185 During gen_start_packet, we invoke the analyze_<tag> function for each instruction in
186 the packet, and we mark the implicit writes. The analysis determines if the packet
187 semantics can be short-circuited. If not, we initialize the result register for each
188 of the predicated assignments.
190 In addition to instruction semantics, we use a generator to create the decode
191 tree. This generation is a four step process.
192 Step 1 is to run target/hexagon/gen_dectree_import.c to produce
193 <BUILD_DIR>/target/hexagon/iset.py
194 Step 2 is to import iset.py into target/hexagon/gen_decodetree.py to produce
195 <BUILD_DIR>/target/hexagon/normal_decode_generated
196 <BUILD_DIR>/target/hexagon/hvx_decode_generated
197 <BUILD_DIR>/target/hexagon/subinsn_*_decode_generated
198 Step 3 is to process the above files with QEMU's decodetree.py to produce
199 <BUILD_DIR>/target/hexagon/decode_*_generated.c.inc
200 Step 4 is to import iset.py into target/hexagon/gen_trans_funcs.py to produce
201 <BUILD_DIR>/target/hexagon/decodetree_trans_funcs_generated.c.inc
207 This file contains the definition of the CPUHexagonState struct. It is the
208 runtime information for each thread and contains stuff like the GPR and
214 The Hexagon arch lib relies heavily on macros for the instruction semantics.
215 This is a great advantage for qemu because we can override them for different
216 purposes. You will also notice there are sometimes two definitions of a macro.
217 The QEMU_GENERATE variable determines whether we want the macro to generate TCG
218 code. If QEMU_GENERATE is not defined, we want the macro to generate vanilla
219 C code that will work in the helper implementation.
223 The functions in this file generate TCG code for a translation block. Some
224 important functions in this file are
226 gen_start_packet - initialize the data structures for packet semantics
227 gen_commit_packet - commit the register writes, stores, etc for a packet
228 decode_and_translate_packet - disassemble a packet and generate code
233 These files create a function for each instruction. It is mostly composed of
234 fGEN_TCG_<tag> definitions followed by including tcg_funcs_generated.c.inc.
238 This file contains the implementations of all the helpers. There are a few
239 general purpose helpers, but most of them are generated by including
240 helper_funcs_generated.c.inc. There are also several helpers used for debugging.
243 *** Packet Semantics ***
245 VLIW packet semantics differ from serial semantics in that all input operands
246 are read, then the operations are performed, then all the results are written.
247 For example, this packet performs a swap of registers r0 and r1
249 Note that the result is different if the instructions are executed serially.
251 Packet semantics dictate that we defer any changes of state until the entire
252 packet is committed. We record the results of each instruction in a side data
253 structure, and update the visible processor state when we commit the packet.
255 The data structures are divided between the runtime state and the translation
258 During the TCG generation (see translate.[ch]), we use the DisasContext to
259 track what needs to be done during packet commit. Here are the relevant
262 reg_log list of registers written
263 reg_log_idx index into ctx_reg_log
264 pred_log list of predicates written
265 pred_log_idx index into ctx_pred_log
266 store_width width of stores (indexed by slot)
268 During runtime, the following fields in CPUHexagonState (see cpu.h) are used
270 new_value new value of a given register
271 reg_written boolean indicating if register was written
272 new_pred_value new value of a predicate register
273 pred_written boolean indicating if predicate was written
274 mem_log_stores record of the stores (indexed by slot)
276 For Hexagon Vector eXtensions (HVX), the following fields are used
277 VRegs Vector registers
278 future_VRegs Registers to be stored during packet commit
279 tmp_VRegs Temporary registers *not* stored during commit
280 QRegs Q (vector predicate) registers
281 future_QRegs Registers to be stored during packet commit
285 You can turn on a lot of debugging by changing the HEX_DEBUG macro to 1 in
286 internal.h. This will stream a lot of information as it generates TCG and
289 To track down nasty issues with Hexagon->TCG generation, we compare the
290 execution results with actual hardware running on a Hexagon Linux target.
291 Run qemu with the "-d cpu" option. Then, we can diff the results and figure
292 out where qemu and hardware behave differently.
294 The stacks are located at different locations. We handle this by changing
295 env->stack_adjust in translate.c. First, set this to zero and run qemu.
296 Then, change env->stack_adjust to the difference between the two stack
297 locations. Then rebuild qemu and run again. That will produce a very
300 Here are some handy places to set breakpoints
302 At the call to gen_start_packet for a given PC (note that the line number
303 might change in the future)
304 br translate.c:602 if ctx->base.pc_next == 0xdeadbeef
305 The helper function for each instruction is named helper_<TAG>, so here's
306 an example that will set a breakpoint at the start
308 If you have the HEX_DEBUG macro set, the following will be useful
309 At the start of execution of a packet for a given PC
310 br helper_debug_start_packet if env->gpr[41] == 0xdeadbeef
311 At the end of execution of a packet for a given PC
312 br helper_debug_commit_end if this_PC == 0xdeadbeef