7 INTERNET-DRAFT Ken Hornstein
8 <draft-ietf-krb-wg-krb-dns-locate-02.txt> NRL
9 February 28, 2001 Jeffrey Altman
10 Expires: August 28, 2001 Columbia University
14 Distributing Kerberos KDC and Realm Information with DNS
19 This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
20 all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
22 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
23 Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
24 other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
27 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
28 and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
29 time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference
30 material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
32 The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
33 http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
35 The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
36 http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
38 Distribution of this memo is unlimited. It is filed as <draft-ietf-
39 krb-wg-krb-dns-locate-02.txt>, and expires on August 28, 2001.
40 Please send comments to the authors.
44 Neither the Kerberos V5 protocol [RFC1510] nor the Kerberos V4 proto-
45 col [RFC????] describe any mechanism for clients to learn critical
46 configuration information necessary for proper operation of the pro-
47 tocol. Such information includes the location of Kerberos key dis-
48 tribution centers or a mapping between DNS domains and Kerberos
51 Current Kerberos implementations generally store such configuration
52 information in a file on each client machine. Experience has shown
53 this method of storing configuration information presents problems
54 with out-of-date information and scaling problems, especially when
58 Hornstein, Altman [Page 1]
60 RFC DRAFT February 28, 2001
63 using cross-realm authentication.
65 This memo describes a method for using the Domain Name System
66 [RFC1035] for storing such configuration information. Specifically,
67 methods for storing KDC location and hostname/domain name to realm
68 mapping information are discussed.
70 DNS vs. Kerberos - Case Sensitivity of Realm Names
72 In Kerberos, realm names are case sensitive. While it is strongly
73 encouraged that all realm names be all upper case this recommendation
74 has not been adopted by all sites. Some sites use all lower case
75 names and other use mixed case. DNS on the other hand is case insen-
76 sitive for queries but is case preserving for responses to TXT
77 queries. Since "MYREALM", "myrealm", and "MyRealm" are all different
78 it is necessary that only one of the possible combinations of upper
79 and lower case characters be used. This restriction may be lifted in
80 the future as the DNS naming scheme is expanded to support non-ASCII
83 Overview - KDC location information
85 KDC location information is to be stored using the DNS SRV RR [RFC
86 2052]. The format of this RR is as follows:
88 Service.Proto.Realm TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
90 The Service name for Kerberos is always "_kerberos".
92 The Proto can be either "_udp" or "_tcp". If these records are to be
93 used, a "_udp" record MUST be included. If the Kerberos implementa-
94 tion supports TCP transport, a "_tcp" record SHOULD be included.
96 The Realm is the Kerberos realm that this record corresponds to.
98 TTL, Class, SRV, Priority, Weight, and Target have the standard mean-
99 ing as defined in RFC 2052.
101 As per RFC 2052 the Port number should be the value assigned to "ker-
102 beros" by the Internet Assigned Number Authority (88).
104 Example - KDC location information
106 These are DNS records for a Kerberos realm ASDF.COM. It has two Ker-
107 beros servers, kdc1.asdf.com and kdc2.asdf.com. Queries should be
108 directed to kdc1.asdf.com first as per the specified priority.
109 Weights are not used in these records.
114 Hornstein, Altman [Page 2]
116 RFC DRAFT February 28, 2001
119 _kerberos._udp.ASDF.COM. IN SRV 0 0 88 kdc1.asdf.com.
120 _kerberos._udp.ASDF.COM. IN SRV 1 0 88 kdc2.asdf.com.
122 Overview - Kerberos password changing server location information
124 Kerberos password changing server [KERB-CHG] location is to be stored
125 using the DNS SRV RR [RFC 2052]. The format of this RR is as fol-
128 Service.Proto.Realm TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
130 The Service name for the password server is always "_kpasswd".
132 The Proto MUST be "_udp".
134 The Realm is the Kerberos realm that this record corresponds to.
136 TTL, Class, SRV, Priority, Weight, and Target have the standard mean-
137 ing as defined in RFC 2052.
139 As per RFC 2052 the Port number should be the value assigned to
140 "kpasswd" by the Internet Assigned Number Authority (464).
142 Overview - Kerberos admin server location information
144 Kerberos admin location information is to be stored using the DNS SRV
145 RR [RFC 2052]. The format of this RR is as follows:
147 Service.Proto.Realm TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
149 The Service name for the admin server is always "_kerberos-adm".
151 The Proto can be either "_udp" or "_tcp". If these records are to be
152 used, a "_tcp" record MUST be included. If the Kerberos admin imple-
153 mentation supports UDP transport, a "_udp" record SHOULD be included.
155 The Realm is the Kerberos realm that this record corresponds to.
157 TTL, Class, SRV, Priority, Weight, and Target have the standard mean-
158 ing as defined in RFC 2052.
160 As per RFC 2052 the Port number should be the value assigned to
161 "kerberos-adm" by the Internet Assigned Number Authority (749).
163 Note that there is no formal definition of a Kerberos admin protocol,
164 so the use of this record is optional and implementation-dependent.
170 Hornstein, Altman [Page 3]
172 RFC DRAFT February 28, 2001
175 Example - Kerberos administrative server location information
177 These are DNS records for a Kerberos realm ASDF.COM. It has one
178 administrative server, kdc1.asdf.com.
180 _kerberos-adm._tcp.ASDF.COM. IN SRV 0 0 749 kdc1.asdf.com.
182 Overview - Hostname/domain name to Kerberos realm mapping
184 Information on the mapping of DNS hostnames and domain names to Ker-
185 beros realms is stored using DNS TXT records [RFC 1035]. These
186 records have the following format.
188 Service.Name TTL Class TXT Realm
190 The Service field is always "_kerberos", and prefixes all entries of
193 The Name is a DNS hostname or domain name. This is explained in
194 greater detail below.
196 TTL, Class, and TXT have the standard DNS meaning as defined in RFC
199 The Realm is the data for the TXT RR, and consists simply of the Ker-
200 beros realm that corresponds to the Name specified.
202 When a Kerberos client wishes to utilize a host-specific service, it
203 will perform a DNS TXT query, using the hostname in the Name field of
204 the DNS query. If the record is not found, the first label of the
205 name is stripped and the query is retried.
207 Compliant implementations MUST query the full hostname and the most
208 specific domain name (the hostname with the first label removed).
209 Compliant implementations SHOULD try stripping all subsequent labels
210 until a match is found or the Name field is empty.
212 Example - Hostname/domain name to Kerberos realm mapping
214 For the previously mentioned ASDF.COM realm and domain, some sample
215 records might be as follows:
217 _kerberos.asdf.com. IN TXT "ASDF.COM"
218 _kerberos.mrkserver.asdf.com. IN TXT "MARKETING.ASDF.COM"
219 _kerberos.salesserver.asdf.com. IN TXT "SALES.ASDF.COM"
221 Let us suppose that in this case, a Kerberos client wishes to use a
222 Kerberized service on the host foo.asdf.com. It would first query:
226 Hornstein, Altman [Page 4]
228 RFC DRAFT February 28, 2001
231 _kerberos.foo.asdf.com. IN TXT
233 Finding no match, it would then query:
235 _kerberos.asdf.com. IN TXT
237 And find an answer of ASDF.COM. This would be the realm that
238 foo.asdf.com resides in.
240 If another Kerberos client wishes to use a Kerberized service on the
241 host salesserver.asdf.com, it would query:
243 _kerberos.salesserver.asdf.com IN TXT
245 And find an answer of SALES.ASDF.COM.
247 Security considerations
249 As DNS is deployed today, it is an unsecure service. Thus the infor-
250 mation returned by it cannot be trusted.
252 Current practice for REALM to KDC mapping is to use hostnames to
253 indicate KDC hosts (stored in some implementation-dependent location,
254 but generally a local config file). These hostnames are vulnerable
255 to the standard set of DNS attacks (denial of service, spoofed
256 entries, etc). The design of the Kerberos protocol limits attacks of
257 this sort to denial of service. However, the use of SRV records does
258 not change this attack in any way. They have the same vulnerabili-
259 ties that already exist in the common practice of using hostnames for
262 Current practice for HOSTNAME to REALM mapping is to provide a local
263 configuration of mappings of hostname or domain name to realm which
264 are then mapped to KDCs. But this again is vulnerable to spoofing
265 via CNAME records that point to hosts in other domains. This has the
266 same effect as when a TXT record is spoofed. In a realm with no
267 cross-realm trusts this is a DoS attack. However, when cross-realm
268 trusts are used it is possible to redirect a client to use a comprom-
271 This is not an exploit of the Kerberos protocol but of the Kerberos
272 trust model. The same can be done to any application that must
273 resolve the hostname in order to determine which domain a non-FQDN
276 Implementations SHOULD provide a way of specifying this information
277 locally without the use of DNS. However, to make this feature
278 worthwhile a lack of any configuration information on a client should
282 Hornstein, Altman [Page 5]
284 RFC DRAFT February 28, 2001
287 be interpretted as permission to use DNS.
291 This Internet-Draft expires on August 28, 2001.
297 The Kerberos Network Authentication System; Kohl, Newman; Sep-
301 Domain Names - Implementation and Specification; Mockapetris;
305 A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV); Gul-
306 brandsen, Vixie; Feburary 2000
309 Kerberos Change Password Protocol; Horowitz;
310 ftp://ds.internic.net/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-cat-kerb-chg-
316 US Naval Research Laboratory
319 Washington DC 20375 USA
321 Phone: +1 (202) 404-4765
322 EMail: kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil
327 612 West 115th Street #716
328 New York NY 10025-7799 USA
330 Phone: +1 (212) 854-1344
331 EMail: jaltman@columbia.edu
338 Hornstein, Altman [Page 6]