New upstream release

[sgt-puzzles/ydirson.git] / tree234.c

/*
 * tree234.c: reasonably generic counted 2-3-4 tree routines.
 * 
 * This file is copyright 1999-2001 Simon Tatham.
 * 
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
 * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
 * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
 * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
 * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
 * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
 * conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
 * NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL SIMON TATHAM BE LIABLE FOR
 * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
 * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
 * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 * SOFTWARE.
 */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>

#include "tree234.h"

#include "puzzles.h"                   /* for smalloc/sfree */

#ifdef TEST
#define LOG(x) (printf x)
#define smalloc malloc
#define srealloc realloc
#define sfree free
#else
#define LOG(x)
#endif

typedef struct node234_Tag node234;

struct tree234_Tag {
    node234 *root;
    cmpfn234 cmp;
};

struct node234_Tag {
    node234 *parent;
    node234 *kids[4];
    int counts[4];
    void *elems[3];
};

/*
 * Create a 2-3-4 tree.
 */
tree234 *newtree234(cmpfn234 cmp) {
    tree234 *ret = snew(tree234);
    LOG(("created tree %p\n", ret));
    ret->root = NULL;
    ret->cmp = cmp;
    return ret;
}

/*
 * Free a 2-3-4 tree (not including freeing the elements).
 */
static void freenode234(node234 *n) {
    if (!n)
        return;
    freenode234(n->kids[0]);
    freenode234(n->kids[1]);
    freenode234(n->kids[2]);
    freenode234(n->kids[3]);
    sfree(n);
}
void freetree234(tree234 *t) {
    freenode234(t->root);
    sfree(t);
}

/*
 * Internal function to count a node.
 */
static int countnode234(node234 *n) {
    int count = 0;
    int i;
    if (!n)
        return 0;
    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        count += n->counts[i];
    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
        if (n->elems[i])
            count++;
    return count;
}

/*
 * Count the elements in a tree.
 */
int count234(tree234 *t) {
    if (t->root)
        return countnode234(t->root);
    else
        return 0;
}

/*
 * Propagate a node overflow up a tree until it stops. Returns 0 or
 * 1, depending on whether the root had to be split or not.
 */
static int add234_insert(node234 *left, void *e, node234 *right,
                         node234 **root, node234 *n, int ki) {
    int lcount, rcount;
    /*
     * We need to insert the new left/element/right set in n at
     * child position ki.
     */
    lcount = countnode234(left);
    rcount = countnode234(right);
    while (n) {
        LOG(("  at %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
             n,
             n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
             n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
             n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
             n->kids[3], n->counts[3]));
        LOG(("  need to insert %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d at position %d\n",
             left, lcount, e, right, rcount, ki));
        if (n->elems[1] == NULL) {
            /*
             * Insert in a 2-node; simple.
             */
            if (ki == 0) {
                LOG(("  inserting on left of 2-node\n"));
                n->kids[2] = n->kids[1];     n->counts[2] = n->counts[1];
                n->elems[1] = n->elems[0];
                n->kids[1] = right;          n->counts[1] = rcount;
                n->elems[0] = e;
                n->kids[0] = left;           n->counts[0] = lcount;
            } else { /* ki == 1 */
                LOG(("  inserting on right of 2-node\n"));
                n->kids[2] = right;          n->counts[2] = rcount;
                n->elems[1] = e;
                n->kids[1] = left;           n->counts[1] = lcount;
            }
            if (n->kids[0]) n->kids[0]->parent = n;
            if (n->kids[1]) n->kids[1]->parent = n;
            if (n->kids[2]) n->kids[2]->parent = n;
            LOG(("  done\n"));
            break;
        } else if (n->elems[2] == NULL) {
            /*
             * Insert in a 3-node; simple.
             */
            if (ki == 0) {
                LOG(("  inserting on left of 3-node\n"));
                n->kids[3] = n->kids[2];    n->counts[3] = n->counts[2];
                n->elems[2] = n->elems[1];
                n->kids[2] = n->kids[1];    n->counts[2] = n->counts[1];
                n->elems[1] = n->elems[0];
                n->kids[1] = right;         n->counts[1] = rcount;
                n->elems[0] = e;
                n->kids[0] = left;          n->counts[0] = lcount;
            } else if (ki == 1) {
                LOG(("  inserting in middle of 3-node\n"));
                n->kids[3] = n->kids[2];    n->counts[3] = n->counts[2];
                n->elems[2] = n->elems[1];
                n->kids[2] = right;         n->counts[2] = rcount;
                n->elems[1] = e;
                n->kids[1] = left;          n->counts[1] = lcount;
            } else { /* ki == 2 */
                LOG(("  inserting on right of 3-node\n"));
                n->kids[3] = right;         n->counts[3] = rcount;
                n->elems[2] = e;
                n->kids[2] = left;          n->counts[2] = lcount;
            }
            if (n->kids[0]) n->kids[0]->parent = n;
            if (n->kids[1]) n->kids[1]->parent = n;
            if (n->kids[2]) n->kids[2]->parent = n;
            if (n->kids[3]) n->kids[3]->parent = n;
            LOG(("  done\n"));
            break;
        } else {
            node234 *m = snew(node234);
            m->parent = n->parent;
            LOG(("  splitting a 4-node; created new node %p\n", m));
            /*
             * Insert in a 4-node; split into a 2-node and a
             * 3-node, and move focus up a level.
             * 
             * I don't think it matters which way round we put the
             * 2 and the 3. For simplicity, we'll put the 3 first
             * always.
             */
            if (ki == 0) {
                m->kids[0] = left;          m->counts[0] = lcount;
                m->elems[0] = e;
                m->kids[1] = right;         m->counts[1] = rcount;
                m->elems[1] = n->elems[0];
                m->kids[2] = n->kids[1];    m->counts[2] = n->counts[1];
                e = n->elems[1];
                n->kids[0] = n->kids[2];    n->counts[0] = n->counts[2];
                n->elems[0] = n->elems[2];
                n->kids[1] = n->kids[3];    n->counts[1] = n->counts[3];
            } else if (ki == 1) {
                m->kids[0] = n->kids[0];    m->counts[0] = n->counts[0];
                m->elems[0] = n->elems[0];
                m->kids[1] = left;          m->counts[1] = lcount;
                m->elems[1] = e;
                m->kids[2] = right;         m->counts[2] = rcount;
                e = n->elems[1];
                n->kids[0] = n->kids[2];    n->counts[0] = n->counts[2];
                n->elems[0] = n->elems[2];
                n->kids[1] = n->kids[3];    n->counts[1] = n->counts[3];
            } else if (ki == 2) {
                m->kids[0] = n->kids[0];    m->counts[0] = n->counts[0];
                m->elems[0] = n->elems[0];
                m->kids[1] = n->kids[1];    m->counts[1] = n->counts[1];
                m->elems[1] = n->elems[1];
                m->kids[2] = left;          m->counts[2] = lcount;
                /* e = e; */
                n->kids[0] = right;         n->counts[0] = rcount;
                n->elems[0] = n->elems[2];
                n->kids[1] = n->kids[3];    n->counts[1] = n->counts[3];
            } else { /* ki == 3 */
                m->kids[0] = n->kids[0];    m->counts[0] = n->counts[0];
                m->elems[0] = n->elems[0];
                m->kids[1] = n->kids[1];    m->counts[1] = n->counts[1];
                m->elems[1] = n->elems[1];
                m->kids[2] = n->kids[2];    m->counts[2] = n->counts[2];
                n->kids[0] = left;          n->counts[0] = lcount;
                n->elems[0] = e;
                n->kids[1] = right;         n->counts[1] = rcount;
                e = n->elems[2];
            }
            m->kids[3] = n->kids[3] = n->kids[2] = NULL;
            m->counts[3] = n->counts[3] = n->counts[2] = 0;
            m->elems[2] = n->elems[2] = n->elems[1] = NULL;
            if (m->kids[0]) m->kids[0]->parent = m;
            if (m->kids[1]) m->kids[1]->parent = m;
            if (m->kids[2]) m->kids[2]->parent = m;
            if (n->kids[0]) n->kids[0]->parent = n;
            if (n->kids[1]) n->kids[1]->parent = n;
            LOG(("  left (%p): %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n", m,
                 m->kids[0], m->counts[0], m->elems[0],
                 m->kids[1], m->counts[1], m->elems[1],
                 m->kids[2], m->counts[2]));
            LOG(("  right (%p): %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n", n,
                 n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
                 n->kids[1], n->counts[1]));
            left = m;  lcount = countnode234(left);
            right = n; rcount = countnode234(right);
        }
        if (n->parent)
            ki = (n->parent->kids[0] == n ? 0 :
                  n->parent->kids[1] == n ? 1 :
                  n->parent->kids[2] == n ? 2 : 3);
        n = n->parent;
    }

    /*
     * If we've come out of here by `break', n will still be
     * non-NULL and all we need to do is go back up the tree
     * updating counts. If we've come here because n is NULL, we
     * need to create a new root for the tree because the old one
     * has just split into two. */
    if (n) {
        while (n->parent) {
            int count = countnode234(n);
            int childnum;
            childnum = (n->parent->kids[0] == n ? 0 :
                        n->parent->kids[1] == n ? 1 :
                        n->parent->kids[2] == n ? 2 : 3);
            n->parent->counts[childnum] = count;
            n = n->parent;
        }
        return 0;                      /* root unchanged */
    } else {
        LOG(("  root is overloaded, split into two\n"));
        (*root) = snew(node234);
        (*root)->kids[0] = left;     (*root)->counts[0] = lcount;
        (*root)->elems[0] = e;
        (*root)->kids[1] = right;    (*root)->counts[1] = rcount;
        (*root)->elems[1] = NULL;
        (*root)->kids[2] = NULL;     (*root)->counts[2] = 0;
        (*root)->elems[2] = NULL;
        (*root)->kids[3] = NULL;     (*root)->counts[3] = 0;
        (*root)->parent = NULL;
        if ((*root)->kids[0]) (*root)->kids[0]->parent = (*root);
        if ((*root)->kids[1]) (*root)->kids[1]->parent = (*root);
        LOG(("  new root is %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
             (*root)->kids[0], (*root)->counts[0],
             (*root)->elems[0],
             (*root)->kids[1], (*root)->counts[1]));
        return 1;                      /* root moved */
    }
}

/*
 * Add an element e to a 2-3-4 tree t. Returns e on success, or if
 * an existing element compares equal, returns that.
 */
static void *add234_internal(tree234 *t, void *e, int index) {
    node234 *n;
    int ki;
    void *orig_e = e;
    int c;

    LOG(("adding element \"%s\" to tree %p\n", e, t));
    if (t->root == NULL) {
        t->root = snew(node234);
        t->root->elems[1] = t->root->elems[2] = NULL;
        t->root->kids[0] = t->root->kids[1] = NULL;
        t->root->kids[2] = t->root->kids[3] = NULL;
        t->root->counts[0] = t->root->counts[1] = 0;
        t->root->counts[2] = t->root->counts[3] = 0;
        t->root->parent = NULL;
        t->root->elems[0] = e;
        LOG(("  created root %p\n", t->root));
        return orig_e;
    }

    n = t->root;
    while (n) {
        LOG(("  node %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
             n,
             n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
             n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
             n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
             n->kids[3], n->counts[3]));
        if (index >= 0) {
            if (!n->kids[0]) {
                /*
                 * Leaf node. We want to insert at kid position
                 * equal to the index:
                 * 
                 *   0 A 1 B 2 C 3
                 */
                ki = index;
            } else {
                /*
                 * Internal node. We always descend through it (add
                 * always starts at the bottom, never in the
                 * middle).
                 */
                if (index <= n->counts[0]) {
                    ki = 0;
                } else if (index -= n->counts[0] + 1, index <= n->counts[1]) {
                    ki = 1;
                } else if (index -= n->counts[1] + 1, index <= n->counts[2]) {
                    ki = 2;
                } else if (index -= n->counts[2] + 1, index <= n->counts[3]) {
                    ki = 3;
                } else
                    return NULL;       /* error: index out of range */
            }
        } else {
            if ((c = t->cmp(e, n->elems[0])) < 0)
                ki = 0;
            else if (c == 0)
                return n->elems[0];            /* already exists */
            else if (n->elems[1] == NULL || (c = t->cmp(e, n->elems[1])) < 0)
                ki = 1;
            else if (c == 0)
                return n->elems[1];            /* already exists */
            else if (n->elems[2] == NULL || (c = t->cmp(e, n->elems[2])) < 0)
                ki = 2;
            else if (c == 0)
                return n->elems[2];            /* already exists */
            else
                ki = 3;
        }
        LOG(("  moving to child %d (%p)\n", ki, n->kids[ki]));
        if (!n->kids[ki])
            break;
        n = n->kids[ki];
    }

    add234_insert(NULL, e, NULL, &t->root, n, ki);

    return orig_e;
}

void *add234(tree234 *t, void *e) {
    if (!t->cmp)                       /* tree is unsorted */
        return NULL;

    return add234_internal(t, e, -1);
}
void *addpos234(tree234 *t, void *e, int index) {
    if (index < 0 ||                   /* index out of range */
        t->cmp)                        /* tree is sorted */
        return NULL;                   /* return failure */

    return add234_internal(t, e, index);  /* this checks the upper bound */
}

/*
 * Look up the element at a given numeric index in a 2-3-4 tree.
 * Returns NULL if the index is out of range.
 */
void *index234(tree234 *t, int index) {
    node234 *n;

    if (!t->root)
        return NULL;                   /* tree is empty */

    if (index < 0 || index >= countnode234(t->root))
        return NULL;                   /* out of range */

    n = t->root;
    
    while (n) {
        if (index < n->counts[0])
            n = n->kids[0];
        else if (index -= n->counts[0] + 1, index < 0)
            return n->elems[0];
        else if (index < n->counts[1])
            n = n->kids[1];
        else if (index -= n->counts[1] + 1, index < 0)
            return n->elems[1];
        else if (index < n->counts[2])
            n = n->kids[2];
        else if (index -= n->counts[2] + 1, index < 0)
            return n->elems[2];
        else
            n = n->kids[3];
    }

    /* We shouldn't ever get here. I wonder how we did. */
    return NULL;
}

/*
 * Find an element e in a sorted 2-3-4 tree t. Returns NULL if not
 * found. e is always passed as the first argument to cmp, so cmp
 * can be an asymmetric function if desired. cmp can also be passed
 * as NULL, in which case the compare function from the tree proper
 * will be used.
 */
void *findrelpos234(tree234 *t, void *e, cmpfn234 cmp,
                    int relation, int *index) {
    node234 *n;
    void *ret;
    int c;
    int idx, ecount, kcount, cmpret;

    if (t->root == NULL)
        return NULL;

    if (cmp == NULL)
        cmp = t->cmp;

    n = t->root;
    /*
     * Attempt to find the element itself.
     */
    idx = 0;
    ecount = -1;
    /*
     * Prepare a fake `cmp' result if e is NULL.
     */
    cmpret = 0;
    if (e == NULL) {
        assert(relation == REL234_LT || relation == REL234_GT);
        if (relation == REL234_LT)
            cmpret = +1;               /* e is a max: always greater */
        else if (relation == REL234_GT)
            cmpret = -1;               /* e is a min: always smaller */
    }
    while (1) {
        for (kcount = 0; kcount < 4; kcount++) {
            if (kcount >= 3 || n->elems[kcount] == NULL ||
                (c = cmpret ? cmpret : cmp(e, n->elems[kcount])) < 0) {
                break;
            }
            if (n->kids[kcount]) idx += n->counts[kcount];
            if (c == 0) {
                ecount = kcount;
                break;
            }
            idx++;
        }
        if (ecount >= 0)
            break;
        if (n->kids[kcount])
            n = n->kids[kcount];
        else
            break;
    }

    if (ecount >= 0) {
        /*
         * We have found the element we're looking for. It's
         * n->elems[ecount], at tree index idx. If our search
         * relation is EQ, LE or GE we can now go home.
         */
        if (relation != REL234_LT && relation != REL234_GT) {
            if (index) *index = idx;
            return n->elems[ecount];
        }

        /*
         * Otherwise, we'll do an indexed lookup for the previous
         * or next element. (It would be perfectly possible to
         * implement these search types in a non-counted tree by
         * going back up from where we are, but far more fiddly.)
         */
        if (relation == REL234_LT)
            idx--;
        else
            idx++;
    } else {
        /*
         * We've found our way to the bottom of the tree and we
         * know where we would insert this node if we wanted to:
         * we'd put it in in place of the (empty) subtree
         * n->kids[kcount], and it would have index idx
         * 
         * But the actual element isn't there. So if our search
         * relation is EQ, we're doomed.
         */
        if (relation == REL234_EQ)
            return NULL;

        /*
         * Otherwise, we must do an index lookup for index idx-1
         * (if we're going left - LE or LT) or index idx (if we're
         * going right - GE or GT).
         */
        if (relation == REL234_LT || relation == REL234_LE) {
            idx--;
        }
    }

    /*
     * We know the index of the element we want; just call index234
     * to do the rest. This will return NULL if the index is out of
     * bounds, which is exactly what we want.
     */
    ret = index234(t, idx);
    if (ret && index) *index = idx;
    return ret;
}
void *find234(tree234 *t, void *e, cmpfn234 cmp) {
    return findrelpos234(t, e, cmp, REL234_EQ, NULL);
}
void *findrel234(tree234 *t, void *e, cmpfn234 cmp, int relation) {
    return findrelpos234(t, e, cmp, relation, NULL);
}
void *findpos234(tree234 *t, void *e, cmpfn234 cmp, int *index) {
    return findrelpos234(t, e, cmp, REL234_EQ, index);
}

/*
 * Tree transformation used in delete and split: move a subtree
 * right, from child ki of a node to the next child. Update k and
 * index so that they still point to the same place in the
 * transformed tree. Assumes the destination child is not full, and
 * that the source child does have a subtree to spare. Can cope if
 * the destination child is undersized.
 * 
 *                . C .                     . B .
 *               /     \     ->            /     \
 * [more] a A b B c   d D e      [more] a A b   c C d D e
 * 
 *                 . C .                     . B .
 *                /     \    ->             /     \
 *  [more] a A b B c     d        [more] a A b   c C d
 */
static void trans234_subtree_right(node234 *n, int ki, int *k, int *index) {
    node234 *src, *dest;
    int i, srclen, adjust;

    src = n->kids[ki];
    dest = n->kids[ki+1];

    LOG(("  trans234_subtree_right(%p, %d):\n", n, ki));
    LOG(("    parent %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         n,
         n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
         n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
         n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
         n->kids[3], n->counts[3]));
    LOG(("    src %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         src,
         src->kids[0], src->counts[0], src->elems[0],
         src->kids[1], src->counts[1], src->elems[1],
         src->kids[2], src->counts[2], src->elems[2],
         src->kids[3], src->counts[3]));
    LOG(("    dest %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         dest,
         dest->kids[0], dest->counts[0], dest->elems[0],
         dest->kids[1], dest->counts[1], dest->elems[1],
         dest->kids[2], dest->counts[2], dest->elems[2],
         dest->kids[3], dest->counts[3]));
    /*
     * Move over the rest of the destination node to make space.
     */
    dest->kids[3] = dest->kids[2];    dest->counts[3] = dest->counts[2];
    dest->elems[2] = dest->elems[1];
    dest->kids[2] = dest->kids[1];    dest->counts[2] = dest->counts[1];
    dest->elems[1] = dest->elems[0];
    dest->kids[1] = dest->kids[0];    dest->counts[1] = dest->counts[0];

    /* which element to move over */
    i = (src->elems[2] ? 2 : src->elems[1] ? 1 : 0);

    dest->elems[0] = n->elems[ki];
    n->elems[ki] = src->elems[i];
    src->elems[i] = NULL;

    dest->kids[0] = src->kids[i+1];   dest->counts[0] = src->counts[i+1];
    src->kids[i+1] = NULL;            src->counts[i+1] = 0;

    if (dest->kids[0]) dest->kids[0]->parent = dest;

    adjust = dest->counts[0] + 1;

    n->counts[ki] -= adjust;
    n->counts[ki+1] += adjust;

    srclen = n->counts[ki];

    if (k) {
        LOG(("    before: k,index = %d,%d\n", (*k), (*index)));
        if ((*k) == ki && (*index) > srclen) {
            (*index) -= srclen + 1;
            (*k)++;
        } else if ((*k) == ki+1) {
            (*index) += adjust;
        }
        LOG(("    after: k,index = %d,%d\n", (*k), (*index)));
    }

    LOG(("    parent %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         n,
         n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
         n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
         n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
         n->kids[3], n->counts[3]));
    LOG(("    src %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         src,
         src->kids[0], src->counts[0], src->elems[0],
         src->kids[1], src->counts[1], src->elems[1],
         src->kids[2], src->counts[2], src->elems[2],
         src->kids[3], src->counts[3]));
    LOG(("    dest %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         dest,
         dest->kids[0], dest->counts[0], dest->elems[0],
         dest->kids[1], dest->counts[1], dest->elems[1],
         dest->kids[2], dest->counts[2], dest->elems[2],
         dest->kids[3], dest->counts[3]));
}

/*
 * Tree transformation used in delete and split: move a subtree
 * left, from child ki of a node to the previous child. Update k
 * and index so that they still point to the same place in the
 * transformed tree. Assumes the destination child is not full, and
 * that the source child does have a subtree to spare. Can cope if
 * the destination child is undersized. 
 *
 *      . B .                             . C .
 *     /     \                ->         /     \
 *  a A b   c C d D e [more]      a A b B c   d D e [more]
 *
 *     . A .                             . B .
 *    /     \                 ->        /     \
 *   a   b B c C d [more]            a A b   c C d [more]
 */
static void trans234_subtree_left(node234 *n, int ki, int *k, int *index) {
    node234 *src, *dest;
    int i, adjust;

    src = n->kids[ki];
    dest = n->kids[ki-1];

    LOG(("  trans234_subtree_left(%p, %d):\n", n, ki));
    LOG(("    parent %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         n,
         n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
         n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
         n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
         n->kids[3], n->counts[3]));
    LOG(("    dest %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         dest,
         dest->kids[0], dest->counts[0], dest->elems[0],
         dest->kids[1], dest->counts[1], dest->elems[1],
         dest->kids[2], dest->counts[2], dest->elems[2],
         dest->kids[3], dest->counts[3]));
    LOG(("    src %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         src,
         src->kids[0], src->counts[0], src->elems[0],
         src->kids[1], src->counts[1], src->elems[1],
         src->kids[2], src->counts[2], src->elems[2],
         src->kids[3], src->counts[3]));

    /* where in dest to put it */
    i = (dest->elems[1] ? 2 : dest->elems[0] ? 1 : 0);
    dest->elems[i] = n->elems[ki-1];
    n->elems[ki-1] = src->elems[0];

    dest->kids[i+1] = src->kids[0];   dest->counts[i+1] = src->counts[0];

    if (dest->kids[i+1]) dest->kids[i+1]->parent = dest;

    /*
     * Move over the rest of the source node.
     */
    src->kids[0] = src->kids[1];      src->counts[0] = src->counts[1];
    src->elems[0] = src->elems[1];
    src->kids[1] = src->kids[2];      src->counts[1] = src->counts[2];
    src->elems[1] = src->elems[2];
    src->kids[2] = src->kids[3];      src->counts[2] = src->counts[3];
    src->elems[2] = NULL;
    src->kids[3] = NULL;              src->counts[3] = 0;

    adjust = dest->counts[i+1] + 1;

    n->counts[ki] -= adjust;
    n->counts[ki-1] += adjust;

    if (k) {
        LOG(("    before: k,index = %d,%d\n", (*k), (*index)));
        if ((*k) == ki) {
            (*index) -= adjust;
            if ((*index) < 0) {
                (*index) += n->counts[ki-1] + 1;
                (*k)--;
            }
        }
        LOG(("    after: k,index = %d,%d\n", (*k), (*index)));
    }

    LOG(("    parent %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         n,
         n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
         n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
         n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
         n->kids[3], n->counts[3]));
    LOG(("    dest %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         dest,
         dest->kids[0], dest->counts[0], dest->elems[0],
         dest->kids[1], dest->counts[1], dest->elems[1],
         dest->kids[2], dest->counts[2], dest->elems[2],
         dest->kids[3], dest->counts[3]));
    LOG(("    src %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         src,
         src->kids[0], src->counts[0], src->elems[0],
         src->kids[1], src->counts[1], src->elems[1],
         src->kids[2], src->counts[2], src->elems[2],
         src->kids[3], src->counts[3]));
}

/*
 * Tree transformation used in delete and split: merge child nodes
 * ki and ki+1 of a node. Update k and index so that they still
 * point to the same place in the transformed tree. Assumes both
 * children _are_ sufficiently small.
 *
 *      . B .                .
 *     /     \     ->        |
 *  a A b   c C d      a A b B c C d
 * 
 * This routine can also cope with either child being undersized:
 * 
 *     . A .                 .
 *    /     \      ->        |
 *   a     b B c         a A b B c
 *
 *    . A .                  .
 *   /     \       ->        |
 *  a   b B c C d      a A b B c C d
 */
static void trans234_subtree_merge(node234 *n, int ki, int *k, int *index) {
    node234 *left, *right;
    int i, leftlen, rightlen, lsize, rsize;

    left = n->kids[ki];               leftlen = n->counts[ki];
    right = n->kids[ki+1];            rightlen = n->counts[ki+1];

    LOG(("  trans234_subtree_merge(%p, %d):\n", n, ki));
    LOG(("    parent %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         n,
         n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
         n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
         n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
         n->kids[3], n->counts[3]));
    LOG(("    left %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         left,
         left->kids[0], left->counts[0], left->elems[0],
         left->kids[1], left->counts[1], left->elems[1],
         left->kids[2], left->counts[2], left->elems[2],
         left->kids[3], left->counts[3]));
    LOG(("    right %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         right,
         right->kids[0], right->counts[0], right->elems[0],
         right->kids[1], right->counts[1], right->elems[1],
         right->kids[2], right->counts[2], right->elems[2],
         right->kids[3], right->counts[3]));

    assert(!left->elems[2] && !right->elems[2]);   /* neither is large! */
    lsize = (left->elems[1] ? 2 : left->elems[0] ? 1 : 0);
    rsize = (right->elems[1] ? 2 : right->elems[0] ? 1 : 0);

    left->elems[lsize] = n->elems[ki];

    for (i = 0; i < rsize+1; i++) {
        left->kids[lsize+1+i] = right->kids[i];
        left->counts[lsize+1+i] = right->counts[i];
        if (left->kids[lsize+1+i])
            left->kids[lsize+1+i]->parent = left;
        if (i < rsize)
            left->elems[lsize+1+i] = right->elems[i];
    }

    n->counts[ki] += rightlen + 1;

    sfree(right);

    /*
     * Move the rest of n up by one.
     */
    for (i = ki+1; i < 3; i++) {
        n->kids[i] = n->kids[i+1];
        n->counts[i] = n->counts[i+1];
    }
    for (i = ki; i < 2; i++) {
        n->elems[i] = n->elems[i+1];
    }
    n->kids[3] = NULL;
    n->counts[3] = 0;
    n->elems[2] = NULL;

    if (k) {
        LOG(("    before: k,index = %d,%d\n", (*k), (*index)));
        if ((*k) == ki+1) {
            (*k)--;
            (*index) += leftlen + 1;
        } else if ((*k) > ki+1) {
            (*k)--;
        }
        LOG(("    after: k,index = %d,%d\n", (*k), (*index)));
    }

    LOG(("    parent %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         n,
         n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
         n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
         n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
         n->kids[3], n->counts[3]));
    LOG(("    merged %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
         left,
         left->kids[0], left->counts[0], left->elems[0],
         left->kids[1], left->counts[1], left->elems[1],
         left->kids[2], left->counts[2], left->elems[2],
         left->kids[3], left->counts[3]));

}
    
/*
 * Delete an element e in a 2-3-4 tree. Does not free the element,
 * merely removes all links to it from the tree nodes.
 */
static void *delpos234_internal(tree234 *t, int index) {
    node234 *n;
    void *retval;
    int ki, i;

    retval = NULL;

    n = t->root;                       /* by assumption this is non-NULL */
    LOG(("deleting item %d from tree %p\n", index, t));
    while (1) {
        node234 *sub;

        LOG(("  node %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d index=%d\n",
             n,
             n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
             n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
             n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
             n->kids[3], n->counts[3],
             index));
        if (index <= n->counts[0]) {
            ki = 0;
        } else if (index -= n->counts[0]+1, index <= n->counts[1]) {
            ki = 1;
        } else if (index -= n->counts[1]+1, index <= n->counts[2]) {
            ki = 2;
        } else if (index -= n->counts[2]+1, index <= n->counts[3]) {
            ki = 3;
        } else {
            assert(0);                 /* can't happen */
        }

        if (!n->kids[0])
            break;                     /* n is a leaf node; we're here! */

        /*
         * Check to see if we've found our target element. If so,
         * we must choose a new target (we'll use the old target's
         * successor, which will be in a leaf), move it into the
         * place of the old one, continue down to the leaf and
         * delete the old copy of the new target.
         */
        if (index == n->counts[ki]) {
            node234 *m;
            LOG(("  found element in internal node, index %d\n", ki));
            assert(n->elems[ki]);      /* must be a kid _before_ an element */
            ki++; index = 0;
            for (m = n->kids[ki]; m->kids[0]; m = m->kids[0])
                continue;
            LOG(("  replacing with element \"%s\" from leaf node %p\n",
                 m->elems[0], m));
            retval = n->elems[ki-1];
            n->elems[ki-1] = m->elems[0];
        }

        /*
         * Recurse down to subtree ki. If it has only one element,
         * we have to do some transformation to start with.
         */
        LOG(("  moving to subtree %d\n", ki));
        sub = n->kids[ki];
        if (!sub->elems[1]) {
            LOG(("  subtree has only one element!\n"));
            if (ki > 0 && n->kids[ki-1]->elems[1]) {
                /*
                 * Child ki has only one element, but child
                 * ki-1 has two or more. So we need to move a
                 * subtree from ki-1 to ki.
                 */
                trans234_subtree_right(n, ki-1, &ki, &index);
            } else if (ki < 3 && n->kids[ki+1] &&
                       n->kids[ki+1]->elems[1]) {
                /*
                 * Child ki has only one element, but ki+1 has
                 * two or more. Move a subtree from ki+1 to ki.
                 */
                trans234_subtree_left(n, ki+1, &ki, &index);
            } else {
                /*
                 * ki is small with only small neighbours. Pick a
                 * neighbour and merge with it.
                 */
                trans234_subtree_merge(n, ki>0 ? ki-1 : ki, &ki, &index);
                sub = n->kids[ki];

                if (!n->elems[0]) {
                    /*
                     * The root is empty and needs to be
                     * removed.
                     */
                    LOG(("  shifting root!\n"));
                    t->root = sub;
                    sub->parent = NULL;
                    sfree(n);
                    n = NULL;
                }
            }
        }

        if (n)
            n->counts[ki]--;
        n = sub;
    }

    /*
     * Now n is a leaf node, and ki marks the element number we
     * want to delete. We've already arranged for the leaf to be
     * bigger than minimum size, so let's just go to it.
     */
    assert(!n->kids[0]);
    if (!retval)
        retval = n->elems[ki];

    for (i = ki; i < 2 && n->elems[i+1]; i++)
        n->elems[i] = n->elems[i+1];
    n->elems[i] = NULL;

    /*
     * It's just possible that we have reduced the leaf to zero
     * size. This can only happen if it was the root - so destroy
     * it and make the tree empty.
     */
    if (!n->elems[0]) {
        LOG(("  removed last element in tree, destroying empty root\n"));
        assert(n == t->root);
        sfree(n);
        t->root = NULL;
    }

    return retval;                     /* finished! */
}
void *delpos234(tree234 *t, int index) {
    if (index < 0 || index >= countnode234(t->root))
        return NULL;
    return delpos234_internal(t, index);
}
void *del234(tree234 *t, void *e) {
    int index;
    if (!findrelpos234(t, e, NULL, REL234_EQ, &index))
        return NULL;                   /* it wasn't in there anyway */
    return delpos234_internal(t, index); /* it's there; delete it. */
}

/*
 * Join two subtrees together with a separator element between
 * them, given their relative height.
 * 
 * (Height<0 means the left tree is shorter, >0 means the right
 * tree is shorter, =0 means (duh) they're equal.)
 * 
 * It is assumed that any checks needed on the ordering criterion
 * have _already_ been done.
 * 
 * The value returned in `height' is 0 or 1 depending on whether the
 * resulting tree is the same height as the original larger one, or
 * one higher.
 */
static node234 *join234_internal(node234 *left, void *sep,
                                 node234 *right, int *height) {
    node234 *root, *node;
    int relht = *height;
    int ki;

    LOG(("  join: joining %p \"%s\" %p, relative height is %d\n",
         left, sep, right, relht));
    if (relht == 0) {
        /*
         * The trees are the same height. Create a new one-element
         * root containing the separator and pointers to the two
         * nodes.
         */
        node234 *newroot;
        newroot = snew(node234);
        newroot->kids[0] = left;     newroot->counts[0] = countnode234(left);
        newroot->elems[0] = sep;
        newroot->kids[1] = right;    newroot->counts[1] = countnode234(right);
        newroot->elems[1] = NULL;
        newroot->kids[2] = NULL;     newroot->counts[2] = 0;
        newroot->elems[2] = NULL;
        newroot->kids[3] = NULL;     newroot->counts[3] = 0;
        newroot->parent = NULL;
        if (left) left->parent = newroot;
        if (right) right->parent = newroot;
        *height = 1;
        LOG(("  join: same height, brand new root\n"));
        return newroot;
    }

    /*
     * This now works like the addition algorithm on the larger
     * tree. We're replacing a single kid pointer with two kid
     * pointers separated by an element; if that causes the node to
     * overload, we split it in two, move a separator element up to
     * the next node, and repeat.
     */
    if (relht < 0) {
        /*
         * Left tree is shorter. Search down the right tree to find
         * the pointer we're inserting at.
         */
        node = root = right;
        while (++relht < 0) {
            node = node->kids[0];
        }
        ki = 0;
        right = node->kids[ki];
    } else {
        /*
         * Right tree is shorter; search down the left to find the
         * pointer we're inserting at.
         */
        node = root = left;
        while (--relht > 0) {
            if (node->elems[2])
                node = node->kids[3];
            else if (node->elems[1])
                node = node->kids[2];
            else
                node = node->kids[1];
        }
        if (node->elems[2])
            ki = 3;
        else if (node->elems[1])
            ki = 2;
        else
            ki = 1;
        left = node->kids[ki];
    }

    /*
     * Now proceed as for addition.
     */
    *height = add234_insert(left, sep, right, &root, node, ki);

    return root;
}
static int height234(tree234 *t) {
    int level = 0;
    node234 *n = t->root;
    while (n) {
        level++;
        n = n->kids[0];
    }
    return level;
}
tree234 *join234(tree234 *t1, tree234 *t2) {
    int size2 = countnode234(t2->root);
    if (size2 > 0) {
        void *element;
        int relht;

        if (t1->cmp) {
            element = index234(t2, 0);
            element = findrelpos234(t1, element, NULL, REL234_GE, NULL);
            if (element)
                return NULL;
        }

        element = delpos234(t2, 0);
        relht = height234(t1) - height234(t2);
        t1->root = join234_internal(t1->root, element, t2->root, &relht);
        t2->root = NULL;
    }
    return t1;
}
tree234 *join234r(tree234 *t1, tree234 *t2) {
    int size1 = countnode234(t1->root);
    if (size1 > 0) {
        void *element;
        int relht;

        if (t2->cmp) {
            element = index234(t1, size1-1);
            element = findrelpos234(t2, element, NULL, REL234_LE, NULL);
            if (element)
                return NULL;
        }

        element = delpos234(t1, size1-1);
        relht = height234(t1) - height234(t2);
        t2->root = join234_internal(t1->root, element, t2->root, &relht);
        t1->root = NULL;
    }
    return t2;
}

/*
 * Split out the first <index> elements in a tree and return a
 * pointer to the root node. Leave the root node of the remainder
 * in t.
 */
static node234 *split234_internal(tree234 *t, int index) {
    node234 *halves[2], *n, *sib, *sub;
    node234 *lparent, *rparent;
    int ki, pki, i, half, lcount, rcount;

    n = t->root;
    LOG(("splitting tree %p at point %d\n", t, index));

    /*
     * Easy special cases. After this we have also dealt completely
     * with the empty-tree case and we can assume the root exists.
     */
    if (index == 0)                    /* return nothing */
        return NULL;
    if (index == countnode234(t->root)) {   /* return the whole tree */
        node234 *ret = t->root;
        t->root = NULL;
        return ret;
    }

    /*
     * Search down the tree to find the split point.
     */
    lparent = rparent = NULL;
    pki = -1;
    while (n) {
        LOG(("  node %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d index=%d\n",
             n,
             n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
             n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
             n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
             n->kids[3], n->counts[3],
             index));
        lcount = index;
        rcount = countnode234(n) - lcount;
        if (index <= n->counts[0]) {
            ki = 0;
        } else if (index -= n->counts[0]+1, index <= n->counts[1]) {
            ki = 1;
        } else if (index -= n->counts[1]+1, index <= n->counts[2]) {
            ki = 2;
        } else {
            index -= n->counts[2]+1;
            ki = 3;
        }

        LOG(("  splitting at subtree %d\n", ki));
        sub = n->kids[ki];

        LOG(("  splitting at child index %d\n", ki));

        /*
         * Split the node, put halves[0] on the right of the left
         * one and halves[1] on the left of the right one, put the
         * new node pointers in halves[0] and halves[1], and go up
         * a level.
         */
        sib = snew(node234);
        for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            if (i+ki < 3 && n->elems[i+ki]) {
                sib->elems[i] = n->elems[i+ki];
                sib->kids[i+1] = n->kids[i+ki+1];
                if (sib->kids[i+1]) sib->kids[i+1]->parent = sib;
                sib->counts[i+1] = n->counts[i+ki+1];
                n->elems[i+ki] = NULL;
                n->kids[i+ki+1] = NULL;
                n->counts[i+ki+1] = 0;
            } else {
                sib->elems[i] = NULL;
                sib->kids[i+1] = NULL;
                sib->counts[i+1] = 0;
            }
        }
        if (lparent) {
            lparent->kids[pki] = n;
            lparent->counts[pki] = lcount;
            n->parent = lparent;
            rparent->kids[0] = sib;
            rparent->counts[0] = rcount;
            sib->parent = rparent;
        } else {
            halves[0] = n;
            n->parent = NULL;
            halves[1] = sib;
            sib->parent = NULL;
        }
        lparent = n;
        rparent = sib;
        pki = ki;
        LOG(("  left node %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
             n,
             n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
             n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
             n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
             n->kids[3], n->counts[3]));
        LOG(("  right node %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
             sib,
             sib->kids[0], sib->counts[0], sib->elems[0],
             sib->kids[1], sib->counts[1], sib->elems[1],
             sib->kids[2], sib->counts[2], sib->elems[2],
             sib->kids[3], sib->counts[3]));

        n = sub;
    }

    /*
     * We've come off the bottom here, so we've successfully split
     * the tree into two equally high subtrees. The only problem is
     * that some of the nodes down the fault line will be smaller
     * than the minimum permitted size. (Since this is a 2-3-4
     * tree, that means they'll be zero-element one-child nodes.)
     */
    LOG(("  fell off bottom, lroot is %p, rroot is %p\n",
         halves[0], halves[1]));
    lparent->counts[pki] = rparent->counts[0] = 0;
    lparent->kids[pki] = rparent->kids[0] = NULL;

    /*
     * So now we go back down the tree from each of the two roots,
     * fixing up undersize nodes.
     */
    for (half = 0; half < 2; half++) {
        /*
         * Remove the root if it's undersize (it will contain only
         * one child pointer, so just throw it away and replace it
         * with its child). This might happen several times.
         */
        while (halves[half] && !halves[half]->elems[0]) {
            LOG(("  root %p is undersize, throwing away\n", halves[half]));
            halves[half] = halves[half]->kids[0];
            sfree(halves[half]->parent);
            halves[half]->parent = NULL;
            LOG(("  new root is %p\n", halves[half]));
        }

        n = halves[half];
        while (n) {
            void (*toward)(node234 *n, int ki, int *k, int *index);
            int ni, merge;

            /*
             * Now we have a potentially undersize node on the
             * right (if half==0) or left (if half==1). Sort it
             * out, by merging with a neighbour or by transferring
             * subtrees over. At this time we must also ensure that
             * nodes are bigger than minimum, in case we need an
             * element to merge two nodes below.
             */
            LOG(("  node %p: %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d \"%s\" %p/%d\n",
                 n,
                 n->kids[0], n->counts[0], n->elems[0],
                 n->kids[1], n->counts[1], n->elems[1],
                 n->kids[2], n->counts[2], n->elems[2],
                 n->kids[3], n->counts[3]));
            if (half == 1) {
                ki = 0;                /* the kid we're interested in */
                ni = 1;                /* the neighbour */
                merge = 0;             /* for merge: leftmost of the two */
                toward = trans234_subtree_left;
            } else {
                ki = (n->kids[3] ? 3 : n->kids[2] ? 2 : 1);
                ni = ki-1;
                merge = ni;
                toward = trans234_subtree_right;
            }

            sub = n->kids[ki];
            if (sub && !sub->elems[1]) {
                /*
                 * This node is undersized or minimum-size. If we
                 * can merge it with its neighbour, we do so;
                 * otherwise we must be able to transfer subtrees
                 * over to it until it is greater than minimum
                 * size.
                 */
                int undersized = (!sub->elems[0]);
                LOG(("  child %d is %ssize\n", ki,
                     undersized ? "under" : "minimum-"));
                LOG(("  neighbour is %s\n",
                     n->kids[ni]->elems[2] ? "large" :
                     n->kids[ni]->elems[1] ? "medium" : "small"));
                if (!n->kids[ni]->elems[1] ||
                    (undersized && !n->kids[ni]->elems[2])) {
                    /*
                     * Neighbour is small, or possibly neighbour is
                     * medium and we are undersize.
                     */
                    trans234_subtree_merge(n, merge, NULL, NULL);
                    sub = n->kids[merge];
                    if (!n->elems[0]) {
                        /*
                         * n is empty, and hence must have been the
                         * root and needs to be removed.
                         */
                        assert(!n->parent);
                        LOG(("  shifting root!\n"));
                        halves[half] = sub;
                        halves[half]->parent = NULL;
                        sfree(n);
                    }
                } else {
                    /* Neighbour is big enough to move trees over. */
                    toward(n, ni, NULL, NULL);
                    if (undersized)
                        toward(n, ni, NULL, NULL);
                }
            }
            n = sub;
        }
    }

    t->root = halves[1];
    return halves[0];
}
tree234 *splitpos234(tree234 *t, int index, int before) {
    tree234 *ret;
    node234 *n;
    int count;

    count = countnode234(t->root);
    if (index < 0 || index > count)
        return NULL;                   /* error */
    ret = newtree234(t->cmp);
    n = split234_internal(t, index);
    if (before) {
        /* We want to return the ones before the index. */
        ret->root = n;
    } else {
        /*
         * We want to keep the ones before the index and return the
         * ones after.
         */
        ret->root = t->root;
        t->root = n;
    }
    return ret;
}
tree234 *split234(tree234 *t, void *e, cmpfn234 cmp, int rel) {
    int before;
    int index;

    assert(rel != REL234_EQ);

    if (rel == REL234_GT || rel == REL234_GE) {
        before = 1;
        rel = (rel == REL234_GT ? REL234_LE : REL234_LT);
    } else {
        before = 0;
    }
    if (!findrelpos234(t, e, cmp, rel, &index))
        index = 0;

    return splitpos234(t, index+1, before);
}

static node234 *copynode234(node234 *n, copyfn234 copyfn, void *copyfnstate) {
    int i;
    node234 *n2 = snew(node234);

    for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
        if (n->elems[i] && copyfn)
            n2->elems[i] = copyfn(copyfnstate, n->elems[i]);
        else
            n2->elems[i] = n->elems[i];
    }

    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        if (n->kids[i]) {
            n2->kids[i] = copynode234(n->kids[i], copyfn, copyfnstate);
            n2->kids[i]->parent = n2;
        } else {
            n2->kids[i] = NULL;
        }
        n2->counts[i] = n->counts[i];
    }

    return n2;
}
tree234 *copytree234(tree234 *t, copyfn234 copyfn, void *copyfnstate) {
    tree234 *t2;

    t2 = newtree234(t->cmp);
    if (t->root) {
        t2->root = copynode234(t->root, copyfn, copyfnstate);
        t2->root->parent = NULL;
    } else
        t2->root = NULL;

    return t2;
}

#ifdef TEST

/*
 * Test code for the 2-3-4 tree. This code maintains an alternative
 * representation of the data in the tree, in an array (using the
 * obvious and slow insert and delete functions). After each tree
 * operation, the verify() function is called, which ensures all
 * the tree properties are preserved:
 *  - node->child->parent always equals node
 *  - tree->root->parent always equals NULL
 *  - number of kids == 0 or number of elements + 1;
 *  - tree has the same depth everywhere
 *  - every node has at least one element
 *  - subtree element counts are accurate
 *  - any NULL kid pointer is accompanied by a zero count
 *  - in a sorted tree: ordering property between elements of a
 *    node and elements of its children is preserved
 * and also ensures the list represented by the tree is the same
 * list it should be. (This last check also doubly verifies the
 * ordering properties, because the `same list it should be' is by
 * definition correctly ordered. It also ensures all nodes are
 * distinct, because the enum functions would get caught in a loop
 * if not.)
 */

#include <stdarg.h>

#define srealloc realloc

/*
 * Error reporting function.
 */
void error(char *fmt, ...) {
    va_list ap;
    printf("ERROR: ");
    va_start(ap, fmt);
    vfprintf(stdout, fmt, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    printf("\n");
}

/* The array representation of the data. */
void **array;
int arraylen, arraysize;
cmpfn234 cmp;

/* The tree representation of the same data. */
tree234 *tree;

/*
 * Routines to provide a diagnostic printout of a tree. Currently
 * relies on every element in the tree being a one-character string
 * :-)
 */
typedef struct {
    char **levels;
} dispctx;

int dispnode(node234 *n, int level, dispctx *ctx) {
    if (level == 0) {
        int xpos = strlen(ctx->levels[0]);
        int len;

        if (n->elems[2])
            len = sprintf(ctx->levels[0]+xpos, " %s%s%s",
                          n->elems[0], n->elems[1], n->elems[2]);
        else if (n->elems[1])
            len = sprintf(ctx->levels[0]+xpos, " %s%s",
                          n->elems[0], n->elems[1]);
        else
            len = sprintf(ctx->levels[0]+xpos, " %s",
                          n->elems[0]);
        return xpos + 1 + (len-1) / 2;
    } else {
        int xpos[4], nkids;
        int nodelen, mypos, myleft, x, i;

        xpos[0] = dispnode(n->kids[0], level-3, ctx);
        xpos[1] = dispnode(n->kids[1], level-3, ctx);
        nkids = 2;
        if (n->kids[2]) {
            xpos[2] = dispnode(n->kids[2], level-3, ctx);
            nkids = 3;
        }
        if (n->kids[3]) {
            xpos[3] = dispnode(n->kids[3], level-3, ctx);
            nkids = 4;
        }

        if (nkids == 4)
            mypos = (xpos[1] + xpos[2]) / 2;
        else if (nkids == 3)
            mypos = xpos[1];
        else
            mypos = (xpos[0] + xpos[1]) / 2;
        nodelen = nkids * 2 - 1;
        myleft = mypos - ((nodelen-1)/2);
        assert(myleft >= xpos[0]);
        assert(myleft + nodelen-1 <= xpos[nkids-1]);

        x = strlen(ctx->levels[level]);
        while (x <= xpos[0] && x < myleft)
            ctx->levels[level][x++] = ' ';
        while (x < myleft)
            ctx->levels[level][x++] = '_';
        if (nkids==4)
            x += sprintf(ctx->levels[level]+x, ".%s.%s.%s.",
                         n->elems[0], n->elems[1], n->elems[2]);
        else if (nkids==3)
            x += sprintf(ctx->levels[level]+x, ".%s.%s.",
                         n->elems[0], n->elems[1]);
        else
            x += sprintf(ctx->levels[level]+x, ".%s.",
                         n->elems[0]);
        while (x < xpos[nkids-1])
            ctx->levels[level][x++] = '_';
        ctx->levels[level][x] = '\0';

        x = strlen(ctx->levels[level-1]);
        for (i = 0; i < nkids; i++) {
            int rpos, pos;
            rpos = xpos[i];
            if (i > 0 && i < nkids-1)
                pos = myleft + 2*i;
            else
                pos = rpos;
            if (rpos < pos)
                rpos++;
            while (x < pos && x < rpos)
                ctx->levels[level-1][x++] = ' ';
            if (x == pos)
                ctx->levels[level-1][x++] = '|';
            while (x < pos || x < rpos)
                ctx->levels[level-1][x++] = '_';
            if (x == pos)
                ctx->levels[level-1][x++] = '|';
        }
        ctx->levels[level-1][x] = '\0';

        x = strlen(ctx->levels[level-2]);
        for (i = 0; i < nkids; i++) {
            int rpos = xpos[i];

            while (x < rpos)
                ctx->levels[level-2][x++] = ' ';
            ctx->levels[level-2][x++] = '|';
        }
        ctx->levels[level-2][x] = '\0';

        return mypos;
    }
}

void disptree(tree234 *t) {
    dispctx ctx;
    char *leveldata;
    int width = count234(t);
    int ht = height234(t) * 3 - 2;
    int i;

    if (!t->root) {
        printf("[empty tree]\n");
    }

    leveldata = smalloc(ht * (width+2));
    ctx.levels = smalloc(ht * sizeof(char *));
    for (i = 0; i < ht; i++) {
        ctx.levels[i] = leveldata + i * (width+2);
        ctx.levels[i][0] = '\0';
    }

    (void) dispnode(t->root, ht-1, &ctx);

    for (i = ht; i-- ;)
        printf("%s\n", ctx.levels[i]);

    sfree(ctx.levels);
    sfree(leveldata);
}

typedef struct {
    int treedepth;
    int elemcount;
} chkctx;

int chknode(chkctx *ctx, int level, node234 *node,
            void *lowbound, void *highbound) {
    int nkids, nelems;
    int i;
    int count;

    /* Count the non-NULL kids. */
    for (nkids = 0; nkids < 4 && node->kids[nkids]; nkids++);
    /* Ensure no kids beyond the first NULL are non-NULL. */
    for (i = nkids; i < 4; i++)
        if (node->kids[i]) {
            error("node %p: nkids=%d but kids[%d] non-NULL",
                   node, nkids, i);
        } else if (node->counts[i]) {
            error("node %p: kids[%d] NULL but count[%d]=%d nonzero",
                   node, i, i, node->counts[i]);
        }

    /* Count the non-NULL elements. */
    for (nelems = 0; nelems < 3 && node->elems[nelems]; nelems++);
    /* Ensure no elements beyond the first NULL are non-NULL. */
    for (i = nelems; i < 3; i++)
        if (node->elems[i]) {
            error("node %p: nelems=%d but elems[%d] non-NULL",
                   node, nelems, i);
        }

    if (nkids == 0) {
        /*
         * If nkids==0, this is a leaf node; verify that the tree
         * depth is the same everywhere.
         */
        if (ctx->treedepth < 0)
            ctx->treedepth = level;    /* we didn't know the depth yet */
        else if (ctx->treedepth != level)
            error("node %p: leaf at depth %d, previously seen depth %d",
                   node, level, ctx->treedepth);
    } else {
        /*
         * If nkids != 0, then it should be nelems+1, unless nelems
         * is 0 in which case nkids should also be 0 (and so we
         * shouldn't be in this condition at all).
         */
        int shouldkids = (nelems ? nelems+1 : 0);
        if (nkids != shouldkids) {
            error("node %p: %d elems should mean %d kids but has %d",
                   node, nelems, shouldkids, nkids);
        }
    }

    /*
     * nelems should be at least 1.
     */
    if (nelems == 0) {
        error("node %p: no elems", node, nkids);
    }

    /*
     * Add nelems to the running element count of the whole tree.
     */
    ctx->elemcount += nelems;

    /*
     * Check ordering property: all elements should be strictly >
     * lowbound, strictly < highbound, and strictly < each other in
     * sequence. (lowbound and highbound are NULL at edges of tree
     * - both NULL at root node - and NULL is considered to be <
     * everything and > everything. IYSWIM.)
     */
    if (cmp) {
        for (i = -1; i < nelems; i++) {
            void *lower = (i == -1 ? lowbound : node->elems[i]);
            void *higher = (i+1 == nelems ? highbound : node->elems[i+1]);
            if (lower && higher && cmp(lower, higher) >= 0) {
                error("node %p: kid comparison [%d=%s,%d=%s] failed",
                      node, i, lower, i+1, higher);
            }
        }
    }

    /*
     * Check parent pointers: all non-NULL kids should have a
     * parent pointer coming back to this node.
     */
    for (i = 0; i < nkids; i++)
        if (node->kids[i]->parent != node) {
            error("node %p kid %d: parent ptr is %p not %p",
                   node, i, node->kids[i]->parent, node);
        }


    /*
     * Now (finally!) recurse into subtrees.
     */
    count = nelems;

    for (i = 0; i < nkids; i++) {
        void *lower = (i == 0 ? lowbound : node->elems[i-1]);
        void *higher = (i >= nelems ? highbound : node->elems[i]);
        int subcount = chknode(ctx, level+1, node->kids[i], lower, higher);
        if (node->counts[i] != subcount) {
            error("node %p kid %d: count says %d, subtree really has %d",
                  node, i, node->counts[i], subcount);
        }
        count += subcount;
    }

    return count;
}

void verifytree(tree234 *tree, void **array, int arraylen) {
    chkctx ctx;
    int i;
    void *p;

    ctx.treedepth = -1;                /* depth unknown yet */
    ctx.elemcount = 0;                 /* no elements seen yet */
    /*
     * Verify validity of tree properties.
     */
    if (tree->root) {
        if (tree->root->parent != NULL)
            error("root->parent is %p should be null", tree->root->parent);
        chknode(&ctx, 0, tree->root, NULL, NULL);
    }
    printf("tree depth: %d\n", ctx.treedepth);
    /*
     * Enumerate the tree and ensure it matches up to the array.
     */
    for (i = 0; NULL != (p = index234(tree, i)); i++) {
        if (i >= arraylen)
            error("tree contains more than %d elements", arraylen);
        if (array[i] != p)
            error("enum at position %d: array says %s, tree says %s",
                   i, array[i], p);
    }
    if (ctx.elemcount != i) {
        error("tree really contains %d elements, enum gave %d",
               ctx.elemcount, i);
    }
    if (i < arraylen) {
        error("enum gave only %d elements, array has %d", i, arraylen);
    }
    i = count234(tree);
    if (ctx.elemcount != i) {
        error("tree really contains %d elements, count234 gave %d",
              ctx.elemcount, i);
    }
}
void verify(void) { verifytree(tree, array, arraylen); }

void internal_addtest(void *elem, int index, void *realret) {
    int i, j;
    void *retval;

    if (arraysize < arraylen+1) {
        arraysize = arraylen+1+256;
        array = (array == NULL ? smalloc(arraysize*sizeof(*array)) :
                 srealloc(array, arraysize*sizeof(*array)));
    }

    i = index;
    /* now i points to the first element >= elem */
    retval = elem;                  /* expect elem returned (success) */
    for (j = arraylen; j > i; j--)
        array[j] = array[j-1];
    array[i] = elem;                /* add elem to array */
    arraylen++;

    if (realret != retval) {
        error("add: retval was %p expected %p", realret, retval);
    }

    verify();
}

void addtest(void *elem) {
    int i;
    void *realret;

    realret = add234(tree, elem);

    i = 0;
    while (i < arraylen && cmp(elem, array[i]) > 0)
        i++;
    if (i < arraylen && !cmp(elem, array[i])) {
        void *retval = array[i];       /* expect that returned not elem */
        if (realret != retval) {
            error("add: retval was %p expected %p", realret, retval);
        }
    } else
        internal_addtest(elem, i, realret);
}

void addpostest(void *elem, int i) {
    void *realret;

    realret = addpos234(tree, elem, i);

    internal_addtest(elem, i, realret);
}

void delpostest(int i) {
    int index = i;
    void *elem = array[i], *ret;

    /* i points to the right element */
    while (i < arraylen-1) {
        array[i] = array[i+1];
        i++;
    }
    arraylen--;                        /* delete elem from array */

    if (tree->cmp)
        ret = del234(tree, elem);
    else
        ret = delpos234(tree, index);

    if (ret != elem) {
        error("del returned %p, expected %p", ret, elem);
    }

    verify();
}

void deltest(void *elem) {
    int i;

    i = 0;
    while (i < arraylen && cmp(elem, array[i]) > 0)
        i++;
    if (i >= arraylen || cmp(elem, array[i]) != 0)
        return;                        /* don't do it! */
    delpostest(i);
}

/* A sample data set and test utility. Designed for pseudo-randomness,
 * and yet repeatability. */

/*
 * This random number generator uses the `portable implementation'
 * given in ANSI C99 draft N869. It assumes `unsigned' is 32 bits;
 * change it if not.
 */
int randomnumber(unsigned *seed) {
    *seed *= 1103515245;
    *seed += 12345;
    return ((*seed) / 65536) % 32768;
}

int mycmp(void *av, void *bv) {
    char const *a = (char const *)av;
    char const *b = (char const *)bv;
    return strcmp(a, b);
}

char *strings[] = {
    "0", "2", "3", "I", "K", "d", "H", "J", "Q", "N", "n", "q", "j", "i",
    "7", "G", "F", "D", "b", "x", "g", "B", "e", "v", "V", "T", "f", "E",
    "S", "8", "A", "k", "X", "p", "C", "R", "a", "o", "r", "O", "Z", "u",
    "6", "1", "w", "L", "P", "M", "c", "U", "h", "9", "t", "5", "W", "Y",
    "m", "s", "l", "4",
#if 0
    "a", "ab", "absque", "coram", "de",
    "palam", "clam", "cum", "ex", "e",
    "sine", "tenus", "pro", "prae",
    "banana", "carrot", "cabbage", "broccoli", "onion", "zebra",
    "penguin", "blancmange", "pangolin", "whale", "hedgehog",
    "giraffe", "peanut", "bungee", "foo", "bar", "baz", "quux",
    "murfl", "spoo", "breen", "flarn", "octothorpe",
    "snail", "tiger", "elephant", "octopus", "warthog", "armadillo",
    "aardvark", "wyvern", "dragon", "elf", "dwarf", "orc", "goblin",
    "pixie", "basilisk", "warg", "ape", "lizard", "newt", "shopkeeper",
    "wand", "ring", "amulet"
#endif
};

#define NSTR lenof(strings)

void findtest(void) {
    static const int rels[] = {
        REL234_EQ, REL234_GE, REL234_LE, REL234_LT, REL234_GT
    };
    static const char *const relnames[] = {
        "EQ", "GE", "LE", "LT", "GT"
    };
    int i, j, rel, index;
    char *p, *ret, *realret, *realret2;
    int lo, hi, mid, c;

    for (i = 0; i < (int)NSTR; i++) {
        p = strings[i];
        for (j = 0; j < (int)(sizeof(rels)/sizeof(*rels)); j++) {
            rel = rels[j];

            lo = 0; hi = arraylen-1;
            while (lo <= hi) {
                mid = (lo + hi) / 2;
                c = strcmp(p, array[mid]);
                if (c < 0)
                    hi = mid-1;
                else if (c > 0)
                    lo = mid+1;
                else
                    break;
            }

            if (c == 0) {
                if (rel == REL234_LT)
                    ret = (mid > 0 ? array[--mid] : NULL);
                else if (rel == REL234_GT)
                    ret = (mid < arraylen-1 ? array[++mid] : NULL);
                else
                    ret = array[mid];
            } else {
                assert(lo == hi+1);
                if (rel == REL234_LT || rel == REL234_LE) {
                    mid = hi;
                    ret = (hi >= 0 ? array[hi] : NULL);
                } else if (rel == REL234_GT || rel == REL234_GE) {
                    mid = lo;
                    ret = (lo < arraylen ? array[lo] : NULL);
                } else
                    ret = NULL;
            }

            realret = findrelpos234(tree, p, NULL, rel, &index);
            if (realret != ret) {
                error("find(\"%s\",%s) gave %s should be %s",
                      p, relnames[j], realret, ret);
            }
            if (realret && index != mid) {
                error("find(\"%s\",%s) gave %d should be %d",
                      p, relnames[j], index, mid);
            }
            if (realret && rel == REL234_EQ) {
                realret2 = index234(tree, index);
                if (realret2 != realret) {
                    error("find(\"%s\",%s) gave %s(%d) but %d -> %s",
                          p, relnames[j], realret, index, index, realret2);
                }
            }
#if 0
            printf("find(\"%s\",%s) gave %s(%d)\n", p, relnames[j],
                   realret, index);
#endif
        }
    }

    realret = findrelpos234(tree, NULL, NULL, REL234_GT, &index);
    if (arraylen && (realret != array[0] || index != 0)) {
        error("find(NULL,GT) gave %s(%d) should be %s(0)",
              realret, index, array[0]);
    } else if (!arraylen && (realret != NULL)) {
        error("find(NULL,GT) gave %s(%d) should be NULL",
              realret, index);
    }

    realret = findrelpos234(tree, NULL, NULL, REL234_LT, &index);
    if (arraylen && (realret != array[arraylen-1] || index != arraylen-1)) {
        error("find(NULL,LT) gave %s(%d) should be %s(0)",
              realret, index, array[arraylen-1]);
    } else if (!arraylen && (realret != NULL)) {
        error("find(NULL,LT) gave %s(%d) should be NULL",
              realret, index);
    }
}

void splittest(tree234 *tree, void **array, int arraylen) {
    int i;
    tree234 *tree3, *tree4;
    for (i = 0; i <= arraylen; i++) {
        tree3 = copytree234(tree, NULL, NULL);
        tree4 = splitpos234(tree3, i, 0);
        verifytree(tree3, array, i);
        verifytree(tree4, array+i, arraylen-i);
        join234(tree3, tree4);
        freetree234(tree4);            /* left empty by join */
        verifytree(tree3, array, arraylen);
        freetree234(tree3);
    }
}

int main(void) {
    int in[NSTR];
    int i, j, k;
    int tworoot, tmplen;
    unsigned seed = 0;
    tree234 *tree2, *tree3, *tree4;
    int c;

    setvbuf(stdout, NULL, _IOLBF, 0);

    for (i = 0; i < (int)NSTR; i++) in[i] = 0;
    array = NULL;
    arraylen = arraysize = 0;
    tree = newtree234(mycmp);
    cmp = mycmp;

    verify();
    for (i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
        j = randomnumber(&seed);
        j %= NSTR;
        printf("trial: %d\n", i);
        if (in[j]) {
            printf("deleting %s (%d)\n", strings[j], j);
            deltest(strings[j]);
            in[j] = 0;
        } else {
            printf("adding %s (%d)\n", strings[j], j);
            addtest(strings[j]);
            in[j] = 1;
        }
        disptree(tree);
        findtest();
    }

    while (arraylen > 0) {
        j = randomnumber(&seed);
        j %= arraylen;
        deltest(array[j]);
    }

    freetree234(tree);

    /*
     * Now try an unsorted tree. We don't really need to test
     * delpos234 because we know del234 is based on it, so it's
     * already been tested in the above sorted-tree code; but for
     * completeness we'll use it to tear down our unsorted tree
     * once we've built it.
     */
    tree = newtree234(NULL);
    cmp = NULL;
    verify();
    for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
        printf("trial: %d\n", i);
        j = randomnumber(&seed);
        j %= NSTR;
        k = randomnumber(&seed);
        k %= count234(tree)+1;
        printf("adding string %s at index %d\n", strings[j], k);
        addpostest(strings[j], k);
    }

    /*
     * While we have this tree in its full form, we'll take a copy
     * of it to use in split and join testing.
     */
    tree2 = copytree234(tree, NULL, NULL);
    verifytree(tree2, array, arraylen);/* check the copy is accurate */
    /*
     * Split tests. Split the tree at every possible point and
     * check the resulting subtrees.
     */
    tworoot = (!tree2->root->elems[1]);/* see if it has a 2-root */
    splittest(tree2, array, arraylen);
    /*
     * Now do the split test again, but on a tree that has a 2-root
     * (if the previous one didn't) or doesn't (if the previous one
     * did).
     */
    tmplen = arraylen;
    while ((!tree2->root->elems[1]) == tworoot) {
        delpos234(tree2, --tmplen);
    }
    printf("now trying splits on second tree\n");
    splittest(tree2, array, tmplen);
    freetree234(tree2);

    /*
     * Back to the main testing of uncounted trees.
     */
    while (count234(tree) > 0) {
        printf("cleanup: tree size %d\n", count234(tree));
        j = randomnumber(&seed);
        j %= count234(tree);
        printf("deleting string %s from index %d\n", (char *)array[j], j);
        delpostest(j);
    }
    freetree234(tree);

    /*
     * Finally, do some testing on split/join on _sorted_ trees. At
     * the same time, we'll be testing split on very small trees.
     */
    tree = newtree234(mycmp);
    cmp = mycmp;
    arraylen = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < 17; i++) {
        tree2 = copytree234(tree, NULL, NULL);
        splittest(tree2, array, arraylen);
        freetree234(tree2);
        if (i < 16)
            addtest(strings[i]);
    }
    freetree234(tree);

    /*
     * Test silly cases of join: join(emptytree, emptytree), and
     * also ensure join correctly spots when sorted trees fail the
     * ordering constraint.
     */
    tree = newtree234(mycmp);
    tree2 = newtree234(mycmp);
    tree3 = newtree234(mycmp);
    tree4 = newtree234(mycmp);
    assert(mycmp(strings[0], strings[1]) < 0);   /* just in case :-) */
    add234(tree2, strings[1]);
    add234(tree4, strings[0]);
    array[0] = strings[0];
    array[1] = strings[1];
    verifytree(tree, array, 0);
    verifytree(tree2, array+1, 1);
    verifytree(tree3, array, 0);
    verifytree(tree4, array, 1);

    /*
     * So:
     *  - join(tree,tree3) should leave both tree and tree3 unchanged.
     *  - joinr(tree,tree2) should leave both tree and tree2 unchanged.
     *  - join(tree4,tree3) should leave both tree3 and tree4 unchanged.
     *  - join(tree, tree2) should move the element from tree2 to tree.
     *  - joinr(tree4, tree3) should move the element from tree4 to tree3.
     *  - join(tree,tree3) should return NULL and leave both unchanged.
     *  - join(tree3,tree) should work and create a bigger tree in tree3.
     */
    assert(tree == join234(tree, tree3));
    verifytree(tree, array, 0);
    verifytree(tree3, array, 0);
    assert(tree2 == join234r(tree, tree2));
    verifytree(tree, array, 0);
    verifytree(tree2, array+1, 1);
    assert(tree4 == join234(tree4, tree3));
    verifytree(tree3, array, 0);
    verifytree(tree4, array, 1);
    assert(tree == join234(tree, tree2));
    verifytree(tree, array+1, 1);
    verifytree(tree2, array, 0);
    assert(tree3 == join234r(tree4, tree3));
    verifytree(tree3, array, 1);
    verifytree(tree4, array, 0);
    assert(NULL == join234(tree, tree3));
    verifytree(tree, array+1, 1);
    verifytree(tree3, array, 1);
    assert(tree3 == join234(tree3, tree));
    verifytree(tree3, array, 2);
    verifytree(tree, array, 0);

    return 0;
}

#endif

#if 0 /* sorted list of strings might be useful */
{
    "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I", "J", "K", "L", "M", "N", "O", "P", "Q", "R", "S", "T", "U", "V", "W", "X", "Y", "Z", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x",
}
#endif