7 INTERNET-DRAFT Clifford Neuman
8 Obsoletes: 1510 USC-ISI
14 Expires 29 December, 2004
16 The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)
17 draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt
21 This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
22 all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026. Internet-Drafts are working
23 documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas,
24 and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute
25 working documents as Internet-Drafts.
27 Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
28 and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
29 time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
30 material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
32 The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
33 http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
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40 Directories on ftp.ietf.org (US East Coast), nic.nordu.net (Europe),
41 ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast), or munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim).
43 The distribution of this memo is unlimited. It is filed as draft-
44 ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt, and expires 29 December
45 2004. Please send comments to: ietf-krb-wg@anl.gov
49 This document provides an overview and specification of Version 5 of
50 the Kerberos protocol, and obsoletes RFC1510 to clarify aspects of
51 the protocol and its intended use that require more detailed or
52 clearer explanation than was provided in RFC1510. This document is
53 intended to provide a detailed description of the protocol, suitable
54 for implementation, together with descriptions of the appropriate use
55 of protocol messages and fields within those messages.
65 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
70 This document describes the concepts and model upon which the
71 Kerberos network authentication system is based. It also specifies
72 Version 5 of the Kerberos protocol. The motivations, goals,
73 assumptions, and rationale behind most design decisions are treated
74 cursorily; they are more fully described in a paper available in IEEE
75 communications [NT94] and earlier in the Kerberos portion of the
76 Athena Technical Plan [MNSS87].
78 This document is not intended to describe Kerberos to the end user,
79 system administrator, or application developer. Higher level papers
80 describing Version 5 of the Kerberos system [NT94] and documenting
81 version 4 [SNS88], are available elsewhere.
85 The Kerberos model is based in part on Needham and Schroeder's
86 trusted third-party authentication protocol [NS78] and on
87 modifications suggested by Denning and Sacco [DS81]. The original
88 design and implementation of Kerberos Versions 1 through 4 was the
89 work of two former Project Athena staff members, Steve Miller of
90 Digital Equipment Corporation and Clifford Neuman (now at the
91 Information Sciences Institute of the University of Southern
92 California), along with Jerome Saltzer, Technical Director of Project
93 Athena, and Jeffrey Schiller, MIT Campus Network Manager. Many other
94 members of Project Athena have also contributed to the work on
97 Version 5 of the Kerberos protocol (described in this document) has
98 evolved from Version 4 based on new requirements and desires for
99 features not available in Version 4. The design of Version 5 of the
100 Kerberos protocol was led by Clifford Neuman and John Kohl with much
101 input from the community. The development of the MIT reference
102 implementation was led at MIT by John Kohl and Theodore Ts'o, with
103 help and contributed code from many others. Since RFC1510 was issued,
104 extensions and revisions to the protocol have been proposed by many
105 individuals. Some of these proposals are reflected in this document.
106 Where such changes involved significant effort, the document cites
107 the contribution of the proposer.
109 Reference implementations of both version 4 and version 5 of Kerberos
110 are publicly available and commercial implementations have been
111 developed and are widely used. Details on the differences between
112 Kerberos Versions 4 and 5 can be found in [KNT94].
114 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
115 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
116 document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
126 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
132 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
133 1.1. Cross-realm operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
134 1.2. Choosing a principal with which to communicate . . . . . . . . 9
135 1.3. Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
136 1.4. Extending Kerberos Without Breaking Interoperability . . . . . 11
137 1.4.1. Compatibility with RFC 1510 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
138 1.4.2. Sending Extensible Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
139 1.5. Environmental assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
140 1.6. Glossary of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
141 2. Ticket flag uses and requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
142 2.1. Initial, pre-authenticated, and hardware authenticated
143 tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
144 2.2. Invalid tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
145 2.3. Renewable tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
146 2.4. Postdated tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
147 2.5. Proxiable and proxy tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
148 2.6. Forwardable tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
149 2.7. Transited Policy Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
150 2.8. OK as Delegate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
151 2.9. Other KDC options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
152 2.9.1. Renewable-OK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
153 2.9.2. ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
154 2.9.3. Passwordless Hardware Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
155 3. Message Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
156 3.1. The Authentication Service Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
157 3.1.1. Generation of KRB_AS_REQ message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
158 3.1.2. Receipt of KRB_AS_REQ message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
159 3.1.3. Generation of KRB_AS_REP message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
160 3.1.4. Generation of KRB_ERROR message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
161 3.1.5. Receipt of KRB_AS_REP message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
162 3.1.6. Receipt of KRB_ERROR message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
163 3.2. The Client/Server Authentication Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . 28
164 3.2.1. The KRB_AP_REQ message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
165 3.2.2. Generation of a KRB_AP_REQ message . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
166 3.2.3. Receipt of KRB_AP_REQ message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
167 3.2.4. Generation of a KRB_AP_REP message . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
168 3.2.5. Receipt of KRB_AP_REP message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
169 3.2.6. Using the encryption key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
170 3.3. The Ticket-Granting Service (TGS) Exchange . . . . . . . . . . 34
171 3.3.1. Generation of KRB_TGS_REQ message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
172 3.3.2. Receipt of KRB_TGS_REQ message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
173 3.3.3. Generation of KRB_TGS_REP message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
174 3.3.3.1. Checking for revoked tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
175 3.3.3.2. Encoding the transited field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
176 3.3.4. Receipt of KRB_TGS_REP message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
186 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
189 3.4. The KRB_SAFE Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
190 3.4.1. Generation of a KRB_SAFE message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
191 3.4.2. Receipt of KRB_SAFE message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
192 3.5. The KRB_PRIV Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
193 3.5.1. Generation of a KRB_PRIV message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
194 3.5.2. Receipt of KRB_PRIV message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
195 3.6. The KRB_CRED Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
196 3.6.1. Generation of a KRB_CRED message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
197 3.6.2. Receipt of KRB_CRED message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
198 3.7. User-to-User Authentication Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
199 4. Encryption and Checksum Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
200 5. Message Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
201 5.1. Specific Compatibility Notes on ASN.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
202 5.1.1. ASN.1 Distinguished Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
203 5.1.2. Optional Integer Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
204 5.1.3. Empty SEQUENCE OF Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
205 5.1.4. Unrecognized Tag Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
206 5.1.5. Tag Numbers Greater Than 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
207 5.2. Basic Kerberos Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
208 5.2.1. KerberosString . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
209 5.2.2. Realm and PrincipalName . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
210 5.2.3. KerberosTime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
211 5.2.4. Constrained Integer types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
212 5.2.5. HostAddress and HostAddresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
213 5.2.6. AuthorizationData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
214 5.2.6.1. IF-RELEVANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
215 5.2.6.2. KDCIssued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
216 5.2.6.3. AND-OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
217 5.2.6.4. MANDATORY-FOR-KDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
218 5.2.7. PA-DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
219 5.2.7.1. PA-TGS-REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
220 5.2.7.2. Encrypted Timestamp Pre-authentication . . . . . . . . . . 61
221 5.2.7.3. PA-PW-SALT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
222 5.2.7.4. PA-ETYPE-INFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
223 5.2.7.5. PA-ETYPE-INFO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
224 5.2.8. KerberosFlags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
225 5.2.9. Cryptosystem-related Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
226 5.3. Tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
227 5.4. Specifications for the AS and TGS exchanges . . . . . . . . . . 73
228 5.4.1. KRB_KDC_REQ definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
229 5.4.2. KRB_KDC_REP definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
230 5.5. Client/Server (CS) message specifications . . . . . . . . . . . 84
231 5.5.1. KRB_AP_REQ definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
232 5.5.2. KRB_AP_REP definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
233 5.5.3. Error message reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
234 5.6. KRB_SAFE message specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
235 5.6.1. KRB_SAFE definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
236 5.7. KRB_PRIV message specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
246 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
249 5.7.1. KRB_PRIV definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
250 5.8. KRB_CRED message specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
251 5.8.1. KRB_CRED definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
252 5.9. Error message specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
253 5.9.1. KRB_ERROR definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
254 5.10. Application Tag Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
255 6. Naming Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
256 6.1. Realm Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
257 6.2. Principal Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
258 6.2.1. Name of server principals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
259 7. Constants and other defined values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
260 7.1. Host address types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
261 7.2. KDC messaging - IP Transports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
262 7.2.1. UDP/IP transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
263 7.2.2. TCP/IP transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
264 7.2.3. KDC Discovery on IP Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
265 7.2.3.1. DNS vs. Kerberos - Case Sensitivity of Realm Names . . . . 103
266 7.2.3.2. Specifying KDC Location information with DNS SRV
267 records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
268 7.2.3.3. KDC Discovery for Domain Style Realm Names on IP
269 Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
270 7.3. Name of the TGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
271 7.4. OID arc for KerberosV5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
272 7.5. Protocol constants and associated values . . . . . . . . . . . 105
273 7.5.1. Key usage numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
274 7.5.2. PreAuthentication Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
275 7.5.3. Address Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
276 7.5.4. Authorization Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
277 7.5.5. Transited Encoding Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
278 7.5.6. Protocol Version Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
279 7.5.7. Kerberos Message Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
280 7.5.8. Name Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
281 7.5.9. Error Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
282 8. Interoperability requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
283 8.1. Specification 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
284 8.2. Recommended KDC values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
285 9. IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
286 10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
287 11. Author's Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
288 12. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
289 13. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
290 13.1 NORMATIVE REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
291 13.2 INFORMATIVE REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
292 14. Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
293 15. Intellectual Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
294 A. ASN.1 module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
295 B. Changes since RFC-1510 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
296 END NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
304 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
309 Kerberos provides a means of verifying the identities of principals,
310 (e.g. a workstation user or a network server) on an open
311 (unprotected) network. This is accomplished without relying on
312 assertions by the host operating system, without basing trust on host
313 addresses, without requiring physical security of all the hosts on
314 the network, and under the assumption that packets traveling along
315 the network can be read, modified, and inserted at will. Kerberos
316 performs authentication under these conditions as a trusted third-
317 party authentication service by using conventional (shared secret
318 key) cryptography. Extensions to Kerberos (outside the scope of this
319 document) can provide for the use of public key cryptography during
320 certain phases of the authentication protocol [@RFCE: if PKINIT
321 advances concurrently include reference to the RFC here]. Such
322 extensions support Kerberos authentication for users registered with
323 public key certification authorities and provide certain benefits of
324 public key cryptography in situations where they are needed.
326 The basic Kerberos authentication process proceeds as follows: A
327 client sends a request to the authentication server (AS) requesting
328 "credentials" for a given server. The AS responds with these
329 credentials, encrypted in the client's key. The credentials consist
330 of a "ticket" for the server and a temporary encryption key (often
331 called a "session key"). The client transmits the ticket (which
332 contains the client's identity and a copy of the session key, all
333 encrypted in the server's key) to the server. The session key (now
334 shared by the client and server) is used to authenticate the client,
335 and may optionally be used to authenticate the server. It may also be
336 used to encrypt further communication between the two parties or to
337 exchange a separate sub-session key to be used to encrypt further
338 communication. Note that many applications use Kerberos' functions
339 only upon the initiation of a stream-based network connection. Unless
340 an application performs encryption or integrity protection for the
341 data stream, the identity verification applies only to the initiation
342 of the connection, and does not guarantee that subsequent messages on
343 the connection originate from the same principal.
345 Implementation of the basic protocol consists of one or more
346 authentication servers running on physically secure hosts. The
347 authentication servers maintain a database of principals (i.e., users
348 and servers) and their secret keys. Code libraries provide encryption
349 and implement the Kerberos protocol. In order to add authentication
350 to its transactions, a typical network application adds calls to the
351 Kerberos library directly or through the Generic Security Services
352 Application Programming Interface, GSSAPI, described in separate
353 document [ref to GSSAPI RFC]. These calls result in the transmission
354 of the necessary messages to achieve authentication.
364 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
367 The Kerberos protocol consists of several sub-protocols (or
368 exchanges). There are two basic methods by which a client can ask a
369 Kerberos server for credentials. In the first approach, the client
370 sends a cleartext request for a ticket for the desired server to the
371 AS. The reply is sent encrypted in the client's secret key. Usually
372 this request is for a ticket-granting ticket (TGT) which can later be
373 used with the ticket-granting server (TGS). In the second method,
374 the client sends a request to the TGS. The client uses the TGT to
375 authenticate itself to the TGS in the same manner as if it were
376 contacting any other application server that requires Kerberos
377 authentication. The reply is encrypted in the session key from the
378 TGT. Though the protocol specification describes the AS and the TGS
379 as separate servers, they are implemented in practice as different
380 protocol entry points within a single Kerberos server.
382 Once obtained, credentials may be used to verify the identity of the
383 principals in a transaction, to ensure the integrity of messages
384 exchanged between them, or to preserve privacy of the messages. The
385 application is free to choose whatever protection may be necessary.
387 To verify the identities of the principals in a transaction, the
388 client transmits the ticket to the application server. Since the
389 ticket is sent "in the clear" (parts of it are encrypted, but this
390 encryption doesn't thwart replay) and might be intercepted and reused
391 by an attacker, additional information is sent to prove that the
392 message originated with the principal to whom the ticket was issued.
393 This information (called the authenticator) is encrypted in the
394 session key, and includes a timestamp. The timestamp proves that the
395 message was recently generated and is not a replay. Encrypting the
396 authenticator in the session key proves that it was generated by a
397 party possessing the session key. Since no one except the requesting
398 principal and the server know the session key (it is never sent over
399 the network in the clear) this guarantees the identity of the client.
401 The integrity of the messages exchanged between principals can also
402 be guaranteed using the session key (passed in the ticket and
403 contained in the credentials). This approach provides detection of
404 both replay attacks and message stream modification attacks. It is
405 accomplished by generating and transmitting a collision-proof
406 checksum (elsewhere called a hash or digest function) of the client's
407 message, keyed with the session key. Privacy and integrity of the
408 messages exchanged between principals can be secured by encrypting
409 the data to be passed using the session key contained in the ticket
410 or the sub-session key found in the authenticator.
412 The authentication exchanges mentioned above require read-only access
413 to the Kerberos database. Sometimes, however, the entries in the
414 database must be modified, such as when adding new principals or
424 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
427 changing a principal's key. This is done using a protocol between a
428 client and a third Kerberos server, the Kerberos Administration
429 Server (KADM). There is also a protocol for maintaining multiple
430 copies of the Kerberos database. Neither of these protocols are
431 described in this document.
433 1.1. Cross-realm operation
435 The Kerberos protocol is designed to operate across organizational
436 boundaries. A client in one organization can be authenticated to a
437 server in another. Each organization wishing to run a Kerberos server
438 establishes its own "realm". The name of the realm in which a client
439 is registered is part of the client's name, and can be used by the
440 end-service to decide whether to honor a request.
442 By establishing "inter-realm" keys, the administrators of two realms
443 can allow a client authenticated in the local realm to prove its
444 identity to servers in other realms. The exchange of inter-realm keys
445 (a separate key may be used for each direction) registers the ticket-
446 granting service of each realm as a principal in the other realm. A
447 client is then able to obtain a ticket-granting ticket for the remote
448 realm's ticket-granting service from its local realm. When that
449 ticket-granting ticket is used, the remote ticket-granting service
450 uses the inter-realm key (which usually differs from its own normal
451 TGS key) to decrypt the ticket-granting ticket, and is thus certain
452 that it was issued by the client's own TGS. Tickets issued by the
453 remote ticket-granting service will indicate to the end-service that
454 the client was authenticated from another realm.
456 WIthout cross-realm operation, and with appropriate permission the
457 client can arrange registration of a separately-named principal in a
458 remote realm, and engage in normal exchanges with that realm's
459 services. However, for even small numbers of clients this becomes
460 cumbersome, and more automatic methods as described here are
463 A realm is said to communicate with another realm if the two realms
464 share an inter-realm key, or if the local realm shares an inter-realm
465 key with an intermediate realm that communicates with the remote
466 realm. An authentication path is the sequence of intermediate realms
467 that are transited in communicating from one realm to another.
469 Realms may be organized hierarchically. Each realm shares a key with
470 its parent and a different key with each child. If an inter-realm key
471 is not directly shared by two realms, the hierarchical organization
472 allows an authentication path to be easily constructed. If a
473 hierarchical organization is not used, it may be necessary to consult
474 a database in order to construct an authentication path between
484 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
489 Although realms are typically hierarchical, intermediate realms may
490 be bypassed to achieve cross-realm authentication through alternate
491 authentication paths (these might be established to make
492 communication between two realms more efficient). It is important for
493 the end-service to know which realms were transited when deciding how
494 much faith to place in the authentication process. To facilitate this
495 decision, a field in each ticket contains the names of the realms
496 that were involved in authenticating the client.
498 The application server is ultimately responsible for accepting or
499 rejecting authentication and SHOULD check the transited field. The
500 application server may choose to rely on the KDC for the application
501 server's realm to check the transited field. The application server's
502 KDC will set the TRANSITED-POLICY-CHECKED flag in this case. The KDCs
503 for intermediate realms may also check the transited field as they
504 issue ticket-granting tickets for other realms, but they are
505 encouraged not to do so. A client may request that the KDCs not check
506 the transited field by setting the DISABLE-TRANSITED-CHECK flag. KDCs
507 SHOULD honor this flag.
509 1.2. Choosing a principal with which to communicate
511 The Kerberos protocol provides the means for verifying (subject to
512 the assumptions in 1.5) that the entity with which one communicates
513 is the same entity that was registered with the KDC using the claimed
514 identity (principal name). It is still necessary to determine whether
515 that identity corresponds to the entity with which one intends to
518 When appropriate data has been exchanged in advance, this
519 determination may be performed syntactically by the application based
520 on the application protocol specification, information provided by
521 the user, and configuration files. For example, the server principal
522 name (including realm) for a telnet server might be derived from the
523 user specified host name (from the telnet command line), the "host/"
524 prefix specified in the application protocol specification, and a
525 mapping to a Kerberos realm derived syntactically from the domain
526 part of the specified hostname and information from the local
527 Kerberos realms database.
529 One can also rely on trusted third parties to make this
530 determination, but only when the data obtained from the third party
531 is suitably integrity protected while resident on the third party
532 server and when transmitted. Thus, for example, one should not rely
533 on an unprotected domain name system record to map a host alias to
534 the primary name of a server, accepting the primary name as the party
544 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
547 one intends to contact, since an attacker can modify the mapping and
548 impersonate the party with which one intended to communicate.
550 Implementations of Kerberos and protocols based on Kerberos MUST NOT
551 use insecure DNS queries to canonicalize the hostname components of
552 the service principal names (i.e. MUST NOT use insecure DNS queries
553 to map one name to another to determine the host part of the
554 principal name with which one is to communicate). In an environment
555 without secure name service, application authors MAY append a
556 statically configured domain name to unqualified hostnames before
557 passing the name to the security mechanisms, but should do no more
558 than that. Secure name service facilities, if available, might be
559 trusted for hostname canonicalization, but such canonicalization by
560 the client SHOULD NOT be required by KDC implementations.
562 Implementation note: Many current implementations do some degree of
563 canonicalization of the provided service name, often using DNS even
564 though it creates security problems. However there is no consistency
565 among implementations about whether the service name is case folded
566 to lower case or whether reverse resolution is used. To maximize
567 interoperability and security, applications SHOULD provide security
568 mechanisms with names which result from folding the user-entered name
569 to lower case, without performing any other modifications or
574 As an authentication service, Kerberos provides a means of verifying
575 the identity of principals on a network. Authentication is usually
576 useful primarily as a first step in the process of authorization,
577 determining whether a client may use a service, which objects the
578 client is allowed to access, and the type of access allowed for each.
579 Kerberos does not, by itself, provide authorization. Possession of a
580 client ticket for a service provides only for authentication of the
581 client to that service, and in the absence of a separate
582 authorization procedure, it should not be considered by an
583 application as authorizing the use of that service.
585 Such separate authorization methods MAY be implemented as application
586 specific access control functions and may utilize files on the
587 application server, or on separately issued authorization credentials
588 such as those based on proxies [Neu93], or on other authorization
589 services. Separately authenticated authorization credentials MAY be
590 embedded in a ticket's authorization data when encapsulated by the
591 KDC-issued authorization data element.
593 Applications should not accept the mere issuance of a service ticket
594 by the Kerberos server (even by a modified Kerberos server) as
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607 granting authority to use the service, since such applications may
608 become vulnerable to the bypass of this authorization check in an
609 environment if they interoperate with other KDCs or where other
610 options for application authentication are provided.
612 1.4. Extending Kerberos Without Breaking Interoperability
614 As the deployed base of Kerberos implementations grows, extending
615 Kerberos becomes more important. Unfortunately some extensions to the
616 existing Kerberos protocol create interoperability issues because of
617 uncertainty regarding the treatment of certain extensibility options
618 by some implementations. This section includes guidelines that will
619 enable future implementations to maintain interoperability.
621 Kerberos provides a general mechanism for protocol extensibility.
622 Some protocol messages contain typed holes -- sub-messages that
623 contain an octet-string along with an integer that defines how to
624 interpret the octet-string. The integer types are registered
625 centrally, but can be used both for vendor extensions and for
626 extensions standardized through the IETF.
628 In this document, the word "extension" means an extension by defining
629 a new type to insert into an existing typed hole in a protocol
630 message. It does not mean extension by addition of new fields to
631 ASN.1 types, unless explicitly indicated otherwise in the text.
633 1.4.1. Compatibility with RFC 1510
635 It is important to note that existing Kerberos message formats can
636 not be readily extended by adding fields to the ASN.1 types. Sending
637 additional fields often results in the entire message being discarded
638 without an error indication. Future versions of this specification
639 will provide guidelines to ensure that ASN.1 fields can be added
640 without creating an interoperability problem.
642 In the meantime, all new or modified implementations of Kerberos that
643 receive an unknown message extension SHOULD preserve the encoding of
644 the extension but otherwise ignore the presence of the extension.
645 Recipients MUST NOT decline a request simply because an extension is
648 There is one exception to this rule. If an unknown authorization data
649 element type is received by a server other than the ticket granting
650 service either in an AP-REQ or in a ticket contained in an AP-REQ,
651 then authentication MUST fail. One of the primary uses of
652 authorization data is to restrict the use of the ticket. If the
653 service cannot determine whether the restriction applies to that
654 service then a security weakness may result if the ticket can be used
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667 for that service. Authorization elements that are optional SHOULD be
668 enclosed in the AD-IF-RELEVANT element.
670 The ticket granting service MUST ignore but propagate to derivative
671 tickets any unknown authorization data types, unless those data types
672 are embedded in a MANDATORY-FOR-KDC element, in which case the
673 request will be rejected. This behavior is appropriate because
674 requiring that the ticket granting service understand unknown
675 authorization data types would require that KDC software be upgraded
676 to understand new application-level restrictions before applications
677 used these restrictions, decreasing the utility of authorization data
678 as a mechanism for restricting the use of tickets. No security
679 problem is created because services to which the tickets are issued
680 will verify the authorization data.
682 Implementation note: Many RFC 1510 implementations ignore unknown
683 authorization data elements. Depending on these implementations to
684 honor authorization data restrictions may create a security weakness.
686 1.4.2. Sending Extensible Messages
688 Care must be taken to ensure that old implementations can understand
689 messages sent to them even if they do not understand an extension
690 that is used. Unless the sender knows an extension is supported, the
691 extension cannot change the semantics of the core message or
692 previously defined extensions.
694 For example, an extension including key information necessary to
695 decrypt the encrypted part of a KDC-REP could only be used in
696 situations where the recipient was known to support the extension.
697 Thus when designing such extensions it is important to provide a way
698 for the recipient to notify the sender of support for the extension.
699 For example in the case of an extension that changes the KDC-REP
700 reply key, the client could indicate support for the extension by
701 including a padata element in the AS-REQ sequence. The KDC should
702 only use the extension if this padata element is present in the AS-
703 REQ. Even if policy requires the use of the extension, it is better
704 to return an error indicating that the extension is required than to
705 use the extension when the recipient may not support it; debugging
706 why implementations do not interoperate is easier when errors are
709 1.5. Environmental assumptions
711 Kerberos imposes a few assumptions on the environment in which it can
714 * "Denial of service" attacks are not solved with Kerberos. There
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727 are places in the protocols where an intruder can prevent an
728 application from participating in the proper authentication steps.
729 Detection and solution of such attacks (some of which can appear
730 to be not-uncommon "normal" failure modes for the system) is
731 usually best left to the human administrators and users.
733 * Principals MUST keep their secret keys secret. If an intruder
734 somehow steals a principal's key, it will be able to masquerade as
735 that principal or impersonate any server to the legitimate
738 * "Password guessing" attacks are not solved by Kerberos. If a user
739 chooses a poor password, it is possible for an attacker to
740 successfully mount an offline dictionary attack by repeatedly
741 attempting to decrypt, with successive entries from a dictionary,
742 messages obtained which are encrypted under a key derived from the
745 * Each host on the network MUST have a clock which is "loosely
746 synchronized" to the time of the other hosts; this synchronization
747 is used to reduce the bookkeeping needs of application servers
748 when they do replay detection. The degree of "looseness" can be
749 configured on a per-server basis, but is typically on the order of
750 5 minutes. If the clocks are synchronized over the network, the
751 clock synchronization protocol MUST itself be secured from network
754 * Principal identifiers are not recycled on a short-term basis. A
755 typical mode of access control will use access control lists
756 (ACLs) to grant permissions to particular principals. If a stale
757 ACL entry remains for a deleted principal and the principal
758 identifier is reused, the new principal will inherit rights
759 specified in the stale ACL entry. By not re-using principal
760 identifiers, the danger of inadvertent access is removed.
762 1.6. Glossary of terms
764 Below is a list of terms used throughout this document.
767 Verifying the claimed identity of a principal.
769 Authentication header
770 A record containing a Ticket and an Authenticator to be presented
771 to a server as part of the authentication process.
774 A sequence of intermediate realms transited in the authentication
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787 process when communicating from one realm to another.
790 A record containing information that can be shown to have been
791 recently generated using the session key known only by the client
795 The process of determining whether a client may use a service,
796 which objects the client is allowed to access, and the type of
797 access allowed for each.
800 A token that grants the bearer permission to access an object or
801 service. In Kerberos, this might be a ticket whose use is
802 restricted by the contents of the authorization data field, but
803 which lists no network addresses, together with the session key
804 necessary to use the ticket.
807 The output of an encryption function. Encryption transforms
808 plaintext into ciphertext.
811 A process that makes use of a network service on behalf of a user.
812 Note that in some cases a Server may itself be a client of some
813 other server (e.g. a print server may be a client of a file
817 A ticket plus the secret session key necessary to successfully use
818 that ticket in an authentication exchange.
820 Encryption Type (etype)
821 When associated with encrypted data, an encryption type identifies
822 the algorithm used to encrypt the data and is used to select the
823 appropriate algorithm for decrypting the data. Encryption type
824 tags are communicated in other messages to enumerate algorithms
825 that are desired, supported, preferred, or allowed to be used for
826 encryption of data between parties. This preference is combined
827 with local information and policy to select an algorithm to be
831 Key Distribution Center, a network service that supplies tickets
832 and temporary session keys; or an instance of that service or the
833 host on which it runs. The KDC services both initial ticket and
834 ticket-granting ticket requests. The initial ticket portion is
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847 sometimes referred to as the Authentication Server (or service).
848 The ticket-granting ticket portion is sometimes referred to as the
849 ticket-granting server (or service).
852 The name given to the Project Athena's authentication service, the
853 protocol used by that service, or the code used to implement the
854 authentication service. The name is adopted from the three-headed
855 dog which guards Hades.
857 Key Version Number (kvno)
858 A tag associated with encrypted data identifies which key was used
859 for encryption when a long lived key associated with a principal
860 changes over time. It is used during the transition to a new key
861 so that the party decrypting a message can tell whether the data
862 was encrypted using the old or the new key.
865 The input to an encryption function or the output of a decryption
866 function. Decryption transforms ciphertext into plaintext.
869 A named client or server entity that participates in a network
870 communication, with one name that is considered canonical.
873 The canonical name used to uniquely identify each different
877 To encipher a record containing several fields in such a way that
878 the fields cannot be individually replaced without either
879 knowledge of the encryption key or leaving evidence of tampering.
882 An encryption key shared by a principal and the KDC, distributed
883 outside the bounds of the system, with a long lifetime. In the
884 case of a human user's principal, the secret key MAY be derived
888 A particular Principal which provides a resource to network
889 clients. The server is sometimes referred to as the Application
893 A resource provided to network clients; often provided by more
894 than one server (for example, remote file service).
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908 A temporary encryption key used between two principals, with a
909 lifetime limited to the duration of a single login "session". In
910 the Kerberos system, a session key is generated by the KDC. The
911 session key is distinct from the sub-session key, described next..
914 A temporary encryption key used between two principals, selected
915 and exchanged by the principals using the session key, and with a
916 lifetime limited to the duration of a single association. The sub-
917 session key is also referred to as the subkey.
920 A record that helps a client authenticate itself to a server; it
921 contains the client's identity, a session key, a timestamp, and
922 other information, all sealed using the server's secret key. It
923 only serves to authenticate a client when presented along with a
927 2. Ticket flag uses and requests
929 Each Kerberos ticket contains a set of flags which are used to
930 indicate attributes of that ticket. Most flags may be requested by a
931 client when the ticket is obtained; some are automatically turned on
932 and off by a Kerberos server as required. The following sections
933 explain what the various flags mean and give examples of reasons to
934 use them. With the exception of the INVALID flag clients MUST ignore
935 ticket flags that are not recognized. KDCs MUST ignore KDC options
936 that are not recognized. Some implementations of RFC 1510 are known
937 to reject unknown KDC options, so clients may need to resend a
938 request without new KDC options if the request was rejected when sent
939 with options added since RFC 1510. Since new KDCs will ignore unknown
940 options, clients MUST confirm that the ticket returned by the KDC
943 Note that it is not, in general, possible to determine whether an
944 option was not honored because it was not understood or because it
945 was rejected either through configuration or policy. When adding a
946 new option to the Kerberos protocol, designers should consider
947 whether the distinction is important for their option. In cases where
948 it is, a mechanism for the KDC to return an indication that the
949 option was understood but rejected needs to be provided in the
950 specification of the option. Often in such cases, the mechanism needs
951 to be broad enough to permit an error or reason to be returned.
953 2.1. Initial, pre-authenticated, and hardware authenticated tickets
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967 The INITIAL flag indicates that a ticket was issued using the AS
968 protocol, rather than issued based on a ticket-granting ticket.
969 Application servers that want to require the demonstrated knowledge
970 of a client's secret key (e.g. a password-changing program) can
971 insist that this flag be set in any tickets they accept, and thus be
972 assured that the client's key was recently presented to the
975 The PRE-AUTHENT and HW-AUTHENT flags provide additional information
976 about the initial authentication, regardless of whether the current
977 ticket was issued directly (in which case INITIAL will also be set)
978 or issued on the basis of a ticket-granting ticket (in which case the
979 INITIAL flag is clear, but the PRE-AUTHENT and HW-AUTHENT flags are
980 carried forward from the ticket-granting ticket).
984 The INVALID flag indicates that a ticket is invalid. Application
985 servers MUST reject tickets which have this flag set. A postdated
986 ticket will be issued in this form. Invalid tickets MUST be validated
987 by the KDC before use, by presenting them to the KDC in a TGS request
988 with the VALIDATE option specified. The KDC will only validate
989 tickets after their starttime has passed. The validation is required
990 so that postdated tickets which have been stolen before their
991 starttime can be rendered permanently invalid (through a hot-list
992 mechanism) (see section 3.3.3.1).
994 2.3. Renewable tickets
996 Applications may desire to hold tickets which can be valid for long
997 periods of time. However, this can expose their credentials to
998 potential theft for equally long periods, and those stolen
999 credentials would be valid until the expiration time of the
1000 ticket(s). Simply using short-lived tickets and obtaining new ones
1001 periodically would require the client to have long-term access to its
1002 secret key, an even greater risk. Renewable tickets can be used to
1003 mitigate the consequences of theft. Renewable tickets have two
1004 "expiration times": the first is when the current instance of the
1005 ticket expires, and the second is the latest permissible value for an
1006 individual expiration time. An application client must periodically
1007 (i.e. before it expires) present a renewable ticket to the KDC, with
1008 the RENEW option set in the KDC request. The KDC will issue a new
1009 ticket with a new session key and a later expiration time. All other
1010 fields of the ticket are left unmodified by the renewal process. When
1011 the latest permissible expiration time arrives, the ticket expires
1012 permanently. At each renewal, the KDC MAY consult a hot-list to
1013 determine if the ticket had been reported stolen since its last
1014 renewal; it will refuse to renew such stolen tickets, and thus the
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1027 usable lifetime of stolen tickets is reduced.
1029 The RENEWABLE flag in a ticket is normally only interpreted by the
1030 ticket-granting service (discussed below in section 3.3). It can
1031 usually be ignored by application servers. However, some particularly
1032 careful application servers MAY disallow renewable tickets.
1034 If a renewable ticket is not renewed by its expiration time, the KDC
1035 will not renew the ticket. The RENEWABLE flag is reset by default,
1036 but a client MAY request it be set by setting the RENEWABLE option in
1037 the KRB_AS_REQ message. If it is set, then the renew-till field in
1038 the ticket contains the time after which the ticket may not be
1041 2.4. Postdated tickets
1043 Applications may occasionally need to obtain tickets for use much
1044 later, e.g. a batch submission system would need tickets to be valid
1045 at the time the batch job is serviced. However, it is dangerous to
1046 hold valid tickets in a batch queue, since they will be on-line
1047 longer and more prone to theft. Postdated tickets provide a way to
1048 obtain these tickets from the KDC at job submission time, but to
1049 leave them "dormant" until they are activated and validated by a
1050 further request of the KDC. If a ticket theft were reported in the
1051 interim, the KDC would refuse to validate the ticket, and the thief
1054 The MAY-POSTDATE flag in a ticket is normally only interpreted by the
1055 ticket-granting service. It can be ignored by application servers.
1056 This flag MUST be set in a ticket-granting ticket in order to issue a
1057 postdated ticket based on the presented ticket. It is reset by
1058 default; it MAY be requested by a client by setting the ALLOW-
1059 POSTDATE option in the KRB_AS_REQ message. This flag does not allow
1060 a client to obtain a postdated ticket-granting ticket; postdated
1061 ticket-granting tickets can only by obtained by requesting the
1062 postdating in the KRB_AS_REQ message. The life (endtime-starttime) of
1063 a postdated ticket will be the remaining life of the ticket-granting
1064 ticket at the time of the request, unless the RENEWABLE option is
1065 also set, in which case it can be the full life (endtime-starttime)
1066 of the ticket-granting ticket. The KDC MAY limit how far in the
1067 future a ticket may be postdated.
1069 The POSTDATED flag indicates that a ticket has been postdated. The
1070 application server can check the authtime field in the ticket to see
1071 when the original authentication occurred. Some services MAY choose
1072 to reject postdated tickets, or they may only accept them within a
1073 certain period after the original authentication. When the KDC issues
1074 a POSTDATED ticket, it will also be marked as INVALID, so that the
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1087 application client MUST present the ticket to the KDC to be validated
1090 2.5. Proxiable and proxy tickets
1092 At times it may be necessary for a principal to allow a service to
1093 perform an operation on its behalf. The service must be able to take
1094 on the identity of the client, but only for a particular purpose. A
1095 principal can allow a service to take on the principal's identity for
1096 a particular purpose by granting it a proxy.
1098 The process of granting a proxy using the proxy and proxiable flags
1099 is used to provide credentials for use with specific services. Though
1100 conceptually also a proxy, users wishing to delegate their identity
1101 in a form usable for all purpose MUST use the ticket forwarding
1102 mechanism described in the next section to forward a ticket-granting
1105 The PROXIABLE flag in a ticket is normally only interpreted by the
1106 ticket-granting service. It can be ignored by application servers.
1107 When set, this flag tells the ticket-granting server that it is OK to
1108 issue a new ticket (but not a ticket-granting ticket) with a
1109 different network address based on this ticket. This flag is set if
1110 requested by the client on initial authentication. By default, the
1111 client will request that it be set when requesting a ticket-granting
1112 ticket, and reset when requesting any other ticket.
1114 This flag allows a client to pass a proxy to a server to perform a
1115 remote request on its behalf (e.g. a print service client can give
1116 the print server a proxy to access the client's files on a particular
1117 file server in order to satisfy a print request).
1119 In order to complicate the use of stolen credentials, Kerberos
1120 tickets are often valid from only those network addresses
1121 specifically included in the ticket, but it is permissible as a
1122 policy option to allow requests and issue tickets with no network
1123 addresses specified. When granting a proxy, the client MUST specify
1124 the new network address from which the proxy is to be used, or
1125 indicate that the proxy is to be issued for use from any address.
1127 The PROXY flag is set in a ticket by the TGS when it issues a proxy
1128 ticket. Application servers MAY check this flag and at their option
1129 they MAY require additional authentication from the agent presenting
1130 the proxy in order to provide an audit trail.
1132 2.6. Forwardable tickets
1134 Authentication forwarding is an instance of a proxy where the service
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1147 that is granted is complete use of the client's identity. An example
1148 where it might be used is when a user logs in to a remote system and
1149 wants authentication to work from that system as if the login were
1152 The FORWARDABLE flag in a ticket is normally only interpreted by the
1153 ticket-granting service. It can be ignored by application servers.
1154 The FORWARDABLE flag has an interpretation similar to that of the
1155 PROXIABLE flag, except ticket-granting tickets may also be issued
1156 with different network addresses. This flag is reset by default, but
1157 users MAY request that it be set by setting the FORWARDABLE option in
1158 the AS request when they request their initial ticket-granting
1161 This flag allows for authentication forwarding without requiring the
1162 user to enter a password again. If the flag is not set, then
1163 authentication forwarding is not permitted, but the same result can
1164 still be achieved if the user engages in the AS exchange specifying
1165 the requested network addresses and supplies a password.
1167 The FORWARDED flag is set by the TGS when a client presents a ticket
1168 with the FORWARDABLE flag set and requests a forwarded ticket by
1169 specifying the FORWARDED KDC option and supplying a set of addresses
1170 for the new ticket. It is also set in all tickets issued based on
1171 tickets with the FORWARDED flag set. Application servers may choose
1172 to process FORWARDED tickets differently than non-FORWARDED tickets.
1174 If addressless tickets are forwarded from one system to another,
1175 clients SHOULD still use this option to obtain a new TGT in order to
1176 have different session keys on the different systems.
1178 2.7. Transited Policy Checking
1180 In Kerberos, the application server is ultimately responsible for
1181 accepting or rejecting authentication and SHOULD check that only
1182 suitably trusted KDCs are relied upon to authenticate a principal.
1183 The transited field in the ticket identifies which realms (and thus
1184 which KDCs) were involved in the authentication process and an
1185 application server would normally check this field. If any of these
1186 are untrusted to authenticate the indicated client principal
1187 (probably determined by a realm-based policy), the authentication
1188 attempt MUST be rejected. The presence of trusted KDCs in this list
1189 does not provide any guarantee; an untrusted KDC may have fabricated
1192 While the end server ultimately decides whether authentication is
1193 valid, the KDC for the end server's realm MAY apply a realm specific
1194 policy for validating the transited field and accepting credentials
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1207 for cross-realm authentication. When the KDC applies such checks and
1208 accepts such cross-realm authentication it will set the TRANSITED-
1209 POLICY-CHECKED flag in the service tickets it issues based on the
1210 cross-realm TGT. A client MAY request that the KDCs not check the
1211 transited field by setting the DISABLE-TRANSITED-CHECK flag. KDCs are
1212 encouraged but not required to honor this flag.
1214 Application servers MUST either do the transited-realm checks
1215 themselves, or reject cross-realm tickets without TRANSITED-POLICY-
1220 For some applications a client may need to delegate authority to a
1221 server to act on its behalf in contacting other services. This
1222 requires that the client forward credentials to an intermediate
1223 server. The ability for a client to obtain a service ticket to a
1224 server conveys no information to the client about whether the server
1225 should be trusted to accept delegated credentials. The OK-AS-
1226 DELEGATE provides a way for a KDC to communicate local realm policy
1227 to a client regarding whether an intermediate server is trusted to
1228 accept such credentials.
1230 The copy of the ticket flags in the encrypted part of the KDC reply
1231 may have the OK-AS-DELEGATE flag set to indicates to the client that
1232 the server specified in the ticket has been determined by policy of
1233 the realm to be a suitable recipient of delegation. A client can use
1234 the presence of this flag to help it make a decision whether to
1235 delegate credentials (either grant a proxy or a forwarded ticket-
1236 granting ticket) to this server. It is acceptable to ignore the
1237 value of this flag. When setting this flag, an administrator should
1238 consider the security and placement of the server on which the
1239 service will run, as well as whether the service requires the use of
1240 delegated credentials.
1242 2.9. Other KDC options
1244 There are three additional options which MAY be set in a client's
1249 The RENEWABLE-OK option indicates that the client will accept a
1250 renewable ticket if a ticket with the requested life cannot otherwise
1251 be provided. If a ticket with the requested life cannot be provided,
1252 then the KDC MAY issue a renewable ticket with a renew-till equal to
1253 the requested endtime. The value of the renew-till field MAY still be
1254 adjusted by site-determined limits or limits imposed by the
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1264 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
1267 individual principal or server.
1269 2.9.2. ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY
1271 In its basic form the Kerberos protocol supports authentication in a
1273 setting and is not well suited to authentication in a peer-to-peer
1274 environment because the long term key of the user does not remain on
1275 the workstation after initial login. Authentication of such peers may
1276 be supported by Kerberos in its user-to-user variant. The ENC-TKT-IN-
1277 SKEY option supports user-to-user authentication by allowing the KDC
1278 to issue a service ticket encrypted using the session key from
1279 another ticket-granting ticket issued to another user. The ENC-TKT-
1280 IN-SKEY option is honored only by the ticket-granting service. It
1281 indicates that the ticket to be issued for the end server is to be
1282 encrypted in the session key from the additional second ticket-
1283 granting ticket provided with the request. See section 3.3.3 for
1286 2.9.3. Passwordless Hardware Authentication
1288 The OPT-HARDWARE-AUTH option indicates that the client wishes to use
1289 some form of hardware authentication instead of or in addition to the
1290 client's password or other long-lived encryption key. OPT-HARDWARE-
1291 AUTH is honored only by the authentication service. If supported and
1292 allowed by policy, the KDC will return an errorcode
1293 KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED and include the required METHOD-DATA to
1294 perform such authentication.
1296 3. Message Exchanges
1298 The following sections describe the interactions between network
1299 clients and servers and the messages involved in those exchanges.
1301 3.1. The Authentication Service Exchange
1305 Message direction Message type Section
1306 1. Client to Kerberos KRB_AS_REQ 5.4.1
1307 2. Kerberos to client KRB_AS_REP or 5.4.2
1310 the Kerberos Authentication Server is initiated by a client when it
1311 wishes to obtain authentication credentials for a given server but
1312 currently holds no credentials. In its basic form, the client's
1313 secret key is used for encryption and decryption. This exchange is
1314 typically used at the initiation of a login session to obtain
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1327 credentials for a Ticket-Granting Server which will subsequently be
1328 used to obtain credentials for other servers (see section 3.3)
1329 without requiring further use of the client's secret key. This
1330 exchange is also used to request credentials for services which must
1331 not be mediated through the Ticket-Granting Service, but rather
1332 require a principal's secret key, such as the password-changing
1333 service for which the request must not be honored unless the
1334 requester can provide the users old password (preventing someone from
1335 walking up to an unattended session and changing another user's
1338 This exchange does not by itself provide any assurance of the
1339 identity of the user. To authenticate a user logging on to a local
1340 system, the credentials obtained in the AS exchange may first be used
1341 in a TGS exchange to obtain credentials for a local server. Those
1342 credentials must then be verified by a local server through
1343 successful completion of the Client/Server exchange.
1345 The AS exchange consists of two messages: KRB_AS_REQ from the client
1346 to Kerberos, and KRB_AS_REP or KRB_ERROR in reply. The formats for
1347 these messages are described in sections 5.4.1, 5.4.2, and 5.9.1.
1349 In the request, the client sends (in cleartext) its own identity and
1350 the identity of the server for which it is requesting credentials,
1351 other information about the credentials it is requesting, and a
1352 randomly generated nonce which can be used to detect replays, and to
1353 associate replies with the matching requests. This nonce MUST be
1354 generated randomly by the client and remembered for checking against
1355 the nonce in the expected reply. The response, KRB_AS_REP, contains a
1356 ticket for the client to present to the server, and a session key
1357 that will be shared by the client and the server. The session key
1358 and additional information are encrypted in the client's secret key.
1359 The encrypted part of the KRB_AS_REP message also contains the nonce
1360 which MUST be matched with the nonce from the KRB_AS_REQ message.
1362 Without pre-authentication, the authentication server does not know
1363 whether the client is actually the principal named in the request. It
1364 simply sends a reply without knowing or caring whether they are the
1365 same. This is acceptable because nobody but the principal whose
1366 identity was given in the request will be able to use the reply. Its
1367 critical information is encrypted in that principal's key. However,
1368 an attacker can send a KRB_AS_REQ message to get known plaintext in
1369 order to attack the principal's key. Especially if the key is based
1370 on a password, this may create a security exposure. So, the initial
1371 request supports an optional field that can be used to pass
1372 additional information that might be needed for the initial exchange.
1373 This field SHOULD be used for pre-authentication as described in
1374 sections 3.1.1 and 5.2.7.
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1387 Various errors can occur; these are indicated by an error response
1388 (KRB_ERROR) instead of the KRB_AS_REP response. The error message is
1389 not encrypted. The KRB_ERROR message contains information which can
1390 be used to associate it with the message to which it replies. The
1391 contents of the KRB_ERROR message are not integrity-protected. As
1392 such, the client cannot detect replays, fabrications or
1393 modifications. A solution to this problem will be included in a
1394 future version of the protocol.
1396 3.1.1. Generation of KRB_AS_REQ message
1398 The client may specify a number of options in the initial request.
1399 Among these options are whether pre-authentication is to be
1400 performed; whether the requested ticket is to be renewable,
1401 proxiable, or forwardable; whether it should be postdated or allow
1402 postdating of derivative tickets; and whether a renewable ticket will
1403 be accepted in lieu of a non-renewable ticket if the requested ticket
1404 expiration date cannot be satisfied by a non-renewable ticket (due to
1405 configuration constraints).
1407 The client prepares the KRB_AS_REQ message and sends it to the KDC.
1409 3.1.2. Receipt of KRB_AS_REQ message
1411 If all goes well, processing the KRB_AS_REQ message will result in
1412 the creation of a ticket for the client to present to the server. The
1413 format for the ticket is described in section 5.3.
1415 Because Kerberos can run over unreliable transports such as UDP, the
1416 KDC MUST be prepared to retransmit responses in case they are lost.
1417 If a KDC receives a request identical to one it has recently
1418 successfully processed, the KDC MUST respond with a KRB_AS_REP
1419 message rather than a replay error. In order to reduce ciphertext
1420 given to a potential attacker, KDCs MAY send the same response
1421 generated when the request was first handled. KDCs MUST obey this
1422 replay behavior even if the actual transport in use is reliable.
1424 3.1.3. Generation of KRB_AS_REP message
1426 The authentication server looks up the client and server principals
1427 named in the KRB_AS_REQ in its database, extracting their respective
1428 keys. If the requested client principal named in the request is not
1429 known because it doesn't exist in the KDC's principal database, then
1430 an error message with a KDC_ERR_C_PRINCIPAL_UNKNOWN is returned.
1432 If required, the server pre-authenticates the request, and if the
1433 pre-authentication check fails, an error message with the code
1434 KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED is returned. If pre-authentication is
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1447 required, but was not present in the request, an error message with
1448 the code KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED is returned and a METHOD-DATA
1449 object will be stored in the e-data field of the KRB-ERROR message to
1450 specify which pre-authentication mechanisms are acceptable. Usually
1451 this will include PA-ETYPE-INFO and/or PA-ETYPE-INFO2 elements as
1452 described below. If the server cannot accommodate any encryption type
1453 requested by the client, an error message with code
1454 KDC_ERR_ETYPE_NOSUPP is returned. Otherwise the KDC generates a
1455 'random' session key, meaning that, among other things, it should be
1456 impossible to guess the next session key based on knowledge of past
1457 session keys. This can only be achieved in a pseudo-random number
1458 generator if it is based on cryptographic principles. It is more
1459 desirable to use a truly random number generator, such as one based
1460 on measurements of random physical phenomena. See [RFC1750] for an
1461 in depth discussion of randomness.
1463 When responding to an AS request, if there are multiple encryption
1464 keys registered for a client in the Kerberos database, then the etype
1465 field from the AS request is used by the KDC to select the encryption
1466 method to be used to protect the encrypted part of the KRB_AS_REP
1467 message which is sent to the client. If there is more than one
1468 supported strong encryption type in the etype list, the KDC SHOULD
1469 use the first valid strong etype for which an encryption key is
1472 When the user's key is generated from a password or pass phrase, the
1473 string-to-key function for the particular encryption key type is
1474 used, as specified in [@KCRYPTO]. The salt value and additional
1475 parameters for the string-to-key function have default values
1476 (specified by section 4 and by the encryption mechanism
1477 specification, respectively) that may be overridden by pre-
1478 authentication data (PA-PW-SALT, PA-AFS3-SALT, PA-ETYPE-INFO, PA-
1479 ETYPE-INFO2, etc). Since the KDC is presumed to store a copy of the
1480 resulting key only, these values should not be changed for password-
1481 based keys except when changing the principal's key.
1483 When the AS server is to include pre-authentication data in a KRB-
1484 ERROR or in an AS-REP, it MUST use PA-ETYPE-INFO2, not PA-ETYPE-INFO,
1485 if the etype field of the client's AS-REQ lists at least one "newer"
1486 encryption type. Otherwise (when the etype field of the client's AS-
1487 REQ does not list any "newer" encryption types) it MUST send both,
1488 PA-ETYPE-INFO2 and PA-ETYPE-INFO (both with an entry for each
1489 enctype). A "newer" enctype is any enctype first officially
1490 specified concurrently with or subsequent to the issue of this RFC.
1491 The enctypes DES, 3DES or RC4 and any defined in [RFC1510] are not
1494 It is not possible to reliably generate a user's key given a pass
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1504 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
1507 phrase without contacting the KDC, since it will not be known whether
1508 alternate salt or parameter values are required.
1510 The KDC will attempt to assign the type of the random session key
1511 from the list of methods in the etype field. The KDC will select the
1512 appropriate type using the list of methods provided together with
1513 information from the Kerberos database indicating acceptable
1514 encryption methods for the application server. The KDC will not issue
1515 tickets with a weak session key encryption type.
1517 If the requested start time is absent, indicates a time in the past,
1518 or is within the window of acceptable clock skew for the KDC and the
1519 POSTDATE option has not been specified, then the start time of the
1520 ticket is set to the authentication server's current time. If it
1521 indicates a time in the future beyond the acceptable clock skew, but
1522 the POSTDATED option has not been specified then the error
1523 KDC_ERR_CANNOT_POSTDATE is returned. Otherwise the requested start
1524 time is checked against the policy of the local realm (the
1525 administrator might decide to prohibit certain types or ranges of
1526 postdated tickets), and if acceptable, the ticket's start time is set
1527 as requested and the INVALID flag is set in the new ticket. The
1528 postdated ticket MUST be validated before use by presenting it to the
1529 KDC after the start time has been reached.
1531 The expiration time of the ticket will be set to the earlier of the
1532 requested endtime and a time determined by local policy, possibly
1533 determined using realm or principal specific factors. For example,
1534 the expiration time MAY be set to the earliest of the following:
1536 * The expiration time (endtime) requested in the KRB_AS_REQ
1539 * The ticket's start time plus the maximum allowable lifetime
1540 associated with the client principal from the authentication
1543 * The ticket's start time plus the maximum allowable lifetime
1544 associated with the server principal.
1546 * The ticket's start time plus the maximum lifetime set by the
1547 policy of the local realm.
1549 If the requested expiration time minus the start time (as determined
1550 above) is less than a site-determined minimum lifetime, an error
1551 message with code KDC_ERR_NEVER_VALID is returned. If the requested
1552 expiration time for the ticket exceeds what was determined as above,
1553 and if the 'RENEWABLE-OK' option was requested, then the 'RENEWABLE'
1554 flag is set in the new ticket, and the renew-till value is set as if
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1567 the 'RENEWABLE' option were requested (the field and option names are
1568 described fully in section 5.4.1).
1570 If the RENEWABLE option has been requested or if the RENEWABLE-OK
1571 option has been set and a renewable ticket is to be issued, then the
1572 renew-till field MAY be set to the earliest of:
1574 * Its requested value.
1576 * The start time of the ticket plus the minimum of the two
1577 maximum renewable lifetimes associated with the principals'
1580 * The start time of the ticket plus the maximum renewable
1581 lifetime set by the policy of the local realm.
1583 The flags field of the new ticket will have the following options set
1584 if they have been requested and if the policy of the local realm
1585 allows: FORWARDABLE, MAY-POSTDATE, POSTDATED, PROXIABLE, RENEWABLE.
1586 If the new ticket is postdated (the start time is in the future), its
1587 INVALID flag will also be set.
1589 If all of the above succeed, the server will encrypt the ciphertext
1590 part of the ticket using the encryption key extracted from the server
1591 principal's record in the Kerberos database using the encryption type
1592 associated with the server principal's key (this choice is NOT
1593 affected by the etype field in the request). It then formats a
1594 KRB_AS_REP message (see section 5.4.2), copying the addresses in the
1595 request into the caddr of the response, placing any required pre-
1596 authentication data into the padata of the response, and encrypts the
1597 ciphertext part in the client's key using an acceptable encryption
1598 method requested in the etype field of the request, or in some key
1599 specified by pre-authentication mechanisms being used.
1601 3.1.4. Generation of KRB_ERROR message
1603 Several errors can occur, and the Authentication Server responds by
1604 returning an error message, KRB_ERROR, to the client, with the error-
1605 code and e-text fields set to appropriate values. The error message
1606 contents and details are described in Section 5.9.1.
1608 3.1.5. Receipt of KRB_AS_REP message
1610 If the reply message type is KRB_AS_REP, then the client verifies
1611 that the cname and crealm fields in the cleartext portion of the
1612 reply match what it requested. If any padata fields are present, they
1613 may be used to derive the proper secret key to decrypt the message.
1614 The client decrypts the encrypted part of the response using its
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1624 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
1627 secret key, verifies that the nonce in the encrypted part matches the
1628 nonce it supplied in its request (to detect replays). It also
1629 verifies that the sname and srealm in the response match those in the
1630 request (or are otherwise expected values), and that the host address
1631 field is also correct. It then stores the ticket, session key, start
1632 and expiration times, and other information for later use. The last-
1633 req field (and the deprecated key-expiration field) from the
1634 encrypted part of the response MAY be checked to notify the user of
1635 impending key expiration. This enables the client program to suggest
1636 remedial action, such as a password change.
1638 Upon validation of the KRB_AS_REP message (by checking the returned
1639 nonce against that sent in the KRB_AS_REQ message) the client knows
1640 that the current time on the KDC is that read from the authtime field
1641 of the encrypted part of the reply. The client can optionally use
1642 this value for clock synchronization in subsequent messages by
1643 recording with the ticket the difference (offset) between the
1644 authtime value and the local clock. This offset can then be used by
1645 the same user to adjust the time read from the system clock when
1646 generating messages [DGT96].
1648 This technique MUST be used when adjusting for clock skew instead of
1649 directly changing the system clock because the KDC reply is only
1650 authenticated to the user whose secret key was used, but not to the
1651 system or workstation. If the clock were adjusted, an attacker
1652 colluding with a user logging into a workstation could agree on a
1653 password, resulting in a KDC reply that would be correctly validated
1654 even though it did not originate from a KDC trusted by the
1657 Proper decryption of the KRB_AS_REP message is not sufficient for the
1658 host to verify the identity of the user; the user and an attacker
1659 could cooperate to generate a KRB_AS_REP format message which
1660 decrypts properly but is not from the proper KDC. If the host wishes
1661 to verify the identity of the user, it MUST require the user to
1662 present application credentials which can be verified using a
1663 securely-stored secret key for the host. If those credentials can be
1664 verified, then the identity of the user can be assured.
1666 3.1.6. Receipt of KRB_ERROR message
1668 If the reply message type is KRB_ERROR, then the client interprets it
1669 as an error and performs whatever application-specific tasks are
1670 necessary to recover.
1672 3.2. The Client/Server Authentication Exchange
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1687 Message direction Message type Section
1688 Client to Application server KRB_AP_REQ 5.5.1
1689 [optional] Application server to client KRB_AP_REP or 5.5.2
1692 The client/server authentication (CS) exchange is used by network
1693 applications to authenticate the client to the server and vice versa.
1694 The client MUST have already acquired credentials for the server
1695 using the AS or TGS exchange.
1697 3.2.1. The KRB_AP_REQ message
1699 The KRB_AP_REQ contains authentication information which SHOULD be
1700 part of the first message in an authenticated transaction. It
1701 contains a ticket, an authenticator, and some additional bookkeeping
1702 information (see section 5.5.1 for the exact format). The ticket by
1703 itself is insufficient to authenticate a client, since tickets are
1704 passed across the network in cleartext (tickets contain both an
1705 encrypted and unencrypted portion, so cleartext here refers to the
1706 entire unit, which can be copied from one message and replayed in
1707 another without any cryptographic skill), so the authenticator is
1708 used to prevent invalid replay of tickets by proving to the server
1709 that the client knows the session key of the ticket and thus is
1710 entitled to use the ticket. The KRB_AP_REQ message is referred to
1711 elsewhere as the 'authentication header.'
1713 3.2.2. Generation of a KRB_AP_REQ message
1715 When a client wishes to initiate authentication to a server, it
1716 obtains (either through a credentials cache, the AS exchange, or the
1717 TGS exchange) a ticket and session key for the desired service. The
1718 client MAY re-use any tickets it holds until they expire. To use a
1719 ticket the client constructs a new Authenticator from the system
1720 time, its name, and optionally an application specific checksum, an
1721 initial sequence number to be used in KRB_SAFE or KRB_PRIV messages,
1722 and/or a session subkey to be used in negotiations for a session key
1723 unique to this particular session. Authenticators MUST NOT be re-
1724 used and SHOULD be rejected if replayed to a server. Note that this
1725 can make applications based on unreliable transports difficult to
1726 code correctly. If the transport might deliver duplicated messages,
1727 either a new authenticator must be generated for each retry, or the
1728 application server must match requests and replies and replay the
1729 first reply in response to a detected duplicate.
1731 If a sequence number is to be included, it SHOULD be randomly chosen
1732 so that even after many messages have been exchanged it is not likely
1733 to collide with other sequence numbers in use.
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1747 The client MAY indicate a requirement of mutual authentication or the
1748 use of a session-key based ticket (for user-to-user authentication -
1749 see section 3.7) by setting the appropriate flag(s) in the ap-options
1750 field of the message.
1752 The Authenticator is encrypted in the session key and combined with
1753 the ticket to form the KRB_AP_REQ message which is then sent to the
1754 end server along with any additional application-specific
1757 3.2.3. Receipt of KRB_AP_REQ message
1759 Authentication is based on the server's current time of day (clocks
1760 MUST be loosely synchronized), the authenticator, and the ticket.
1761 Several errors are possible. If an error occurs, the server is
1762 expected to reply to the client with a KRB_ERROR message. This
1763 message MAY be encapsulated in the application protocol if its raw
1764 form is not acceptable to the protocol. The format of error messages
1765 is described in section 5.9.1.
1767 The algorithm for verifying authentication information is as follows.
1768 If the message type is not KRB_AP_REQ, the server returns the
1769 KRB_AP_ERR_MSG_TYPE error. If the key version indicated by the Ticket
1770 in the KRB_AP_REQ is not one the server can use (e.g., it indicates
1771 an old key, and the server no longer possesses a copy of the old
1772 key), the KRB_AP_ERR_BADKEYVER error is returned. If the USE-SESSION-
1773 KEY flag is set in the ap-options field, it indicates to the server
1774 that user-to-user authentication is in use, and that the ticket is
1775 encrypted in the session key from the server's ticket-granting ticket
1776 rather than in the server's secret key. See section 3.7 for a more
1777 complete description of the effect of user-to-user authentication on
1778 all messages in the Kerberos protocol.
1780 Since it is possible for the server to be registered in multiple
1781 realms, with different keys in each, the srealm field in the
1782 unencrypted portion of the ticket in the KRB_AP_REQ is used to
1783 specify which secret key the server should use to decrypt that
1784 ticket. The KRB_AP_ERR_NOKEY error code is returned if the server
1785 doesn't have the proper key to decipher the ticket.
1787 The ticket is decrypted using the version of the server's key
1788 specified by the ticket. If the decryption routines detect a
1789 modification of the ticket (each encryption system MUST provide
1790 safeguards to detect modified ciphertext), the
1791 KRB_AP_ERR_BAD_INTEGRITY error is returned (chances are good that
1792 different keys were used to encrypt and decrypt).
1794 The authenticator is decrypted using the session key extracted from
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1807 the decrypted ticket. If decryption shows it to have been modified,
1808 the KRB_AP_ERR_BAD_INTEGRITY error is returned. The name and realm of
1809 the client from the ticket are compared against the same fields in
1810 the authenticator. If they don't match, the KRB_AP_ERR_BADMATCH
1811 error is returned; this normally is caused by a client error or
1812 attempted attack. The addresses in the ticket (if any) are then
1813 searched for an address matching the operating-system reported
1814 address of the client. If no match is found or the server insists on
1815 ticket addresses but none are present in the ticket, the
1816 KRB_AP_ERR_BADADDR error is returned. If the local (server) time and
1817 the client time in the authenticator differ by more than the
1818 allowable clock skew (e.g., 5 minutes), the KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW error is
1821 Unless the application server provides its own suitable means to
1822 protect against replay (for example, a challenge-response sequence
1823 initiated by the server after authentication, or use of a server-
1824 generated encryption subkey), the server MUST utilize a replay cache
1825 to remember any authenticator presented within the allowable clock
1826 skew. Careful analysis of the application protocol and implementation
1827 is recommended before eliminating this cache. The replay cache will
1828 store at least the server name, along with the client name, time and
1829 microsecond fields from the recently-seen authenticators and if a
1830 matching tuple is found, the KRB_AP_ERR_REPEAT error is returned.
1831 Note that the rejection here is restricted to authenticators from the
1832 same principal to the same server. Other client principals
1833 communicating with the same server principal should not have their
1834 authenticators rejected if the time and microsecond fields happen to
1835 match some other client's authenticator.
1837 If a server loses track of authenticators presented within the
1838 allowable clock skew, it MUST reject all requests until the clock
1839 skew interval has passed, providing assurance that any lost or
1840 replayed authenticators will fall outside the allowable clock skew
1841 and can no longer be successfully replayed. If this were not done,
1842 an attacker could subvert the authentication by recording the ticket
1843 and authenticator sent over the network to a server and replaying
1844 them following an event that caused the server to lose track of
1845 recently seen authenticators.
1847 Implementation note: If a client generates multiple requests to the
1848 KDC with the same timestamp, including the microsecond field, all but
1849 the first of the requests received will be rejected as replays. This
1850 might happen, for example, if the resolution of the client's clock is
1851 too coarse. Client implementations SHOULD ensure that the timestamps
1852 are not reused, possibly by incrementing the microseconds field in
1853 the time stamp when the clock returns the same time for multiple
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1867 If multiple servers (for example, different services on one machine,
1868 or a single service implemented on multiple machines) share a service
1869 principal (a practice we do not recommend in general, but acknowledge
1870 will be used in some cases), they MUST either share this replay
1871 cache, or the application protocol MUST be designed so as to
1872 eliminate the need for it. Note that this applies to all of the
1873 services, if any of the application protocols does not have replay
1874 protection built in; an authenticator used with such a service could
1875 later be replayed to a different service with the same service
1876 principal but no replay protection, if the former doesn't record the
1877 authenticator information in the common replay cache.
1879 If a sequence number is provided in the authenticator, the server
1880 saves it for later use in processing KRB_SAFE and/or KRB_PRIV
1881 messages. If a subkey is present, the server either saves it for
1882 later use or uses it to help generate its own choice for a subkey to
1883 be returned in a KRB_AP_REP message.
1885 The server computes the age of the ticket: local (server) time minus
1886 the start time inside the Ticket. If the start time is later than the
1887 current time by more than the allowable clock skew or if the INVALID
1888 flag is set in the ticket, the KRB_AP_ERR_TKT_NYV error is returned.
1889 Otherwise, if the current time is later than end time by more than
1890 the allowable clock skew, the KRB_AP_ERR_TKT_EXPIRED error is
1893 If all these checks succeed without an error, the server is assured
1894 that the client possesses the credentials of the principal named in
1895 the ticket and thus, the client has been authenticated to the server.
1897 Passing these checks provides only authentication of the named
1898 principal; it does not imply authorization to use the named service.
1899 Applications MUST make a separate authorization decision based upon
1900 the authenticated name of the user, the requested operation, local
1901 access control information such as that contained in a .k5login or
1902 .k5users file, and possibly a separate distributed authorization
1905 3.2.4. Generation of a KRB_AP_REP message
1907 Typically, a client's request will include both the authentication
1908 information and its initial request in the same message, and the
1909 server need not explicitly reply to the KRB_AP_REQ. However, if
1910 mutual authentication (not only authenticating the client to the
1911 server, but also the server to the client) is being performed, the
1912 KRB_AP_REQ message will have MUTUAL-REQUIRED set in its ap-options
1913 field, and a KRB_AP_REP message is required in response. As with the
1914 error message, this message MAY be encapsulated in the application
1918 June 2004 [Page 32]
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1927 protocol if its "raw" form is not acceptable to the application's
1928 protocol. The timestamp and microsecond field used in the reply MUST
1929 be the client's timestamp and microsecond field (as provided in the
1930 authenticator). If a sequence number is to be included, it SHOULD be
1931 randomly chosen as described above for the authenticator. A subkey
1932 MAY be included if the server desires to negotiate a different
1933 subkey. The KRB_AP_REP message is encrypted in the session key
1934 extracted from the ticket.
1936 Note that in the Kerberos version 4 protocol, the timestamp in the
1937 reply was the client's timestamp plus one. This is not necessary in
1938 version 5 because version 5 messages are formatted in such a way that
1939 it is not possible to create the reply by judicious message surgery
1940 (even in encrypted form) without knowledge of the appropriate
1943 3.2.5. Receipt of KRB_AP_REP message
1945 If a KRB_AP_REP message is returned, the client uses the session key
1946 from the credentials obtained for the server to decrypt the message
1947 (Note that for encrypting the KRB_AP_REP message, the sub-session key
1948 is not used, even if present in the Authenticator), and verifies that
1949 the timestamp and microsecond fields match those in the Authenticator
1950 it sent to the server. If they match, then the client is assured that
1951 the server is genuine. The sequence number and subkey (if present)
1952 are retained for later use.
1954 3.2.6. Using the encryption key
1956 After the KRB_AP_REQ/KRB_AP_REP exchange has occurred, the client and
1957 server share an encryption key which can be used by the application.
1958 In some cases, the use of this session key will be implicit in the
1959 protocol; in others the method of use must be chosen from several
1960 alternatives. The actual encryption key to be used for KRB_PRIV,
1961 KRB_SAFE, or other application-specific uses MAY be chosen by the
1962 application based on the session key from the ticket and subkeys in
1963 the KRB_AP_REP message and the authenticator. Implementations of the
1964 protocol MAY provide routines to choose subkeys based on session keys
1965 and random numbers and to generate a negotiated key to be returned in
1966 the KRB_AP_REP message.
1968 To mitigate the effect of failures in random number generation on the
1969 client it is strongly encouraged that any key derived by an
1970 application for subsequent use include the full key entropy derived
1971 from the KDC generated session key carried in the ticket. We leave
1972 the protocol negotiations of how to use the key (e.g. selecting an
1973 encryption or checksum type) to the application programmer; the
1974 Kerberos protocol does not constrain the implementation options, but
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1984 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
1987 an example of how this might be done follows.
1989 One way that an application may choose to negotiate a key to be used
1990 for subsequent integrity and privacy protection is for the client to
1991 propose a key in the subkey field of the authenticator. The server
1992 can then choose a key using the proposed key from the client as
1993 input, returning the new subkey in the subkey field of the
1994 application reply. This key could then be used for subsequent
1997 With both the one-way and mutual authentication exchanges, the peers
1998 should take care not to send sensitive information to each other
1999 without proper assurances. In particular, applications that require
2000 privacy or integrity SHOULD use the KRB_AP_REP response from the
2001 server to client to assure both client and server of their peer's
2002 identity. If an application protocol requires privacy of its
2003 messages, it can use the KRB_PRIV message (section 3.5). The KRB_SAFE
2004 message (section 3.4) can be used to assure integrity.
2006 3.3. The Ticket-Granting Service (TGS) Exchange
2009 Message direction Message type Section
2010 1. Client to Kerberos KRB_TGS_REQ 5.4.1
2011 2. Kerberos to client KRB_TGS_REP or 5.4.2
2014 The TGS exchange between a client and the Kerberos Ticket-Granting
2015 Server is initiated by a client when it wishes to obtain
2016 authentication credentials for a given server (which might be
2017 registered in a remote realm), when it wishes to renew or validate an
2018 existing ticket, or when it wishes to obtain a proxy ticket. In the
2019 first case, the client must already have acquired a ticket for the
2020 Ticket-Granting Service using the AS exchange (the ticket-granting
2021 ticket is usually obtained when a client initially authenticates to
2022 the system, such as when a user logs in). The message format for the
2023 TGS exchange is almost identical to that for the AS exchange. The
2024 primary difference is that encryption and decryption in the TGS
2025 exchange does not take place under the client's key. Instead, the
2026 session key from the ticket-granting ticket or renewable ticket, or
2027 sub-session key from an Authenticator is used. As is the case for all
2028 application servers, expired tickets are not accepted by the TGS, so
2029 once a renewable or ticket-granting ticket expires, the client must
2030 use a separate exchange to obtain valid tickets.
2032 The TGS exchange consists of two messages: A request (KRB_TGS_REQ)
2033 from the client to the Kerberos Ticket-Granting Server, and a reply
2034 (KRB_TGS_REP or KRB_ERROR). The KRB_TGS_REQ message includes
2038 June 2004 [Page 34]
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2044 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2047 information authenticating the client plus a request for credentials.
2048 The authentication information consists of the authentication header
2049 (KRB_AP_REQ) which includes the client's previously obtained ticket-
2050 granting, renewable, or invalid ticket. In the ticket-granting
2051 ticket and proxy cases, the request MAY include one or more of: a
2052 list of network addresses, a collection of typed authorization data
2053 to be sealed in the ticket for authorization use by the application
2054 server, or additional tickets (the use of which are described later).
2055 The TGS reply (KRB_TGS_REP) contains the requested credentials,
2056 encrypted in the session key from the ticket-granting ticket or
2057 renewable ticket, or if present, in the sub-session key from the
2058 Authenticator (part of the authentication header). The KRB_ERROR
2059 message contains an error code and text explaining what went wrong.
2060 The KRB_ERROR message is not encrypted. The KRB_TGS_REP message
2061 contains information which can be used to detect replays, and to
2062 associate it with the message to which it replies. The KRB_ERROR
2063 message also contains information which can be used to associate it
2064 with the message to which it replies. The same comments about
2065 integrity protection of KRB_ERROR messages mentioned in section 3.1
2066 apply to the TGS exchange.
2068 3.3.1. Generation of KRB_TGS_REQ message
2070 Before sending a request to the ticket-granting service, the client
2071 MUST determine in which realm the application server is believed to
2072 be registered. This can be accomplished in several ways. It might be
2073 known beforehand (since the realm is part of the principal
2074 identifier), it might be stored in a nameserver, or it might be
2075 obtained from a configuration file. If the realm to be used is
2076 obtained from a nameserver, there is a danger of being spoofed if the
2077 nameservice providing the realm name is not authenticated. This
2078 might result in the use of a realm which has been compromised, and
2079 would result in an attacker's ability to compromise the
2080 authentication of the application server to the client.
2082 If the client knows the service principal name and realm and it does
2083 not already possess a ticket-granting ticket for the appropriate
2084 realm, then one must be obtained. This is first attempted by
2085 requesting a ticket-granting ticket for the destination realm from a
2086 Kerberos server for which the client possesses a ticket-granting
2087 ticket (using the KRB_TGS_REQ message recursively). The Kerberos
2088 server MAY return a TGT for the desired realm in which case one can
2089 proceed. Alternatively, the Kerberos server MAY return a TGT for a
2090 realm which is 'closer' to the desired realm (further along the
2091 standard hierarchical path between the client's realm and the
2092 requested realm server's realm). It should be noted in this case that
2093 misconfiguration of the Kerberos servers may cause loops in the
2094 resulting authentication path, which the client should be careful to
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2109 If the Kerberos server returns a TGT for a 'closer' realm other than
2110 the desired realm, the client MAY use local policy configuration to
2111 verify that the authentication path used is an acceptable one.
2112 Alternatively, a client MAY choose its own authentication path,
2113 rather than relying on the Kerberos server to select one. In either
2114 case, any policy or configuration information used to choose or
2115 validate authentication paths, whether by the Kerberos server or
2116 client, MUST be obtained from a trusted source.
2118 When a client obtains a ticket-granting ticket that is 'closer' to
2119 the destination realm, the client MAY cache this ticket and reuse it
2120 in future KRB-TGS exchanges with services in the 'closer' realm.
2121 However, if the client were to obtain a ticket-granting ticket for
2122 the 'closer' realm by starting at the initial KDC rather than as part
2123 of obtaining another ticket, then a shorter path to the 'closer'
2124 realm might be used. This shorter path may be desirable because fewer
2125 intermediate KDCs would know the session key of the ticket involved.
2126 For this reason, clients SHOULD evaluate whether they trust the
2127 realms transited in obtaining the 'closer' ticket when making a
2128 decision to use the ticket in future.
2130 Once the client obtains a ticket-granting ticket for the appropriate
2131 realm, it determines which Kerberos servers serve that realm, and
2132 contacts one. The list might be obtained through a configuration file
2133 or network service or it MAY be generated from the name of the realm;
2134 as long as the secret keys exchanged by realms are kept secret, only
2135 denial of service results from using a false Kerberos server.
2137 As in the AS exchange, the client MAY specify a number of options in
2138 the KRB_TGS_REQ message. One of these options is the ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY
2139 option used for user-to-user authentication. An overview of user-to-
2140 user authentication can be found in section 3.7. When generating the
2141 KRB_TGS_REQ message, this option indicates that the client is
2142 including a ticket-granting ticket obtained from the application
2143 server in the additional tickets field of the request and that the
2144 KDC SHOULD encrypt the ticket for the application server using the
2145 session key from this additional ticket, instead of using a server
2146 key from the principal database.
2148 The client prepares the KRB_TGS_REQ message, providing an
2149 authentication header as an element of the padata field, and
2150 including the same fields as used in the KRB_AS_REQ message along
2151 with several optional fields: the enc-authorizatfion-data field for
2152 application server use and additional tickets required by some
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2167 In preparing the authentication header, the client can select a sub-
2168 session key under which the response from the Kerberos server will be
2169 encrypted. If the client selects a sub-session key, care must be
2170 taken to ensure the randomness of the selected sub-session key. One
2171 approach would be to generate a random number and XOR it with the
2172 session key from the ticket-granting ticket.
2174 If the sub-session key is not specified, the session key from the
2175 ticket-granting ticket will be used. If the enc-authorization-data is
2176 present, it MUST be encrypted in the sub-session key, if present,
2177 from the authenticator portion of the authentication header, or if
2178 not present, using the session key from the ticket-granting ticket.
2180 Once prepared, the message is sent to a Kerberos server for the
2183 3.3.2. Receipt of KRB_TGS_REQ message
2185 The KRB_TGS_REQ message is processed in a manner similar to the
2186 KRB_AS_REQ message, but there are many additional checks to be
2187 performed. First, the Kerberos server MUST determine which server the
2188 accompanying ticket is for and it MUST select the appropriate key to
2189 decrypt it. For a normal KRB_TGS_REQ message, it will be for the
2190 ticket granting service, and the TGS's key will be used. If the TGT
2191 was issued by another realm, then the appropriate inter-realm key
2192 MUST be used. If the accompanying ticket is not a ticket-granting
2193 ticket for the current realm, but is for an application server in the
2194 current realm, the RENEW, VALIDATE, or PROXY options are specified in
2195 the request, and the server for which a ticket is requested is the
2196 server named in the accompanying ticket, then the KDC will decrypt
2197 the ticket in the authentication header using the key of the server
2198 for which it was issued. If no ticket can be found in the padata
2199 field, the KDC_ERR_PADATA_TYPE_NOSUPP error is returned.
2201 Once the accompanying ticket has been decrypted, the user-supplied
2202 checksum in the Authenticator MUST be verified against the contents
2203 of the request, and the message rejected if the checksums do not
2204 match (with an error code of KRB_AP_ERR_MODIFIED) or if the checksum
2205 is not collision-proof (with an error code of
2206 KRB_AP_ERR_INAPP_CKSUM). If the checksum type is not supported, the
2207 KDC_ERR_SUMTYPE_NOSUPP error is returned. If the authorization-data
2208 are present, they are decrypted using the sub-session key from the
2211 If any of the decryptions indicate failed integrity checks, the
2212 KRB_AP_ERR_BAD_INTEGRITY error is returned.
2214 As discussed in section 3.1.2, the KDC MUST send a valid KRB_TGS_REP
2218 June 2004 [Page 37]
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2227 message if it receives a KRB_TGS_REQ message identical to one it has
2228 recently processed. However, if the authenticator is a replay, but
2229 the rest of the request is not identical, then the KDC SHOULD return
2232 3.3.3. Generation of KRB_TGS_REP message
2234 The KRB_TGS_REP message shares its format with the KRB_AS_REP
2235 (KRB_KDC_REP), but with its type field set to KRB_TGS_REP. The
2236 detailed specification is in section 5.4.2.
2238 The response will include a ticket for the requested server or for a
2239 ticket granting server of an intermediate KDC to be contacted to
2240 obtain the requested ticket. The Kerberos database is queried to
2241 retrieve the record for the appropriate server (including the key
2242 with which the ticket will be encrypted). If the request is for a
2243 ticket-granting ticket for a remote realm, and if no key is shared
2244 with the requested realm, then the Kerberos server will select the
2245 realm 'closest' to the requested realm with which it does share a
2246 key, and use that realm instead. This is the only case where the
2247 response for the KDC will be for a different server than that
2248 requested by the client.
2250 By default, the address field, the client's name and realm, the list
2251 of transited realms, the time of initial authentication, the
2252 expiration time, and the authorization data of the newly-issued
2253 ticket will be copied from the ticket-granting ticket (TGT) or
2254 renewable ticket. If the transited field needs to be updated, but the
2255 transited type is not supported, the KDC_ERR_TRTYPE_NOSUPP error is
2258 If the request specifies an endtime, then the endtime of the new
2259 ticket is set to the minimum of (a) that request, (b) the endtime
2260 from the TGT, and (c) the starttime of the TGT plus the minimum of
2261 the maximum life for the application server and the maximum life for
2262 the local realm (the maximum life for the requesting principal was
2263 already applied when the TGT was issued). If the new ticket is to be
2264 a renewal, then the endtime above is replaced by the minimum of (a)
2265 the value of the renew_till field of the ticket and (b) the starttime
2266 for the new ticket plus the life (endtime-starttime) of the old
2269 If the FORWARDED option has been requested, then the resulting ticket
2270 will contain the addresses specified by the client. This option will
2271 only be honored if the FORWARDABLE flag is set in the TGT. The PROXY
2272 option is similar; the resulting ticket will contain the addresses
2273 specified by the client. It will be honored only if the PROXIABLE
2274 flag in the TGT is set. The PROXY option will not be honored on
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2284 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2287 requests for additional ticket-granting tickets.
2289 If the requested start time is absent, indicates a time in the past,
2290 or is within the window of acceptable clock skew for the KDC and the
2291 POSTDATE option has not been specified, then the start time of the
2292 ticket is set to the authentication server's current time. If it
2293 indicates a time in the future beyond the acceptable clock skew, but
2294 the POSTDATED option has not been specified or the MAY-POSTDATE flag
2295 is not set in the TGT, then the error KDC_ERR_CANNOT_POSTDATE is
2296 returned. Otherwise, if the ticket-granting ticket has the MAY-
2297 POSTDATE flag set, then the resulting ticket will be postdated and
2298 the requested starttime is checked against the policy of the local
2299 realm. If acceptable, the ticket's start time is set as requested,
2300 and the INVALID flag is set. The postdated ticket MUST be validated
2301 before use by presenting it to the KDC after the starttime has been
2302 reached. However, in no case may the starttime, endtime, or renew-
2303 till time of a newly-issued postdated ticket extend beyond the renew-
2304 till time of the ticket-granting ticket.
2306 If the ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY option has been specified and an additional
2307 ticket has been included in the request, it indicates that the client
2308 is using user- to-user authentication to prove its identity to a
2309 server that does not have access to a persistent key. Section 3.7
2310 describes the affect of this option on the entire Kerberos protocol.
2311 When generating the KRB_TGS_REP message, this option in the
2312 KRB_TGS_REQ message tells the KDC to decrypt the additional ticket
2313 using the key for the server to which the additional ticket was
2314 issued and verify that it is a ticket-granting ticket. If the name of
2315 the requested server is missing from the request, the name of the
2316 client in the additional ticket will be used. Otherwise the name of
2317 the requested server will be compared to the name of the client in
2318 the additional ticket and if different, the request will be rejected.
2319 If the request succeeds, the session key from the additional ticket
2320 will be used to encrypt the new ticket that is issued instead of
2321 using the key of the server for which the new ticket will be used.
2323 If the name of the server in the ticket that is presented to the KDC
2324 as part of the authentication header is not that of the ticket-
2325 granting server itself, the server is registered in the realm of the
2326 KDC, and the RENEW option is requested, then the KDC will verify that
2327 the RENEWABLE flag is set in the ticket, that the INVALID flag is not
2328 set in the ticket, and that the renew_till time is still in the
2329 future. If the VALIDATE option is requested, the KDC will check that
2330 the starttime has passed and the INVALID flag is set. If the PROXY
2331 option is requested, then the KDC will check that the PROXIABLE flag
2332 is set in the ticket. If the tests succeed, and the ticket passes the
2333 hotlist check described in the next section, the KDC will issue the
2334 appropriate new ticket.
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2344 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2347 The ciphertext part of the response in the KRB_TGS_REP message is
2348 encrypted in the sub-session key from the Authenticator, if present,
2349 or the session key from the ticket-granting ticket. It is not
2350 encrypted using the client's secret key. Furthermore, the client's
2351 key's expiration date and the key version number fields are left out
2352 since these values are stored along with the client's database
2353 record, and that record is not needed to satisfy a request based on a
2354 ticket-granting ticket.
2356 3.3.3.1. Checking for revoked tickets
2358 Whenever a request is made to the ticket-granting server, the
2359 presented ticket(s) is(are) checked against a hot-list of tickets
2360 which have been canceled. This hot-list might be implemented by
2361 storing a range of issue timestamps for 'suspect tickets'; if a
2362 presented ticket had an authtime in that range, it would be rejected.
2363 In this way, a stolen ticket-granting ticket or renewable ticket
2364 cannot be used to gain additional tickets (renewals or otherwise)
2365 once the theft has been reported to the KDC for the realm in which
2366 the server resides. Any normal ticket obtained before it was reported
2367 stolen will still be valid (because they require no interaction with
2368 the KDC), but only until their normal expiration time. If TGT's have
2369 been issued for cross-realm authentication, use of the cross-realm
2370 TGT will not be affected unless the hot-list is propagated to the
2371 KDCs for the realms for which such cross-realm tickets were issued.
2373 3.3.3.2. Encoding the transited field
2375 If the identity of the server in the TGT that is presented to the KDC
2376 as part of the authentication header is that of the ticket-granting
2377 service, but the TGT was issued from another realm, the KDC will look
2378 up the inter-realm key shared with that realm and use that key to
2379 decrypt the ticket. If the ticket is valid, then the KDC will honor
2380 the request, subject to the constraints outlined above in the section
2381 describing the AS exchange. The realm part of the client's identity
2382 will be taken from the ticket-granting ticket. The name of the realm
2383 that issued the ticket-granting ticket, if it is not the realm of the
2384 client principal, will be added to the transited field of the ticket
2385 to be issued. This is accomplished by reading the transited field
2386 from the ticket-granting ticket (which is treated as an unordered set
2387 of realm names), adding the new realm to the set, then constructing
2388 and writing out its encoded (shorthand) form (this may involve a
2389 rearrangement of the existing encoding).
2391 Note that the ticket-granting service does not add the name of its
2392 own realm. Instead, its responsibility is to add the name of the
2393 previous realm. This prevents a malicious Kerberos server from
2394 intentionally leaving out its own name (it could, however, omit other
2398 June 2004 [Page 40]
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2404 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2409 The names of neither the local realm nor the principal's realm are to
2410 be included in the transited field. They appear elsewhere in the
2411 ticket and both are known to have taken part in authenticating the
2412 principal. Since the endpoints are not included, both local and
2413 single-hop inter-realm authentication result in a transited field
2416 Because the name of each realm transited is added to this field, it
2417 might potentially be very long. To decrease the length of this field,
2418 its contents are encoded. The initially supported encoding is
2419 optimized for the normal case of inter-realm communication: a
2420 hierarchical arrangement of realms using either domain or X.500 style
2421 realm names. This encoding (called DOMAIN-X500-COMPRESS) is now
2424 Realm names in the transited field are separated by a ",". The ",",
2425 "\", trailing "."s, and leading spaces (" ") are special characters,
2426 and if they are part of a realm name, they MUST be quoted in the
2427 transited field by preceding them with a "\".
2429 A realm name ending with a "." is interpreted as being prepended to
2430 the previous realm. For example, we can encode traversal of EDU,
2431 MIT.EDU, ATHENA.MIT.EDU, WASHINGTON.EDU, and CS.WASHINGTON.EDU as:
2433 "EDU,MIT.,ATHENA.,WASHINGTON.EDU,CS.".
2435 Note that if ATHENA.MIT.EDU, or CS.WASHINGTON.EDU were end-points,
2436 that they would not be included in this field, and we would have:
2438 "EDU,MIT.,WASHINGTON.EDU"
2440 A realm name beginning with a "/" is interpreted as being appended to
2441 the previous realm. For the purpose of appending, the realm
2442 preceding the first listed realm is considered to be the null realm
2443 (""). If a realm name beginning with a "/" is to stand by itself,
2444 then it SHOULD be preceded by a space (" "). For example, we can
2445 encode traversal of /COM/HP/APOLLO, /COM/HP, /COM, and /COM/DEC as:
2447 "/COM,/HP,/APOLLO, /COM/DEC".
2449 Like the example above, if /COM/HP/APOLLO and /COM/DEC are endpoints,
2450 they would not be included in this field, and we would have:
2454 A null subfield preceding or following a "," indicates that all
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2464 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2467 realms between the previous realm and the next realm have been
2468 traversed. For the purpose of interpreting null subfields, the
2469 client's realm is considered to precede those in the transited field,
2470 and the server's realm is considered to follow them. Thus, "," means
2471 that all realms along the path between the client and the server have
2472 been traversed. ",EDU, /COM," means that all realms from the client's
2473 realm up to EDU (in a domain style hierarchy) have been traversed,
2474 and that everything from /COM down to the server's realm in an X.500
2475 style has also been traversed. This could occur if the EDU realm in
2476 one hierarchy shares an inter-realm key directly with the /COM realm
2477 in another hierarchy.
2479 3.3.4. Receipt of KRB_TGS_REP message
2481 When the KRB_TGS_REP is received by the client, it is processed in
2482 the same manner as the KRB_AS_REP processing described above. The
2483 primary difference is that the ciphertext part of the response must
2484 be decrypted using the sub-session key from the Authenticator, if it
2485 was specified in the request, or the session key from the ticket-
2486 granting ticket, rather than the client's secret key. The server name
2487 returned in the reply is the true principal name of the service.
2489 3.4. The KRB_SAFE Exchange
2491 The KRB_SAFE message MAY be used by clients requiring the ability to
2492 detect modifications of messages they exchange. It achieves this by
2493 including a keyed collision-proof checksum of the user data and some
2494 control information. The checksum is keyed with an encryption key
2495 (usually the last key negotiated via subkeys, or the session key if
2496 no negotiation has occurred).
2498 3.4.1. Generation of a KRB_SAFE message
2500 When an application wishes to send a KRB_SAFE message, it collects
2501 its data and the appropriate control information and computes a
2502 checksum over them. The checksum algorithm should be the keyed
2503 checksum mandated to be implemented along with the crypto system used
2504 for the sub-session or session key. The checksum is generated using
2505 the sub-session key if present or the session key. Some
2506 implementations use a different checksum algorithm for the KRB_SAFE
2507 messages but doing so in a interoperable manner is not always
2510 The control information for the KRB_SAFE message includes both a
2511 timestamp and a sequence number. The designer of an application using
2512 the KRB_SAFE message MUST choose at least one of the two mechanisms.
2513 This choice SHOULD be based on the needs of the application protocol.
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2524 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2527 Sequence numbers are useful when all messages sent will be received
2528 by one's peer. Connection state is presently required to maintain the
2529 session key, so maintaining the next sequence number should not
2530 present an additional problem.
2532 If the application protocol is expected to tolerate lost messages
2533 without them being resent, the use of the timestamp is the
2534 appropriate replay detection mechanism. Using timestamps is also the
2535 appropriate mechanism for multi-cast protocols where all of one's
2536 peers share a common sub-session key, but some messages will be sent
2537 to a subset of one's peers.
2539 After computing the checksum, the client then transmits the
2540 information and checksum to the recipient in the message format
2541 specified in section 5.6.1.
2543 3.4.2. Receipt of KRB_SAFE message
2545 When an application receives a KRB_SAFE message, it verifies it as
2546 follows. If any error occurs, an error code is reported for use by
2549 The message is first checked by verifying that the protocol version
2550 and type fields match the current version and KRB_SAFE, respectively.
2551 A mismatch generates a KRB_AP_ERR_BADVERSION or KRB_AP_ERR_MSG_TYPE
2552 error. The application verifies that the checksum used is a
2553 collision-proof keyed checksum that uses keys compatible with the
2554 sub-session or session key as appropriate (or with the application
2555 key derived from the session or sub-session keys), and if it is not,
2556 a KRB_AP_ERR_INAPP_CKSUM error is generated. The sender's address
2557 MUST be included in the control information; the recipient verifies
2558 that the operating system's report of the sender's address matches
2559 the sender's address in the message, and (if a recipient address is
2560 specified or the recipient requires an address) that one of the
2561 recipient's addresses appears as the recipient's address in the
2562 message. To work with network address translation, senders MAY use
2563 the directional address type specified in section 8.1 for the sender
2564 address and not include recipient addresses. A failed match for
2565 either case generates a KRB_AP_ERR_BADADDR error. Then the timestamp
2566 and usec and/or the sequence number fields are checked. If timestamp
2567 and usec are expected and not present, or they are present but not
2568 current, the KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW error is generated. Timestamps are not
2569 required to be strictly ordered; they are only required to be in the
2570 skew window. If the server name, along with the client name, time
2571 and microsecond fields from the Authenticator match any recently-seen
2572 (sent or received) such tuples, the KRB_AP_ERR_REPEAT error is
2573 generated. If an incorrect sequence number is included, or a sequence
2574 number is expected but not present, the KRB_AP_ERR_BADORDER error is
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2584 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2587 generated. If neither a time-stamp and usec or a sequence number is
2588 present, a KRB_AP_ERR_MODIFIED error is generated. Finally, the
2589 checksum is computed over the data and control information, and if it
2590 doesn't match the received checksum, a KRB_AP_ERR_MODIFIED error is
2593 If all the checks succeed, the application is assured that the
2594 message was generated by its peer and was not modified in transit.
2596 Implementations SHOULD accept any checksum algorithm they implement
2597 that both have adequate security and that have keys compatible with
2598 the sub-session or session key. Unkeyed or non-collision-proof
2599 checksums are not suitable for this use.
2601 3.5. The KRB_PRIV Exchange
2603 The KRB_PRIV message MAY be used by clients requiring confidentiality
2604 and the ability to detect modifications of exchanged messages. It
2605 achieves this by encrypting the messages and adding control
2608 3.5.1. Generation of a KRB_PRIV message
2610 When an application wishes to send a KRB_PRIV message, it collects
2611 its data and the appropriate control information (specified in
2612 section 5.7.1) and encrypts them under an encryption key (usually the
2613 last key negotiated via subkeys, or the session key if no negotiation
2614 has occurred). As part of the control information, the client MUST
2615 choose to use either a timestamp or a sequence number (or both); see
2616 the discussion in section 3.4.1 for guidelines on which to use. After
2617 the user data and control information are encrypted, the client
2618 transmits the ciphertext and some 'envelope' information to the
2621 3.5.2. Receipt of KRB_PRIV message
2623 When an application receives a KRB_PRIV message, it verifies it as
2624 follows. If any error occurs, an error code is reported for use by
2627 The message is first checked by verifying that the protocol version
2628 and type fields match the current version and KRB_PRIV, respectively.
2629 A mismatch generates a KRB_AP_ERR_BADVERSION or KRB_AP_ERR_MSG_TYPE
2630 error. The application then decrypts the ciphertext and processes the
2631 resultant plaintext. If decryption shows the data to have been
2632 modified, a KRB_AP_ERR_BAD_INTEGRITY error is generated.
2634 The sender's address MUST be included in the control information; the
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2644 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2647 recipient verifies that the operating system's report of the sender's
2648 address matches the sender's address in the message. If a recipient
2649 address is specified or the recipient requires an address then one of
2650 the recipient's addresses MUST also appear as the recipient's address
2651 in the message. Where a sender's or receiver's address might not
2652 otherwise match the address in a message because of network address
2653 translation, an application MAY be written to use addresses of the
2654 directional address type in place of the actual network address.
2656 A failed match for either case generates a KRB_AP_ERR_BADADDR error.
2657 To work with network address translation, implementations MAY use the
2658 directional address type defined in section 7.1 for the sender
2659 address and include no recipient address.
2661 Then the timestamp and usec and/or the sequence number fields are
2662 checked. If timestamp and usec are expected and not present, or they
2663 are present but not current, the KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW error is generated.
2664 If the server name, along with the client name, time and microsecond
2665 fields from the Authenticator match any recently-seen such tuples,
2666 the KRB_AP_ERR_REPEAT error is generated. If an incorrect sequence
2667 number is included, or a sequence number is expected but not present,
2668 the KRB_AP_ERR_BADORDER error is generated. If neither a time-stamp
2669 and usec or a sequence number is present, a KRB_AP_ERR_MODIFIED error
2672 If all the checks succeed, the application can assume the message was
2673 generated by its peer, and was securely transmitted (without
2674 intruders able to see the unencrypted contents).
2676 3.6. The KRB_CRED Exchange
2678 The KRB_CRED message MAY be used by clients requiring the ability to
2679 send Kerberos credentials from one host to another. It achieves this
2680 by sending the tickets together with encrypted data containing the
2681 session keys and other information associated with the tickets.
2683 3.6.1. Generation of a KRB_CRED message
2685 When an application wishes to send a KRB_CRED message it first (using
2686 the KRB_TGS exchange) obtains credentials to be sent to the remote
2687 host. It then constructs a KRB_CRED message using the ticket or
2688 tickets so obtained, placing the session key needed to use each
2689 ticket in the key field of the corresponding KrbCredInfo sequence of
2690 the encrypted part of the KRB_CRED message.
2692 Other information associated with each ticket and obtained during the
2693 KRB_TGS exchange is also placed in the corresponding KrbCredInfo
2694 sequence in the encrypted part of the KRB_CRED message. The current
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2704 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2707 time and, if specifically required by the application the nonce, s-
2708 address, and r-address fields, are placed in the encrypted part of
2709 the KRB_CRED message which is then encrypted under an encryption key
2710 previously exchanged in the KRB_AP exchange (usually the last key
2711 negotiated via subkeys, or the session key if no negotiation has
2714 Implementation note: When constructing a KRB_CRED message for
2715 inclusion in a GSSAPI initial context token, the MIT implementation
2716 of Kerberos will not encrypt the KRB_CRED message if the session key
2717 is a DES or triple DES key. For interoperability with MIT, the
2718 Microsoft implementation will not encrypt the KRB_CRED in a GSSAPI
2719 token if it is using a DES session key. Starting at version 1.2.5,
2720 MIT Kerberos can receive and decode either encrypted or unencrypted
2721 KRB_CRED tokens in the GSSAPI exchange. The Heimdal implementation of
2722 Kerberos can also accept either encrypted or unencrypted KRB_CRED
2723 messages. Since the KRB_CRED message in a GSSAPI token is encrypted
2724 in the authenticator, the MIT behavior does not present a security
2725 problem, although it is a violation of the Kerberos specification.
2727 3.6.2. Receipt of KRB_CRED message
2729 When an application receives a KRB_CRED message, it verifies it. If
2730 any error occurs, an error code is reported for use by the
2731 application. The message is verified by checking that the protocol
2732 version and type fields match the current version and KRB_CRED,
2733 respectively. A mismatch generates a KRB_AP_ERR_BADVERSION or
2734 KRB_AP_ERR_MSG_TYPE error. The application then decrypts the
2735 ciphertext and processes the resultant plaintext. If decryption shows
2736 the data to have been modified, a KRB_AP_ERR_BAD_INTEGRITY error is
2739 If present or required, the recipient MAY verify that the operating
2740 system's report of the sender's address matches the sender's address
2741 in the message, and that one of the recipient's addresses appears as
2742 the recipient's address in the message. The address check does not
2743 provide any added security, since the address if present has already
2744 been checked in the KRB_AP_REQ message and there is not any benefit
2745 to be gained by an attacker in reflecting a KRB_CRED message back to
2746 its originator. Thus, the recipient MAY ignore the address even if
2747 present in order to work better in NAT environments. A failed match
2748 for either case generates a KRB_AP_ERR_BADADDR error. Recipients MAY
2749 skip the address check as the KRB_CRED message cannot generally be
2750 reflected back to the originator. The timestamp and usec fields (and
2751 the nonce field if required) are checked next. If the timestamp and
2752 usec are not present, or they are present but not current, the
2753 KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW error is generated.
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2764 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2767 If all the checks succeed, the application stores each of the new
2768 tickets in its credentials cache together with the session key and
2769 other information in the corresponding KrbCredInfo sequence from the
2770 encrypted part of the KRB_CRED message.
2772 3.7. User-to-User Authentication Exchanges
2774 User-to-User authentication provides a method to perform
2775 authentication when the verifier does not have a access to long term
2776 service key. This might be the case when running a server (for
2777 example a window server) as a user on a workstation. In such cases,
2778 the server may have access to the ticket-granting ticket obtained
2779 when the user logged in to the workstation, but because the server is
2780 running as an unprivileged user it might not have access to system
2781 keys. Similar situations may arise when running peer-to-peer
2785 Message direction Message type Sections
2786 0. Message from application server Not Specified
2787 1. Client to Kerberos KRB_TGS_REQ 3.3 + 5.4.1
2788 2. Kerberos to client KRB_TGS_REP or 3.3 + 5.4.2
2790 3. Client to Application server KRB_AP_REQ 3.2 + 5.5.1
2792 To address this problem, the Kerberos protocol allows the client to
2793 request that the ticket issued by the KDC be encrypted using a
2794 session key from a ticket-granting ticket issued to the party that
2795 will verify the authentication. This ticket-granting ticket must be
2796 obtained from the verifier by means of an exchange external to the
2797 Kerberos protocol, usually as part of the application protocol. This
2798 message is shown in the summary above as message 0. Note that because
2799 the ticket-granting ticket is encrypted in the KDC's secret key, it
2800 can not be used for authentication without possession of the
2801 corresponding secret key. Furthermore, because the verifier does not
2802 reveal the corresponding secret key, providing a copy of the
2803 verifier's ticket-granting ticket does not allow impersonation of the
2806 Message 0 in the table above represents an application specific
2807 negotiation between the client and server, at the end of which both
2808 have determined that they will use user-to-user authentication and
2809 the client has obtained the server's TGT.
2811 Next, the client includes the server's TGT as an additional ticket in
2812 its KRB_TGS_REQ request to the KDC (message 1 in the table above) and
2813 specifies the ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY option in its request.
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2824 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2827 If validated according to the instructions in 3.3.3, the application
2828 ticket returned to the client (message 2 in the table above) will be
2829 encrypted using the session key from the additional ticket and the
2830 client will note this when it uses or stores the application ticket.
2832 When contacting the server using a ticket obtained for user-to-user
2833 authentication (message 3 in the table above), the client MUST
2834 specify the USE-SESSION-KEY flag in the ap-options field. This tells
2835 the application server to use the session key associated with its
2836 ticket-granting ticket to decrypt the server ticket provided in the
2837 application request.
2839 4. Encryption and Checksum Specifications
2841 The Kerberos protocols described in this document are designed to
2842 encrypt messages of arbitrary sizes, using stream or block encryption
2843 ciphers. Encryption is used to prove the identities of the network
2844 entities participating in message exchanges. The Key Distribution
2845 Center for each realm is trusted by all principals registered in that
2846 realm to store a secret key in confidence. Proof of knowledge of this
2847 secret key is used to verify the authenticity of a principal.
2849 The KDC uses the principal's secret key (in the AS exchange) or a
2850 shared session key (in the TGS exchange) to encrypt responses to
2851 ticket requests; the ability to obtain the secret key or session key
2852 implies the knowledge of the appropriate keys and the identity of the
2853 KDC. The ability of a principal to decrypt the KDC response and
2854 present a Ticket and a properly formed Authenticator (generated with
2855 the session key from the KDC response) to a service verifies the
2856 identity of the principal; likewise the ability of the service to
2857 extract the session key from the Ticket and prove its knowledge
2858 thereof in a response verifies the identity of the service.
2860 [@KCRYPTO] defines a framework for defining encryption and checksum
2861 mechanisms for use with Kerberos. It also defines several such
2862 mechanisms, and more may be added in future updates to that document.
2864 The string-to-key operation provided by [@KCRYPTO] is used to produce
2865 a long-term key for a principal (generally for a user). The default
2866 salt string, if none is provided via pre-authentication data, is the
2867 concatenation of the principal's realm and name components, in order,
2868 with no separators. Unless otherwise indicated, the default string-
2869 to-key opaque parameter set as defined in [@KCRYPTO] is used.
2871 Encrypted data, keys and checksums are transmitted using the
2872 EncryptedData, EncryptionKey and Checksum data objects defined in
2873 section 5.2.9. The encryption, decryption, and checksum operations
2874 described in this document use the corresponding encryption,
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2884 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2887 decryption, and get_mic operations described in [@KCRYPTO], with
2888 implicit "specific key" generation using the "key usage" values
2889 specified in the description of each EncryptedData or Checksum object
2890 to vary the key for each operation. Note that in some cases, the
2891 value to be used is dependent on the method of choosing the key or
2892 the context of the message.
2894 Key usages are unsigned 32 bit integers; zero is not permitted. The
2895 key usage values for encrypting or checksumming Kerberos messages are
2896 indicated in section 5 along with the message definitions. Key usage
2897 values 512-1023 are reserved for uses internal to a Kerberos
2898 implementation. (For example, seeding a pseudo-random number
2899 generator with a value produced by encrypting something with a
2900 session key and a key usage value not used for any other purpose.)
2901 Key usage values between 1024 and 2047 (inclusive) are reserved for
2902 application use; applications SHOULD use even values for encryption
2903 and odd values for checksums within this range. Key usage values are
2904 also summarized in a table in section 7.5.1.
2906 There might exist other documents which define protocols in terms of
2907 the RFC1510 encryption types or checksum types. Such documents would
2908 not know about key usages. In order that these specifications
2909 continue to be meaningful until they are updated, if no key usage
2910 values are specified then key usages 1024 and 1025 must be used to
2911 derive keys for encryption and checksums, respectively (this does not
2912 apply to protocols that do their own encryption independent of this
2913 framework, directly using the key resulting from the Kerberos
2914 authentication exchange.) New protocols defined in terms of the
2915 Kerberos encryption and checksum types SHOULD use their own key usage
2918 Unless otherwise indicated, no cipher state chaining is done from one
2919 encryption operation to another.
2921 Implementation note: While not recommended, some application
2922 protocols will continue to use the key data directly, even if only in
2923 currently existing protocol specifications. An implementation
2924 intended to support general Kerberos applications may therefore need
2925 to make key data available, as well as the attributes and operations
2926 described in [@KCRYPTO]. One of the more common reasons for directly
2927 performing encryption is direct control over negotiation and
2928 selection of a "sufficiently strong" encryption algorithm (in the
2929 context of a given application). While Kerberos does not directly
2930 provide a facility for negotiating encryption types between the
2931 application client and server, there are approaches for using
2932 Kerberos to facilitate this negotiation - for example, a client may
2933 request only "sufficiently strong" session key types from the KDC and
2934 expect that any type returned by the KDC will be understood and
2938 June 2004 [Page 49]
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2944 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
2947 supported by the application server.
2949 5. Message Specifications
2951 NOTE: The ASN.1 collected here should be identical to the contents of
2952 Appendix A. In case of conflict, the contents of Appendix A shall
2955 The Kerberos protocol is defined here in terms of Abstract Syntax
2956 Notation One (ASN.1) [X680], which provides a syntax for specifying
2957 both the abstract layout of protocol messages as well as their
2958 encodings. Implementors not utilizing an existing ASN.1 compiler or
2959 support library are cautioned to thoroughly understand the actual
2960 ASN.1 specification to ensure correct implementation behavior, as
2961 there is more complexity in the notation than is immediately obvious,
2962 and some tutorials and guides to ASN.1 are misleading or erroneous.
2964 Note that in several places, there have been changes here from RFC
2965 1510 that change the abstract types. This is in part to address
2966 widespread assumptions that various implementors have made, in some
2967 cases resulting in unintentional violations of the ASN.1 standard.
2968 These are clearly flagged where they occur. The differences between
2969 the abstract types in RFC 1510 and abstract types in this document
2970 can cause incompatible encodings to be emitted when certain encoding
2971 rules, e.g. the Packed Encoding Rules (PER), are used. This
2972 theoretical incompatibility should not be relevant for Kerberos,
2973 since Kerberos explicitly specifies the use of the Distinguished
2974 Encoding Rules (DER). It might be an issue for protocols wishing to
2975 use Kerberos types with other encoding rules. (This practice is not
2976 recommended.) With very few exceptions (most notably the usages of
2977 BIT STRING), the encodings resulting from using the DER remain
2978 identical between the types defined in RFC 1510 and the types defined
2981 The type definitions in this section assume an ASN.1 module
2982 definition of the following form:
2985 iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
2986 security(5) kerberosV5(2) modules(4) krb5spec2(2)
2987 } DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN
2989 -- rest of definitions here
2993 This specifies that the tagging context for the module will be
2994 explicit and non-automatic.
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3004 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3007 Note that in some other publications [RFC1510] [RFC1964], the "dod"
3008 portion of the object identifier is erroneously specified as having
3009 the value "5". In the case of RFC 1964, use of the "correct" OID
3010 value would result in a change in the wire protocol; therefore, it
3011 remains unchanged for now.
3013 Note that elsewhere in this document, nomenclature for various
3014 message types is inconsistent, but largely follows C language
3015 conventions, including use of underscore (_) characters and all-caps
3016 spelling of names intended to be numeric constants. Also, in some
3017 places, identifiers (especially ones referring to constants) are
3018 written in all-caps in order to distinguish them from surrounding
3021 The ASN.1 notation does not permit underscores in identifiers, so in
3022 actual ASN.1 definitions, underscores are replaced with hyphens (-).
3023 Additionally, structure member names and defined values in ASN.1 MUST
3024 begin with a lowercase letter, while type names MUST begin with an
3027 5.1. Specific Compatibility Notes on ASN.1
3029 For compatibility purposes, implementors should heed the following
3030 specific notes regarding the use of ASN.1 in Kerberos. These notes do
3031 not describe deviations from standard usage of ASN.1. The purpose of
3032 these notes is to instead describe some historical quirks and non-
3033 compliance of various implementations, as well as historical
3034 ambiguities, which, while being valid ASN.1, can lead to confusion
3035 during implementation.
3037 5.1.1. ASN.1 Distinguished Encoding Rules
3039 The encoding of Kerberos protocol messages shall obey the
3040 Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) of ASN.1 as described in [X690].
3041 Some implementations (believed to be primarily ones derived from DCE
3042 1.1 and earlier) are known to use the more general Basic Encoding
3043 Rules (BER); in particular, these implementations send indefinite
3044 encodings of lengths. Implementations MAY accept such encodings in
3045 the interests of backwards compatibility, though implementors are
3046 warned that decoding fully-general BER is fraught with peril.
3048 5.1.2. Optional Integer Fields
3050 Some implementations do not internally distinguish between an omitted
3051 optional integer value and a transmitted value of zero. The places in
3052 the protocol where this is relevant include various microseconds
3053 fields, nonces, and sequence numbers. Implementations SHOULD treat
3054 omitted optional integer values as having been transmitted with a
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3064 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3067 value of zero, if the application is expecting this.
3069 5.1.3. Empty SEQUENCE OF Types
3071 There are places in the protocol where a message contains a SEQUENCE
3072 OF type as an optional member. This can result in an encoding that
3073 contains an empty SEQUENCE OF encoding. The Kerberos protocol does
3074 not semantically distinguish between an absent optional SEQUENCE OF
3075 type and a present optional but empty SEQUENCE OF type.
3076 Implementations SHOULD NOT send empty SEQUENCE OF encodings that are
3077 marked OPTIONAL, but SHOULD accept them as being equivalent to an
3078 omitted OPTIONAL type. In the ASN.1 syntax describing Kerberos
3079 messages, instances of these problematic optional SEQUENCE OF types
3080 are indicated with a comment.
3082 5.1.4. Unrecognized Tag Numbers
3084 Future revisions to this protocol may include new message types with
3085 different APPLICATION class tag numbers. Such revisions should
3086 protect older implementations by only sending the message types to
3087 parties that are known to understand them, e.g. by means of a flag
3088 bit set by the receiver in a preceding request. In the interest of
3089 robust error handling, implementations SHOULD gracefully handle
3090 receiving a message with an unrecognized tag anyway, and return an
3091 error message if appropriate.
3093 In particular, KDCs SHOULD return KRB_AP_ERR_MSG_TYPE if the
3094 incorrect tag is sent over a TCP transport. The KDCs SHOULD NOT
3095 respond to messages received with an unknown tag over UDP transport
3096 in order to avoid denial of service attacks. For non-KDC
3097 applications, the Kerberos implementation typically indicates an
3098 error to the application which takes appropriate steps based on the
3099 application protocol.
3101 5.1.5. Tag Numbers Greater Than 30
3103 A naive implementation of a DER ASN.1 decoder may experience problems
3104 with ASN.1 tag numbers greater than 30, due to such tag numbers being
3105 encoded using more than one byte. Future revisions of this protocol
3106 may utilize tag numbers greater than 30, and implementations SHOULD
3107 be prepared to gracefully return an error, if appropriate, if they do
3108 not recognize the tag.
3110 5.2. Basic Kerberos Types
3112 This section defines a number of basic types that are potentially
3113 used in multiple Kerberos protocol messages.
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3124 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3127 5.2.1. KerberosString
3129 The original specification of the Kerberos protocol in RFC 1510 uses
3130 GeneralString in numerous places for human-readable string data.
3131 Historical implementations of Kerberos cannot utilize the full power
3132 of GeneralString. This ASN.1 type requires the use of designation
3133 and invocation escape sequences as specified in ISO-2022/ECMA-35
3134 [ISO-2022/ECMA-35] to switch character sets, and the default
3135 character set that is designated as G0 is the ISO-646/ECMA-6
3136 [ISO-646,ECMA-6] International Reference Version (IRV) (aka U.S.
3137 ASCII), which mostly works.
3139 ISO-2022/ECMA-35 defines four character-set code elements (G0..G3)
3140 and two Control-function code elements (C0..C1). DER prohibits the
3141 designation of character sets as any but the G0 and C0 sets.
3142 Unfortunately, this seems to have the side effect of prohibiting the
3143 use of ISO-8859 (ISO Latin) [ISO-8859] character-sets or any other
3144 character-sets that utilize a 96-character set, since it is
3145 prohibited by ISO-2022/ECMA-35 to designate them as the G0 code
3146 element. This side effect is being investigated in the ASN.1
3147 standards community.
3149 In practice, many implementations treat GeneralStrings as if they
3150 were 8-bit strings of whichever character set the implementation
3151 defaults to, without regard for correct usage of character-set
3152 designation escape sequences. The default character set is often
3153 determined by the current user's operating system dependent locale.
3154 At least one major implementation places unescaped UTF-8 encoded
3155 Unicode characters in the GeneralString. This failure to adhere to
3156 the GeneralString specifications results in interoperability issues
3157 when conflicting character encodings are utilized by the Kerberos
3158 clients, services, and KDC.
3160 This unfortunate situation is the result of improper documentation of
3161 the restrictions of the ASN.1 GeneralString type in prior Kerberos
3164 The new (post-RFC 1510) type KerberosString, defined below, is a
3165 GeneralString that is constrained to only contain characters in
3168 KerberosString ::= GeneralString (IA5String)
3170 In general, US-ASCII control characters should not be used in
3171 KerberosString. Control characters SHOULD NOT be used in principal
3172 names or realm names.
3174 For compatibility, implementations MAY choose to accept GeneralString
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3184 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3187 values that contain characters other than those permitted by
3188 IA5String, but they should be aware that character set designation
3189 codes will likely be absent, and that the encoding should probably be
3190 treated as locale-specific in almost every way. Implementations MAY
3191 also choose to emit GeneralString values that are beyond those
3192 permitted by IA5String, but should be aware that doing so is
3193 extraordinarily risky from an interoperability perspective.
3195 Some existing implementations use GeneralString to encode unescaped
3196 locale-specific characters. This is a violation of the ASN.1
3197 standard. Most of these implementations encode US-ASCII in the left-
3198 hand half, so as long the implementation transmits only US-ASCII, the
3199 ASN.1 standard is not violated in this regard. As soon as such an
3200 implementation encodes unescaped locale-specific characters with the
3201 high bit set, it violates the ASN.1 standard.
3203 Other implementations have been known to use GeneralString to contain
3204 a UTF-8 encoding. This also violates the ASN.1 standard, since UTF-8
3205 is a different encoding, not a 94 or 96 character "G" set as defined
3206 by ISO 2022. It is believed that these implementations do not even
3207 use the ISO 2022 escape sequence to change the character encoding.
3208 Even if implementations were to announce the change of encoding by
3209 using that escape sequence, the ASN.1 standard prohibits the use of
3210 any escape sequences other than those used to designate/invoke "G" or
3211 "C" sets allowed by GeneralString.
3213 Future revisions to this protocol will almost certainly allow for a
3214 more interoperable representation of principal names, probably
3215 including UTF8String.
3217 Note that applying a new constraint to a previously unconstrained
3218 type constitutes creation of a new ASN.1 type. In this particular
3219 case, the change does not result in a changed encoding under DER.
3221 5.2.2. Realm and PrincipalName
3223 Realm ::= KerberosString
3225 PrincipalName ::= SEQUENCE {
3226 name-type [0] Int32,
3227 name-string [1] SEQUENCE OF KerberosString
3230 Kerberos realm names are encoded as KerberosStrings. Realms shall not
3231 contain a character with the code 0 (the US-ASCII NUL). Most realms
3232 will usually consist of several components separated by periods (.),
3233 in the style of Internet Domain Names, or separated by slashes (/) in
3234 the style of X.500 names. Acceptable forms for realm names are
3238 June 2004 [Page 54]
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3244 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3247 specified in section 6.1.. A PrincipalName is a typed sequence of
3248 components consisting of the following sub-fields:
3251 This field specifies the type of name that follows. Pre-defined
3252 values for this field are specified in section 6.2. The name-type
3253 SHOULD be treated as a hint. Ignoring the name type, no two names
3254 can be the same (i.e. at least one of the components, or the
3255 realm, must be different).
3258 This field encodes a sequence of components that form a name, each
3259 component encoded as a KerberosString. Taken together, a
3260 PrincipalName and a Realm form a principal identifier. Most
3261 PrincipalNames will have only a few components (typically one or
3266 KerberosTime ::= GeneralizedTime -- with no fractional seconds
3268 The timestamps used in Kerberos are encoded as GeneralizedTimes. A
3269 KerberosTime value shall not include any fractional portions of the
3270 seconds. As required by the DER, it further shall not include any
3271 separators, and it shall specify the UTC time zone (Z). Example: The
3272 only valid format for UTC time 6 minutes, 27 seconds after 9 pm on 6
3273 November 1985 is 19851106210627Z.
3275 5.2.4. Constrained Integer types
3277 Some integer members of types SHOULD be constrained to values
3278 representable in 32 bits, for compatibility with reasonable
3279 implementation limits.
3281 Int32 ::= INTEGER (-2147483648..2147483647)
3282 -- signed values representable in 32 bits
3284 UInt32 ::= INTEGER (0..4294967295)
3285 -- unsigned 32 bit values
3287 Microseconds ::= INTEGER (0..999999)
3290 While this results in changes to the abstract types from the RFC 1510
3291 version, the encoding in DER should be unaltered. Historical
3292 implementations were typically limited to 32-bit integer values
3293 anyway, and assigned numbers SHOULD fall in the space of integer
3294 values representable in 32 bits in order to promote interoperability
3298 June 2004 [Page 55]
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3304 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3309 There are several integer fields in messages that are constrained to
3313 also TKT-VNO or AUTHENTICATOR-VNO, this recurring field is always
3314 the constant integer 5. There is no easy way to make this field
3315 into a useful protocol version number, so its value is fixed.
3318 this integer field is usually identical to the application tag
3319 number of the containing message type.
3321 5.2.5. HostAddress and HostAddresses
3323 HostAddress ::= SEQUENCE {
3324 addr-type [0] Int32,
3325 address [1] OCTET STRING
3328 -- NOTE: HostAddresses is always used as an OPTIONAL field and
3329 -- should not be empty.
3330 HostAddresses -- NOTE: subtly different from rfc1510,
3331 -- but has a value mapping and encodes the same
3332 ::= SEQUENCE OF HostAddress
3334 The host address encodings consists of two fields:
3337 This field specifies the type of address that follows. Pre-defined
3338 values for this field are specified in section 7.5.3.
3341 This field encodes a single address of type addr-type.
3343 5.2.6. AuthorizationData
3345 -- NOTE: AuthorizationData is always used as an OPTIONAL field and
3346 -- should not be empty.
3347 AuthorizationData ::= SEQUENCE OF SEQUENCE {
3349 ad-data [1] OCTET STRING
3353 This field contains authorization data to be interpreted according
3354 to the value of the corresponding ad-type field.
3358 June 2004 [Page 56]
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3364 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3368 This field specifies the format for the ad-data subfield. All
3369 negative values are reserved for local use. Non-negative values
3370 are reserved for registered use.
3372 Each sequence of type and data is referred to as an authorization
3373 element. Elements MAY be application specific, however, there is a
3374 common set of recursive elements that should be understood by all
3375 implementations. These elements contain other elements embedded
3376 within them, and the interpretation of the encapsulating element
3377 determines which of the embedded elements must be interpreted, and
3378 which may be ignored.
3380 These common authorization data elements are recursively defined,
3381 meaning the ad-data for these types will itself contain a sequence of
3382 authorization data whose interpretation is affected by the
3383 encapsulating element. Depending on the meaning of the encapsulating
3384 element, the encapsulated elements may be ignored, might be
3385 interpreted as issued directly by the KDC, or they might be stored in
3386 a separate plaintext part of the ticket. The types of the
3387 encapsulating elements are specified as part of the Kerberos
3388 specification because the behavior based on these values should be
3389 understood across implementations whereas other elements need only be
3390 understood by the applications which they affect.
3392 Authorization data elements are considered critical if present in a
3393 ticket or authenticator. Unless encapsulated in a known authorization
3394 data element amending the criticality of the elements it contains, if
3395 an unknown authorization data element type is received by a server
3396 either in an AP-REQ or in a ticket contained in an AP-REQ, then
3397 authentication MUST fail. Authorization data is intended to restrict
3398 the use of a ticket. If the service cannot determine whether the
3399 restriction applies to that service then a security weakness may
3400 result if the ticket can be used for that service. Authorization
3401 elements that are optional can be enclosed in AD-IF-RELEVANT element.
3403 In the definitions that follow, the value of the ad-type for the
3404 element will be specified as the least significant part of the
3405 subsection number, and the value of the ad-data will be as shown in
3406 the ASN.1 structure that follows the subsection heading.
3408 contents of ad-data ad-type
3410 DER encoding of AD-IF-RELEVANT 1
3412 DER encoding of AD-KDCIssued 4
3414 DER encoding of AD-AND-OR 5
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3424 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3427 DER encoding of AD-MANDATORY-FOR-KDC 8
3429 5.2.6.1. IF-RELEVANT
3431 AD-IF-RELEVANT ::= AuthorizationData
3433 AD elements encapsulated within the if-relevant element are intended
3434 for interpretation only by application servers that understand the
3435 particular ad-type of the embedded element. Application servers that
3436 do not understand the type of an element embedded within the if-
3437 relevant element MAY ignore the uninterpretable element. This element
3438 promotes interoperability across implementations which may have local
3439 extensions for authorization. The ad-type for AD-IF-RELEVANT is (1).
3443 AD-KDCIssued ::= SEQUENCE {
3444 ad-checksum [0] Checksum,
3445 i-realm [1] Realm OPTIONAL,
3446 i-sname [2] PrincipalName OPTIONAL,
3447 elements [3] AuthorizationData
3451 A cryptographic checksum computed over the DER encoding of the
3452 AuthorizationData in the "elements" field, keyed with the session
3453 key. Its checksumtype is the mandatory checksum type for the
3454 encryption type of the session key, and its key usage value is 19.
3457 The name of the issuing principal if different from the KDC
3458 itself. This field would be used when the KDC can verify the
3459 authenticity of elements signed by the issuing principal and it
3460 allows this KDC to notify the application server of the validity
3464 A sequence of authorization data elements issued by the KDC.
3466 The KDC-issued ad-data field is intended to provide a means for
3467 Kerberos principal credentials to embed within themselves privilege
3468 attributes and other mechanisms for positive authorization,
3469 amplifying the privileges of the principal beyond what can be done
3470 using a credentials without such an a-data element.
3472 This can not be provided without this element because the definition
3473 of the authorization-data field allows elements to be added at will
3474 by the bearer of a TGT at the time that they request service tickets
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3484 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3487 and elements may also be added to a delegated ticket by inclusion in
3490 For KDC-issued elements this is prevented because the elements are
3491 signed by the KDC by including a checksum encrypted using the
3492 server's key (the same key used to encrypt the ticket - or a key
3493 derived from that key). Elements encapsulated with in the KDC-issued
3494 element MUST be ignored by the application server if this
3495 "signature" is not present. Further, elements encapsulated within
3496 this element from a ticket-granting ticket MAY be interpreted by the
3497 KDC, and used as a basis according to policy for including new signed
3498 elements within derivative tickets, but they will not be copied to a
3499 derivative ticket directly. If they are copied directly to a
3500 derivative ticket by a KDC that is not aware of this element, the
3501 signature will not be correct for the application ticket elements,
3502 and the field will be ignored by the application server.
3504 This element and the elements it encapsulates MAY be safely ignored
3505 by applications, application servers, and KDCs that do not implement
3508 The ad-type for AD-KDC-ISSUED is (4).
3512 AD-AND-OR ::= SEQUENCE {
3513 condition-count [0] INTEGER,
3514 elements [1] AuthorizationData
3518 When restrictive AD elements are encapsulated within the and-or
3519 element, the and-or element is considered satisfied if and only if at
3520 least the number of encapsulated elements specified in condition-
3521 count are satisfied. Therefore, this element MAY be used to
3522 implement an "or" operation by setting the condition-count field to
3523 1, and it MAY specify an "and" operation by setting the condition
3524 count to the number of embedded elements. Application servers that do
3525 not implement this element MUST reject tickets that contain
3526 authorization data elements of this type.
3528 The ad-type for AD-AND-OR is (5).
3530 5.2.6.4. MANDATORY-FOR-KDC
3532 AD-MANDATORY-FOR-KDC ::= AuthorizationData
3534 AD elements encapsulated within the mandatory-for-kdc element are to
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3544 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3547 be interpreted by the KDC. KDCs that do not understand the type of an
3548 element embedded within the mandatory-for-kdc element MUST reject the
3551 The ad-type for AD-MANDATORY-FOR-KDC is (8).
3555 Historically, PA-DATA have been known as "pre-authentication data",
3556 meaning that they were used to augment the initial authentication
3557 with the KDC. Since that time, they have also been used as a typed
3558 hole with which to extend protocol exchanges with the KDC.
3560 PA-DATA ::= SEQUENCE {
3561 -- NOTE: first tag is [1], not [0]
3562 padata-type [1] Int32,
3563 padata-value [2] OCTET STRING -- might be encoded AP-REQ
3567 indicates the way that the padata-value element is to be
3568 interpreted. Negative values of padata-type are reserved for
3569 unregistered use; non-negative values are used for a registered
3570 interpretation of the element type.
3573 Usually contains the DER encoding of another type; the padata-type
3574 field identifies which type is encoded here.
3576 padata-type name contents of padata-value
3578 1 pa-tgs-req DER encoding of AP-REQ
3580 2 pa-enc-timestamp DER encoding of PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP
3582 3 pa-pw-salt salt (not ASN.1 encoded)
3584 11 pa-etype-info DER encoding of ETYPE-INFO
3586 19 pa-etype-info2 DER encoding of ETYPE-INFO2
3588 This field MAY also contain information needed by certain
3589 extensions to the Kerberos protocol. For example, it might be used
3590 to initially verify the identity of a client before any response
3593 The padata field can also contain information needed to help the
3594 KDC or the client select the key needed for generating or
3598 June 2004 [Page 60]
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3604 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3607 decrypting the response. This form of the padata is useful for
3608 supporting the use of certain token cards with Kerberos. The
3609 details of such extensions are specified in separate documents.
3610 See [Pat92] for additional uses of this field.
3614 In the case of requests for additional tickets (KRB_TGS_REQ), padata-
3615 value will contain an encoded AP-REQ. The checksum in the
3616 authenticator (which MUST be collision-proof) is to be computed over
3617 the KDC-REQ-BODY encoding.
3619 5.2.7.2. Encrypted Timestamp Pre-authentication
3621 There are pre-authentication types that may be used to pre-
3622 authenticate a client by means of an encrypted timestamp.
3624 PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP ::= EncryptedData -- PA-ENC-TS-ENC
3626 PA-ENC-TS-ENC ::= SEQUENCE {
3627 patimestamp [0] KerberosTime -- client's time --,
3628 pausec [1] Microseconds OPTIONAL
3631 Patimestamp contains the client's time, and pausec contains the
3632 microseconds, which MAY be omitted if a client will not generate more
3633 than one request per second. The ciphertext (padata-value) consists
3634 of the PA-ENC-TS-ENC encoding, encrypted using the client's secret
3635 key and a key usage value of 1.
3637 This pre-authentication type was not present in RFC 1510, but many
3638 implementations support it.
3642 The padata-value for this pre-authentication type contains the salt
3643 for the string-to-key to be used by the client to obtain the key for
3644 decrypting the encrypted part of an AS-REP message. Unfortunately,
3645 for historical reasons, the character set to be used is unspecified
3646 and probably locale-specific.
3648 This pre-authentication type was not present in RFC 1510, but many
3649 implementations support it. It is necessary in any case where the
3650 salt for the string-to-key algorithm is not the default.
3652 In the trivial example, a zero-length salt string is very commonplace
3653 for realms that have converted their principal databases from
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3664 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3667 A KDC SHOULD NOT send PA-PW-SALT when issuing a KRB-ERROR message
3668 that requests additional pre-authentication. Implementation note:
3669 some KDC implementations issue an erroneous PA-PW-SALT when issuing a
3670 KRB-ERROR message that requests additional pre-authentication.
3671 Therefore, clients SHOULD ignore a PA-PW-SALT accompanying a KRB-
3672 ERROR message that requests additional pre-authentication. As noted
3673 in section 3.1.3, a KDC MUST NOT send PA-PW-SALT when the client's
3674 AS-REQ includes at least one "newer" etype.
3676 5.2.7.4. PA-ETYPE-INFO
3678 The ETYPE-INFO pre-authentication type is sent by the KDC in a KRB-
3679 ERROR indicating a requirement for additional pre-authentication. It
3680 is usually used to notify a client of which key to use for the
3681 encryption of an encrypted timestamp for the purposes of sending a
3682 PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP pre-authentication value. It MAY also be sent in an
3683 AS-REP to provide information to the client about which key salt to
3684 use for the string-to-key to be used by the client to obtain the key
3685 for decrypting the encrypted part the AS-REP.
3687 ETYPE-INFO-ENTRY ::= SEQUENCE {
3689 salt [1] OCTET STRING OPTIONAL
3692 ETYPE-INFO ::= SEQUENCE OF ETYPE-INFO-ENTRY
3694 The salt, like that of PA-PW-SALT, is also completely unspecified
3695 with respect to character set and is probably locale-specific.
3697 If ETYPE-INFO is sent in an AS-REP, there shall be exactly one ETYPE-
3698 INFO-ENTRY, and its etype shall match that of the enc-part in the AS-
3701 This pre-authentication type was not present in RFC 1510, but many
3702 implementations that support encrypted timestamps for pre-
3703 authentication need to support ETYPE-INFO as well. As noted in
3704 section 3.1.3, a KDC MUST NOT send PA-ETYPE-INFO when the client's
3705 AS-REQ includes at least one "newer" etype.
3707 5.2.7.5. PA-ETYPE-INFO2
3709 The ETYPE-INFO2 pre-authentication type is sent by the KDC in a KRB-
3710 ERROR indicating a requirement for additional pre-authentication. It
3711 is usually used to notify a client of which key to use for the
3712 encryption of an encrypted timestamp for the purposes of sending a
3713 PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP pre-authentication value. It MAY also be sent in an
3714 AS-REP to provide information to the client about which key salt to
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3724 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3727 use for the string-to-key to be used by the client to obtain the key
3728 for decrypting the encrypted part the AS-REP.
3730 ETYPE-INFO2-ENTRY ::= SEQUENCE {
3732 salt [1] KerberosString OPTIONAL,
3733 s2kparams [2] OCTET STRING OPTIONAL
3736 ETYPE-INFO2 ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF ETYPE-INFO2-ENTRY
3738 The type of the salt is KerberosString, but existing installations
3739 might have locale-specific characters stored in salt strings, and
3740 implementors MAY choose to handle them.
3742 The interpretation of s2kparams is specified in the cryptosystem
3743 description associated with the etype. Each cryptosystem has a
3744 default interpretation of s2kparams that will hold if that element is
3745 omitted from the encoding of ETYPE-INFO2-ENTRY.
3747 If ETYPE-INFO2 is sent in an AS-REP, there shall be exactly one
3748 ETYPE-INFO2-ENTRY, and its etype shall match that of the enc-part in
3751 The preferred ordering of the "hint" pre-authentication data that
3752 affect client key selection is: ETYPE-INFO2, followed by ETYPE-INFO,
3753 followed by PW-SALT. As noted in section 3.1.3, a KDC MUST NOT send
3754 ETYPE-INFO or PW-SALT when the client's AS-REQ includes at least one
3757 The ETYPE-INFO2 pre-authentication type was not present in RFC 1510.
3759 5.2.8. KerberosFlags
3761 For several message types, a specific constrained bit string type,
3762 KerberosFlags, is used.
3764 KerberosFlags ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (32..MAX)) -- minimum number of bits
3765 -- shall be sent, but no fewer than 32
3767 Compatibility note: the following paragraphs describe a change from
3768 the RFC1510 description of bit strings that would result in
3769 incompatility in the case of an implementation that strictly
3770 conformed to ASN.1 DER and RFC1510.
3772 ASN.1 bit strings have multiple uses. The simplest use of a bit
3773 string is to contain a vector of bits, with no particular meaning
3774 attached to individual bits. This vector of bits is not necessarily a
3778 June 2004 [Page 63]
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3784 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3787 multiple of eight bits long. The use in Kerberos of a bit string as
3788 a compact boolean vector wherein each element has a distinct meaning
3789 poses some problems. The natural notation for a compact boolean
3790 vector is the ASN.1 "NamedBit" notation, and the DER require that
3791 encodings of a bit string using "NamedBit" notation exclude any
3792 trailing zero bits. This truncation is easy to neglect, especially
3793 given C language implementations that naturally choose to store
3794 boolean vectors as 32 bit integers.
3796 For example, if the notation for KDCOptions were to include the
3797 "NamedBit" notation, as in RFC 1510, and a KDCOptions value to be
3798 encoded had only the "forwardable" (bit number one) bit set, the DER
3799 encoding MUST include only two bits: the first reserved bit
3800 ("reserved", bit number zero, value zero) and the one-valued bit (bit
3801 number one) for "forwardable".
3803 Most existing implementations of Kerberos unconditionally send 32
3804 bits on the wire when encoding bit strings used as boolean vectors.
3805 This behavior violates the ASN.1 syntax used for flag values in RFC
3806 1510, but occurs on such a widely installed base that the protocol
3807 description is being modified to accommodate it.
3809 Consequently, this document removes the "NamedBit" notations for
3810 individual bits, relegating them to comments. The size constraint on
3811 the KerberosFlags type requires that at least 32 bits be encoded at
3812 all times, though a lenient implementation MAY choose to accept fewer
3813 than 32 bits and to treat the missing bits as set to zero.
3815 Currently, no uses of KerberosFlags specify more than 32 bits worth
3816 of flags, although future revisions of this document may do so. When
3817 more than 32 bits are to be transmitted in a KerberosFlags value,
3818 future revisions to this document will likely specify that the
3819 smallest number of bits needed to encode the highest-numbered one-
3820 valued bit should be sent. This is somewhat similar to the DER
3821 encoding of a bit string that is declared with the "NamedBit"
3824 5.2.9. Cryptosystem-related Types
3826 Many Kerberos protocol messages contain an EncryptedData as a
3827 container for arbitrary encrypted data, which is often the encrypted
3828 encoding of another data type. Fields within EncryptedData assist the
3829 recipient in selecting a key with which to decrypt the enclosed data.
3831 EncryptedData ::= SEQUENCE {
3832 etype [0] Int32 -- EncryptionType --,
3833 kvno [1] UInt32 OPTIONAL,
3834 cipher [2] OCTET STRING -- ciphertext
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3844 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3850 This field identifies which encryption algorithm was used to
3851 encipher the cipher.
3854 This field contains the version number of the key under which data
3855 is encrypted. It is only present in messages encrypted under long
3856 lasting keys, such as principals' secret keys.
3859 This field contains the enciphered text, encoded as an OCTET
3860 STRING. (Note that the encryption mechanisms defined in
3861 [@KCRYPTO] MUST incorporate integrity protection as well, so no
3862 additional checksum is required.)
3864 The EncryptionKey type is the means by which cryptographic keys used
3865 for encryption are transferred.
3867 EncryptionKey ::= SEQUENCE {
3868 keytype [0] Int32 -- actually encryption type --,
3869 keyvalue [1] OCTET STRING
3873 This field specifies the encryption type of the encryption key
3874 that follows in the keyvalue field. While its name is "keytype",
3875 it actually specifies an encryption type. Previously, multiple
3876 cryptosystems that performed encryption differently but were
3877 capable of using keys with the same characteristics were permitted
3878 to share an assigned number to designate the type of key; this
3879 usage is now deprecated.
3882 This field contains the key itself, encoded as an octet string.
3884 Messages containing cleartext data to be authenticated will usually
3885 do so by using a member of type Checksum. Most instances of Checksum
3886 use a keyed hash, though exceptions will be noted.
3888 Checksum ::= SEQUENCE {
3889 cksumtype [0] Int32,
3890 checksum [1] OCTET STRING
3894 This field indicates the algorithm used to generate the
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3904 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3907 accompanying checksum.
3910 This field contains the checksum itself, encoded as an octet
3913 See section 4 for a brief description of the use of encryption and
3914 checksums in Kerberos.
3918 This section describes the format and encryption parameters for
3919 tickets and authenticators. When a ticket or authenticator is
3920 included in a protocol message it is treated as an opaque object. A
3921 ticket is a record that helps a client authenticate to a service. A
3922 Ticket contains the following information:
3924 Ticket ::= [APPLICATION 1] SEQUENCE {
3925 tkt-vno [0] INTEGER (5),
3927 sname [2] PrincipalName,
3928 enc-part [3] EncryptedData -- EncTicketPart
3931 -- Encrypted part of ticket
3932 EncTicketPart ::= [APPLICATION 3] SEQUENCE {
3933 flags [0] TicketFlags,
3934 key [1] EncryptionKey,
3936 cname [3] PrincipalName,
3937 transited [4] TransitedEncoding,
3938 authtime [5] KerberosTime,
3939 starttime [6] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
3940 endtime [7] KerberosTime,
3941 renew-till [8] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
3942 caddr [9] HostAddresses OPTIONAL,
3943 authorization-data [10] AuthorizationData OPTIONAL
3946 -- encoded Transited field
3947 TransitedEncoding ::= SEQUENCE {
3948 tr-type [0] Int32 -- must be registered --,
3949 contents [1] OCTET STRING
3952 TicketFlags ::= KerberosFlags
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3964 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
3977 -- the following are new since 1510
3978 -- transited-policy-checked(12),
3979 -- ok-as-delegate(13)
3982 This field specifies the version number for the ticket format.
3983 This document describes version number 5.
3986 This field specifies the realm that issued a ticket. It also
3987 serves to identify the realm part of the server's principal
3988 identifier. Since a Kerberos server can only issue tickets for
3989 servers within its realm, the two will always be identical.
3992 This field specifies all components of the name part of the
3993 server's identity, including those parts that identify a specific
3994 instance of a service.
3997 This field holds the encrypted encoding of the EncTicketPart
3998 sequence. It is encrypted in the key shared by Kerberos and the
3999 end server (the server's secret key), using a key usage value of
4003 This field indicates which of various options were used or
4004 requested when the ticket was issued. The meanings of the flags
4007 Bit(s) Name Description
4009 0 reserved Reserved for future expansion of this
4012 The FORWARDABLE flag is normally only
4013 interpreted by the TGS, and can be
4014 ignored by end servers. When set, this
4018 June 2004 [Page 67]
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4024 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4027 1 forwardable flag tells the ticket-granting server
4028 that it is OK to issue a new
4029 ticket-granting ticket with a
4030 different network address based on the
4033 When set, this flag indicates that the
4034 ticket has either been forwarded or
4035 2 forwarded was issued based on authentication
4036 involving a forwarded ticket-granting
4039 The PROXIABLE flag is normally only
4040 interpreted by the TGS, and can be
4041 ignored by end servers. The PROXIABLE
4042 flag has an interpretation identical
4043 3 proxiable to that of the FORWARDABLE flag,
4044 except that the PROXIABLE flag tells
4045 the ticket-granting server that only
4046 non-ticket-granting tickets may be
4047 issued with different network
4050 4 proxy When set, this flag indicates that a
4053 The MAY-POSTDATE flag is normally only
4054 interpreted by the TGS, and can be
4055 5 may-postdate ignored by end servers. This flag
4056 tells the ticket-granting server that
4057 a post-dated ticket MAY be issued
4058 based on this ticket-granting ticket.
4060 This flag indicates that this ticket
4061 has been postdated. The end-service
4062 6 postdated can check the authtime field to see
4063 when the original authentication
4066 This flag indicates that a ticket is
4067 invalid, and it must be validated by
4068 7 invalid the KDC before use. Application
4069 servers must reject tickets which have
4072 The RENEWABLE flag is normally only
4073 interpreted by the TGS, and can
4074 usually be ignored by end servers
4078 June 2004 [Page 68]
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4084 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4087 8 renewable (some particularly careful servers MAY
4088 disallow renewable tickets). A
4089 renewable ticket can be used to obtain
4090 a replacement ticket that expires at a
4093 This flag indicates that this ticket
4094 9 initial was issued using the AS protocol, and
4095 not issued based on a ticket-granting
4098 This flag indicates that during
4099 initial authentication, the client was
4100 authenticated by the KDC before a
4101 10 pre-authent ticket was issued. The strength of the
4102 pre-authentication method is not
4103 indicated, but is acceptable to the
4106 This flag indicates that the protocol
4107 employed for initial authentication
4108 required the use of hardware expected
4109 11 hw-authent to be possessed solely by the named
4110 client. The hardware authentication
4111 method is selected by the KDC and the
4112 strength of the method is not
4115 This flag indicates that the KDC for
4116 the realm has checked the transited
4117 field against a realm defined policy
4118 for trusted certifiers. If this flag
4119 is reset (0), then the application
4120 server must check the transited field
4121 itself, and if unable to do so it must
4122 reject the authentication. If the flag
4123 12 transited- is set (1) then the application server
4124 policy-checked MAY skip its own validation of the
4125 transited field, relying on the
4126 validation performed by the KDC. At
4127 its option the application server MAY
4128 still apply its own validation based
4129 on a separate policy for acceptance.
4131 This flag is new since RFC 1510.
4133 This flag indicates that the server
4134 (not the client) specified in the
4138 June 2004 [Page 69]
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4144 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4147 ticket has been determined by policy
4148 of the realm to be a suitable
4149 recipient of delegation. A client can
4150 use the presence of this flag to help
4151 it make a decision whether to delegate
4152 credentials (either grant a proxy or a
4153 forwarded ticket-granting ticket) to
4154 13 ok-as-delegate this server. The client is free to
4155 ignore the value of this flag. When
4156 setting this flag, an administrator
4157 should consider the Security and
4158 placement of the server on which the
4159 service will run, as well as whether
4160 the service requires the use of
4161 delegated credentials.
4163 This flag is new since RFC 1510.
4165 14-31 reserved Reserved for future use.
4168 This field exists in the ticket and the KDC response and is used
4169 to pass the session key from Kerberos to the application server
4173 This field contains the name of the realm in which the client is
4174 registered and in which initial authentication took place.
4177 This field contains the name part of the client's principal
4181 This field lists the names of the Kerberos realms that took part
4182 in authenticating the user to whom this ticket was issued. It does
4183 not specify the order in which the realms were transited. See
4184 section 3.3.3.2 for details on how this field encodes the
4185 traversed realms. When the names of CA's are to be embedded in
4186 the transited field (as specified for some extensions to the
4187 protocol), the X.500 names of the CA's SHOULD be mapped into items
4188 in the transited field using the mapping defined by RFC2253.
4191 This field indicates the time of initial authentication for the
4192 named principal. It is the time of issue for the original ticket
4193 on which this ticket is based. It is included in the ticket to
4194 provide additional information to the end service, and to provide
4198 June 2004 [Page 70]
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4204 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4207 the necessary information for implementation of a `hot list'
4208 service at the KDC. An end service that is particularly paranoid
4209 could refuse to accept tickets for which the initial
4210 authentication occurred "too far" in the past. This field is also
4211 returned as part of the response from the KDC. When returned as
4212 part of the response to initial authentication (KRB_AS_REP), this
4213 is the current time on the Kerberos server. It is NOT recommended
4214 that this time value be used to adjust the workstation's clock
4215 since the workstation cannot reliably determine that such a
4216 KRB_AS_REP actually came from the proper KDC in a timely manner.
4221 This field in the ticket specifies the time after which the ticket
4222 is valid. Together with endtime, this field specifies the life of
4223 the ticket. If the starttime field is absent from the ticket, then
4224 the authtime field SHOULD be used in its place to determine the
4228 This field contains the time after which the ticket will not be
4229 honored (its expiration time). Note that individual services MAY
4230 place their own limits on the life of a ticket and MAY reject
4231 tickets which have not yet expired. As such, this is really an
4232 upper bound on the expiration time for the ticket.
4235 This field is only present in tickets that have the RENEWABLE flag
4236 set in the flags field. It indicates the maximum endtime that may
4237 be included in a renewal. It can be thought of as the absolute
4238 expiration time for the ticket, including all renewals.
4241 This field in a ticket contains zero (if omitted) or more (if
4242 present) host addresses. These are the addresses from which the
4243 ticket can be used. If there are no addresses, the ticket can be
4244 used from any location. The decision by the KDC to issue or by the
4245 end server to accept addressless tickets is a policy decision and
4246 is left to the Kerberos and end-service administrators; they MAY
4247 refuse to issue or accept such tickets. Because of the wide
4248 deployment of network address translation, it is recommended that
4249 policy allow the issue and acceptance of such tickets.
4251 Network addresses are included in the ticket to make it harder for
4252 an attacker to use stolen credentials. Because the session key is
4253 not sent over the network in cleartext, credentials can't be
4254 stolen simply by listening to the network; an attacker has to gain
4258 June 2004 [Page 71]
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4264 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4267 access to the session key (perhaps through operating system
4268 security breaches or a careless user's unattended session) to make
4269 use of stolen tickets.
4271 It is important to note that the network address from which a
4272 connection is received cannot be reliably determined. Even if it
4273 could be, an attacker who has compromised the client's workstation
4274 could use the credentials from there. Including the network
4275 addresses only makes it more difficult, not impossible, for an
4276 attacker to walk off with stolen credentials and then use them
4277 from a "safe" location.
4280 The authorization-data field is used to pass authorization data
4281 from the principal on whose behalf a ticket was issued to the
4282 application service. If no authorization data is included, this
4283 field will be left out. Experience has shown that the name of this
4284 field is confusing, and that a better name for this field would be
4285 restrictions. Unfortunately, it is not possible to change the name
4286 of this field at this time.
4288 This field contains restrictions on any authority obtained on the
4289 basis of authentication using the ticket. It is possible for any
4290 principal in possession of credentials to add entries to the
4291 authorization data field since these entries further restrict what
4292 can be done with the ticket. Such additions can be made by
4293 specifying the additional entries when a new ticket is obtained
4294 during the TGS exchange, or they MAY be added during chained
4295 delegation using the authorization data field of the
4298 Because entries may be added to this field by the holder of
4299 credentials, except when an entry is separately authenticated by
4300 encapsulation in the KDC-issued element, it is not allowable for
4301 the presence of an entry in the authorization data field of a
4302 ticket to amplify the privileges one would obtain from using a
4305 The data in this field may be specific to the end service; the
4306 field will contain the names of service specific objects, and the
4307 rights to those objects. The format for this field is described in
4308 section 5.2.6. Although Kerberos is not concerned with the format
4309 of the contents of the sub-fields, it does carry type information
4312 By using the authorization_data field, a principal is able to
4313 issue a proxy that is valid for a specific purpose. For example, a
4314 client wishing to print a file can obtain a file server proxy to
4318 June 2004 [Page 72]
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4324 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4327 be passed to the print server. By specifying the name of the file
4328 in the authorization_data field, the file server knows that the
4329 print server can only use the client's rights when accessing the
4330 particular file to be printed.
4332 A separate service providing authorization or certifying group
4333 membership may be built using the authorization-data field. In
4334 this case, the entity granting authorization (not the authorized
4335 entity), may obtain a ticket in its own name (e.g. the ticket is
4336 issued in the name of a privilege server), and this entity adds
4337 restrictions on its own authority and delegates the restricted
4338 authority through a proxy to the client. The client would then
4339 present this authorization credential to the application server
4340 separately from the authentication exchange. Alternatively, such
4341 authorization credentials MAY be embedded in the ticket
4342 authenticating the authorized entity, when the authorization is
4343 separately authenticated using the KDC-issued authorization data
4344 element (see 5.2.6.2).
4346 Similarly, if one specifies the authorization-data field of a
4347 proxy and leaves the host addresses blank, the resulting ticket
4348 and session key can be treated as a capability. See [Neu93] for
4349 some suggested uses of this field.
4351 The authorization-data field is optional and does not have to be
4352 included in a ticket.
4354 5.4. Specifications for the AS and TGS exchanges
4356 This section specifies the format of the messages used in the
4357 exchange between the client and the Kerberos server. The format of
4358 possible error messages appears in section 5.9.1.
4360 5.4.1. KRB_KDC_REQ definition
4362 The KRB_KDC_REQ message has no application tag number of its own.
4363 Instead, it is incorporated into one of KRB_AS_REQ or KRB_TGS_REQ,
4364 which each have an application tag, depending on whether the request
4365 is for an initial ticket or an additional ticket. In either case, the
4366 message is sent from the client to the KDC to request credentials for
4369 The message fields are:
4371 AS-REQ ::= [APPLICATION 10] KDC-REQ
4373 TGS-REQ ::= [APPLICATION 12] KDC-REQ
4378 June 2004 [Page 73]
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4384 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4387 KDC-REQ ::= SEQUENCE {
4388 -- NOTE: first tag is [1], not [0]
4389 pvno [1] INTEGER (5) ,
4390 msg-type [2] INTEGER (10 -- AS -- | 12 -- TGS --),
4391 padata [3] SEQUENCE OF PA-DATA OPTIONAL
4392 -- NOTE: not empty --,
4393 req-body [4] KDC-REQ-BODY
4396 KDC-REQ-BODY ::= SEQUENCE {
4397 kdc-options [0] KDCOptions,
4398 cname [1] PrincipalName OPTIONAL
4399 -- Used only in AS-REQ --,
4402 -- Also client's in AS-REQ --,
4403 sname [3] PrincipalName OPTIONAL,
4404 from [4] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
4405 till [5] KerberosTime,
4406 rtime [6] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
4408 etype [8] SEQUENCE OF Int32 -- EncryptionType
4409 -- in preference order --,
4410 addresses [9] HostAddresses OPTIONAL,
4411 enc-authorization-data [10] EncryptedData OPTIONAL
4412 -- AuthorizationData --,
4413 additional-tickets [11] SEQUENCE OF Ticket OPTIONAL
4417 KDCOptions ::= KerberosFlags
4423 -- allow-postdate(5),
4429 -- opt-hardware-auth(11),
4432 -- 15 is reserved for canonicalize
4434 -- 26 was unused in 1510
4438 June 2004 [Page 74]
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4444 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4447 -- disable-transited-check(26),
4449 -- renewable-ok(27),
4450 -- enc-tkt-in-skey(28),
4454 The fields in this message are:
4457 This field is included in each message, and specifies the protocol
4458 version number. This document specifies protocol version 5.
4461 This field indicates the type of a protocol message. It will
4462 almost always be the same as the application identifier associated
4463 with a message. It is included to make the identifier more readily
4464 accessible to the application. For the KDC-REQ message, this type
4465 will be KRB_AS_REQ or KRB_TGS_REQ.
4468 Contains pre-authentication data. Requests for additional tickets
4469 (KRB_TGS_REQ) MUST contain a padata of PA-TGS-REQ.
4471 The padata (pre-authentication data) field contains a sequence of
4472 authentication information which may be needed before credentials
4473 can be issued or decrypted.
4476 This field is a placeholder delimiting the extent of the remaining
4477 fields. If a checksum is to be calculated over the request, it is
4478 calculated over an encoding of the KDC-REQ-BODY sequence which is
4479 enclosed within the req-body field.
4482 This field appears in the KRB_AS_REQ and KRB_TGS_REQ requests to
4483 the KDC and indicates the flags that the client wants set on the
4484 tickets as well as other information that is to modify the
4485 behavior of the KDC. Where appropriate, the name of an option may
4486 be the same as the flag that is set by that option. Although in
4487 most case, the bit in the options field will be the same as that
4488 in the flags field, this is not guaranteed, so it is not
4489 acceptable to simply copy the options field to the flags field.
4490 There are various checks that must be made before honoring an
4493 The kdc_options field is a bit-field, where the selected options
4494 are indicated by the bit being set (1), and the unselected options
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4504 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4507 and reserved fields being reset (0). The encoding of the bits is
4508 specified in section 5.2. The options are described in more detail
4509 above in section 2. The meanings of the options are:
4511 Bits Name Description
4513 0 RESERVED Reserved for future expansion of
4516 The FORWARDABLE option indicates
4517 that the ticket to be issued is to
4518 have its forwardable flag set. It
4519 1 FORWARDABLE may only be set on the initial
4520 request, or in a subsequent request
4521 if the ticket-granting ticket on
4522 which it is based is also
4525 The FORWARDED option is only
4526 specified in a request to the
4527 ticket-granting server and will only
4528 be honored if the ticket-granting
4529 ticket in the request has its
4530 2 FORWARDED FORWARDABLE bit set. This option
4531 indicates that this is a request for
4532 forwarding. The address(es) of the
4533 host from which the resulting ticket
4534 is to be valid are included in the
4535 addresses field of the request.
4537 The PROXIABLE option indicates that
4538 the ticket to be issued is to have
4539 its proxiable flag set. It may only
4540 3 PROXIABLE be set on the initial request, or in
4541 a subsequent request if the
4542 ticket-granting ticket on which it
4543 is based is also proxiable.
4545 The PROXY option indicates that this
4546 is a request for a proxy. This
4547 option will only be honored if the
4548 ticket-granting ticket in the
4549 4 PROXY request has its PROXIABLE bit set.
4550 The address(es) of the host from
4551 which the resulting ticket is to be
4552 valid are included in the addresses
4553 field of the request.
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4564 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4567 The ALLOW-POSTDATE option indicates
4568 that the ticket to be issued is to
4569 have its MAY-POSTDATE flag set. It
4570 5 ALLOW-POSTDATE may only be set on the initial
4571 request, or in a subsequent request
4572 if the ticket-granting ticket on
4573 which it is based also has its
4574 MAY-POSTDATE flag set.
4576 The POSTDATED option indicates that
4577 this is a request for a postdated
4578 ticket. This option will only be
4579 honored if the ticket-granting
4580 ticket on which it is based has its
4581 6 POSTDATED MAY-POSTDATE flag set. The resulting
4582 ticket will also have its INVALID
4583 flag set, and that flag may be reset
4584 by a subsequent request to the KDC
4585 after the starttime in the ticket
4588 7 RESERVED This option is presently unused.
4590 The RENEWABLE option indicates that
4591 the ticket to be issued is to have
4592 its RENEWABLE flag set. It may only
4593 be set on the initial request, or
4594 when the ticket-granting ticket on
4595 8 RENEWABLE which the request is based is also
4596 renewable. If this option is
4597 requested, then the rtime field in
4598 the request contains the desired
4599 absolute expiration time for the
4602 9 RESERVED Reserved for PK-Cross
4604 10 RESERVED Reserved for future use.
4606 11 RESERVED Reserved for opt-hardware-auth.
4608 12-25 RESERVED Reserved for future use.
4610 By default the KDC will check the
4611 transited field of a
4612 ticket-granting-ticket against the
4613 policy of the local realm before it
4614 will issue derivative tickets based
4618 June 2004 [Page 77]
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4624 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4627 on the ticket-granting ticket. If
4628 this flag is set in the request,
4629 checking of the transited field is
4630 disabled. Tickets issued without the
4631 26 DISABLE-TRANSITED-CHECK performance of this check will be
4632 noted by the reset (0) value of the
4633 TRANSITED-POLICY-CHECKED flag,
4634 indicating to the application server
4635 that the tranisted field must be
4636 checked locally. KDCs are
4637 encouraged but not required to honor
4638 the DISABLE-TRANSITED-CHECK option.
4640 This flag is new since RFC 1510
4642 The RENEWABLE-OK option indicates
4643 that a renewable ticket will be
4644 acceptable if a ticket with the
4645 requested life cannot otherwise be
4646 provided. If a ticket with the
4647 requested life cannot be provided,
4648 27 RENEWABLE-OK then a renewable ticket may be
4649 issued with a renew-till equal to
4650 the requested endtime. The value
4651 of the renew-till field may still be
4652 limited by local limits, or limits
4653 selected by the individual principal
4656 This option is used only by the
4657 ticket-granting service. The
4658 ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY option indicates
4659 28 ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY that the ticket for the end server
4660 is to be encrypted in the session
4661 key from the additional
4662 ticket-granting ticket provided.
4664 29 RESERVED Reserved for future use.
4666 This option is used only by the
4667 ticket-granting service. The RENEW
4668 option indicates that the present
4669 request is for a renewal. The ticket
4670 provided is encrypted in the secret
4671 key for the server on which it is
4672 30 RENEW valid. This option will only be
4673 honored if the ticket to be renewed
4674 has its RENEWABLE flag set and if
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4684 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4687 the time in its renew-till field has
4688 not passed. The ticket to be renewed
4689 is passed in the padata field as
4690 part of the authentication header.
4692 This option is used only by the
4693 ticket-granting service. The
4694 VALIDATE option indicates that the
4695 request is to validate a postdated
4696 ticket. It will only be honored if
4697 the ticket presented is postdated,
4698 presently has its INVALID flag set,
4699 31 VALIDATE and would be otherwise usable at
4700 this time. A ticket cannot be
4701 validated before its starttime. The
4702 ticket presented for validation is
4703 encrypted in the key of the server
4704 for which it is valid and is passed
4705 in the padata field as part of the
4706 authentication header.
4708 These fields are the same as those described for the ticket in
4709 section 5.3. The sname may only be absent when the ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY
4710 option is specified. If absent, the name of the server is taken
4711 from the name of the client in the ticket passed as additional-
4714 enc-authorization-data
4715 The enc-authorization-data, if present (and it can only be present
4716 in the TGS_REQ form), is an encoding of the desired authorization-
4717 data encrypted under the sub-session key if present in the
4718 Authenticator, or alternatively from the session key in the
4719 ticket-granting ticket (both the Authenticator and ticket-granting
4720 ticket come from the padata field in the KRB_TGS_REQ). The key
4721 usage value used when encrypting is 5 if a sub-session key is
4722 used, or 4 if the session key is used.
4725 This field specifies the realm part of the server's principal
4726 identifier. In the AS exchange, this is also the realm part of the
4727 client's principal identifier.
4730 This field is included in the KRB_AS_REQ and KRB_TGS_REQ ticket
4731 requests when the requested ticket is to be postdated. It
4732 specifies the desired start time for the requested ticket. If this
4733 field is omitted then the KDC SHOULD use the current time instead.
4738 June 2004 [Page 79]
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4744 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4748 This field contains the expiration date requested by the client in
4749 a ticket request. It is not optional, but if the requested endtime
4750 is "19700101000000Z", the requested ticket is to have the maximum
4751 endtime permitted according to KDC policy. Implementation note:
4752 This special timestamp corresponds to a UNIX time_t value of zero
4756 This field is the requested renew-till time sent from a client to
4757 the KDC in a ticket request. It is optional.
4760 This field is part of the KDC request and response. It is intended
4761 to hold a random number generated by the client. If the same
4762 number is included in the encrypted response from the KDC, it
4763 provides evidence that the response is fresh and has not been
4764 replayed by an attacker. Nonces MUST NEVER be reused.
4767 This field specifies the desired encryption algorithm to be used
4771 This field is included in the initial request for tickets, and
4772 optionally included in requests for additional tickets from the
4773 ticket-granting server. It specifies the addresses from which the
4774 requested ticket is to be valid. Normally it includes the
4775 addresses for the client's host. If a proxy is requested, this
4776 field will contain other addresses. The contents of this field are
4777 usually copied by the KDC into the caddr field of the resulting
4781 Additional tickets MAY be optionally included in a request to the
4782 ticket-granting server. If the ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY option has been
4783 specified, then the session key from the additional ticket will be
4784 used in place of the server's key to encrypt the new ticket. When
4785 the ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY option is used for user-to-user
4786 authentication, this additional ticket MAY be a TGT issued by the
4787 local realm or an inter-realm TGT issued for the current KDC's
4788 realm by a remote KDC. If more than one option which requires
4789 additional tickets has been specified, then the additional tickets
4790 are used in the order specified by the ordering of the options
4791 bits (see kdc-options, above).
4793 The application tag number will be either ten (10) or twelve (12)
4794 depending on whether the request is for an initial ticket (AS-REQ) or
4798 June 2004 [Page 80]
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4804 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4807 for an additional ticket (TGS-REQ).
4809 The optional fields (addresses, authorization-data and additional-
4810 tickets) are only included if necessary to perform the operation
4811 specified in the kdc-options field.
4813 It should be noted that in KRB_TGS_REQ, the protocol version number
4814 appears twice and two different message types appear: the KRB_TGS_REQ
4815 message contains these fields as does the authentication header
4816 (KRB_AP_REQ) that is passed in the padata field.
4818 5.4.2. KRB_KDC_REP definition
4820 The KRB_KDC_REP message format is used for the reply from the KDC for
4821 either an initial (AS) request or a subsequent (TGS) request. There
4822 is no message type for KRB_KDC_REP. Instead, the type will be either
4823 KRB_AS_REP or KRB_TGS_REP. The key used to encrypt the ciphertext
4824 part of the reply depends on the message type. For KRB_AS_REP, the
4825 ciphertext is encrypted in the client's secret key, and the client's
4826 key version number is included in the key version number for the
4827 encrypted data. For KRB_TGS_REP, the ciphertext is encrypted in the
4828 sub-session key from the Authenticator, or if absent, the session key
4829 from the ticket-granting ticket used in the request. In that case,
4830 no version number will be present in the EncryptedData sequence.
4832 The KRB_KDC_REP message contains the following fields:
4834 AS-REP ::= [APPLICATION 11] KDC-REP
4836 TGS-REP ::= [APPLICATION 13] KDC-REP
4838 KDC-REP ::= SEQUENCE {
4839 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
4840 msg-type [1] INTEGER (11 -- AS -- | 13 -- TGS --),
4841 padata [2] SEQUENCE OF PA-DATA OPTIONAL
4842 -- NOTE: not empty --,
4844 cname [4] PrincipalName,
4846 enc-part [6] EncryptedData
4847 -- EncASRepPart or EncTGSRepPart,
4851 EncASRepPart ::= [APPLICATION 25] EncKDCRepPart
4853 EncTGSRepPart ::= [APPLICATION 26] EncKDCRepPart
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4864 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4867 EncKDCRepPart ::= SEQUENCE {
4868 key [0] EncryptionKey,
4869 last-req [1] LastReq,
4871 key-expiration [3] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
4872 flags [4] TicketFlags,
4873 authtime [5] KerberosTime,
4874 starttime [6] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
4875 endtime [7] KerberosTime,
4876 renew-till [8] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
4878 sname [10] PrincipalName,
4879 caddr [11] HostAddresses OPTIONAL
4882 LastReq ::= SEQUENCE OF SEQUENCE {
4884 lr-value [1] KerberosTime
4888 These fields are described above in section 5.4.1. msg-type is
4889 either KRB_AS_REP or KRB_TGS_REP.
4892 This field is described in detail in section 5.4.1. One possible
4893 use for this field is to encode an alternate "salt" string to be
4894 used with a string-to-key algorithm. This ability is useful to
4895 ease transitions if a realm name needs to change (e.g. when a
4896 company is acquired); in such a case all existing password-derived
4897 entries in the KDC database would be flagged as needing a special
4898 salt string until the next password change.
4900 crealm, cname, srealm and sname
4901 These fields are the same as those described for the ticket in
4905 The newly-issued ticket, from section 5.3.
4908 This field is a place holder for the ciphertext and related
4909 information that forms the encrypted part of a message. The
4910 description of the encrypted part of the message follows each
4911 appearance of this field.
4913 The key usage value for encrypting this field is 3 in an AS-REP
4914 message, using the client's long-term key or another key selected
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4924 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4927 via pre-authentication mechanisms. In a TGS-REP message, the key
4928 usage value is 8 if the TGS session key is used, or 9 if a TGS
4929 authenticator subkey is used.
4931 Compatibility note: Some implementations unconditionally send an
4932 encrypted EncTGSRepPart (application tag number 26) in this field
4933 regardless of whether the reply is a AS-REP or a TGS-REP. In the
4934 interests of compatibility, implementors MAY relax the check on
4935 the tag number of the decrypted ENC-PART.
4938 This field is the same as described for the ticket in section 5.3.
4941 This field is returned by the KDC and specifies the time(s) of the
4942 last request by a principal. Depending on what information is
4943 available, this might be the last time that a request for a
4944 ticket-granting ticket was made, or the last time that a request
4945 based on a ticket-granting ticket was successful. It also might
4946 cover all servers for a realm, or just the particular server. Some
4947 implementations MAY display this information to the user to aid in
4948 discovering unauthorized use of one's identity. It is similar in
4949 spirit to the last login time displayed when logging into
4950 timesharing systems.
4953 This field indicates how the following lr-value field is to be
4954 interpreted. Negative values indicate that the information
4955 pertains only to the responding server. Non-negative values
4956 pertain to all servers for the realm.
4958 If the lr-type field is zero (0), then no information is
4959 conveyed by the lr-value subfield. If the absolute value of the
4960 lr-type field is one (1), then the lr-value subfield is the
4961 time of last initial request for a TGT. If it is two (2), then
4962 the lr-value subfield is the time of last initial request. If
4963 it is three (3), then the lr-value subfield is the time of
4964 issue for the newest ticket-granting ticket used. If it is four
4965 (4), then the lr-value subfield is the time of the last
4966 renewal. If it is five (5), then the lr-value subfield is the
4967 time of last request (of any type). If it is (6), then the lr-
4968 value subfield is the time when the password will expire. If
4969 it is (7), then the lr-value subfield is the time when the
4970 account will expire.
4973 This field contains the time of the last request. The time MUST
4974 be interpreted according to the contents of the accompanying
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4984 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
4990 This field is described above in section 5.4.1.
4993 The key-expiration field is part of the response from the KDC and
4994 specifies the time that the client's secret key is due to expire.
4995 The expiration might be the result of password aging or an account
4996 expiration. If present, it SHOULD be set to the earliest of the
4997 user's key expiration and account expiration. The use of this
4998 field is deprecated and the last-req field SHOULD be used to
4999 convey this information instead. This field will usually be left
5000 out of the TGS reply since the response to the TGS request is
5001 encrypted in a session key and no client information need be
5002 retrieved from the KDC database. It is up to the application
5003 client (usually the login program) to take appropriate action
5004 (such as notifying the user) if the expiration time is imminent.
5006 flags, authtime, starttime, endtime, renew-till and caddr
5007 These fields are duplicates of those found in the encrypted
5008 portion of the attached ticket (see section 5.3), provided so the
5009 client MAY verify they match the intended request and to assist in
5010 proper ticket caching. If the message is of type KRB_TGS_REP, the
5011 caddr field will only be filled in if the request was for a proxy
5012 or forwarded ticket, or if the user is substituting a subset of
5013 the addresses from the ticket-granting ticket. If the client-
5014 requested addresses are not present or not used, then the
5015 addresses contained in the ticket will be the same as those
5016 included in the ticket-granting ticket.
5018 5.5. Client/Server (CS) message specifications
5020 This section specifies the format of the messages used for the
5021 authentication of the client to the application server.
5023 5.5.1. KRB_AP_REQ definition
5025 The KRB_AP_REQ message contains the Kerberos protocol version number,
5026 the message type KRB_AP_REQ, an options field to indicate any options
5027 in use, and the ticket and authenticator themselves. The KRB_AP_REQ
5028 message is often referred to as the 'authentication header'.
5030 AP-REQ ::= [APPLICATION 14] SEQUENCE {
5031 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
5032 msg-type [1] INTEGER (14),
5033 ap-options [2] APOptions,
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5047 authenticator [4] EncryptedData -- Authenticator
5050 APOptions ::= KerberosFlags
5052 -- use-session-key(1),
5053 -- mutual-required(2)
5056 These fields are described above in section 5.4.1. msg-type is
5060 This field appears in the application request (KRB_AP_REQ) and
5061 affects the way the request is processed. It is a bit-field, where
5062 the selected options are indicated by the bit being set (1), and
5063 the unselected options and reserved fields being reset (0). The
5064 encoding of the bits is specified in section 5.2. The meanings of
5067 Bit(s) Name Description
5069 0 reserved Reserved for future expansion of this field.
5071 The USE-SESSION-KEY option indicates that the
5072 ticket the client is presenting to a server
5073 1 use-session-key is encrypted in the session key from the
5074 server's ticket-granting ticket. When this
5075 option is not specified, the ticket is
5076 encrypted in the server's secret key.
5078 The MUTUAL-REQUIRED option tells the server
5079 2 mutual-required that the client requires mutual
5080 authentication, and that it must respond with
5081 a KRB_AP_REP message.
5083 3-31 reserved Reserved for future use.
5086 This field is a ticket authenticating the client to the server.
5089 This contains the encrypted authenticator, which includes the
5090 client's choice of a subkey.
5092 The encrypted authenticator is included in the AP-REQ; it certifies
5093 to a server that the sender has recent knowledge of the encryption
5094 key in the accompanying ticket, to help the server detect replays. It
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5104 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
5107 also assists in the selection of a "true session key" to use with the
5108 particular session. The DER encoding of the following is encrypted
5109 in the ticket's session key, with a key usage value of 11 in normal
5110 application exchanges, or 7 when used as the PA-TGS-REQ PA-DATA field
5111 of a TGS-REQ exchange (see section 5.4.1):
5113 -- Unencrypted authenticator
5114 Authenticator ::= [APPLICATION 2] SEQUENCE {
5115 authenticator-vno [0] INTEGER (5),
5117 cname [2] PrincipalName,
5118 cksum [3] Checksum OPTIONAL,
5119 cusec [4] Microseconds,
5120 ctime [5] KerberosTime,
5121 subkey [6] EncryptionKey OPTIONAL,
5122 seq-number [7] UInt32 OPTIONAL,
5123 authorization-data [8] AuthorizationData OPTIONAL
5127 This field specifies the version number for the format of the
5128 authenticator. This document specifies version 5.
5131 These fields are the same as those described for the ticket in
5135 This field contains a checksum of the application data that
5136 accompanies the KRB_AP_REQ, computed using a key usage value of 10
5137 in normal application exchanges, or 6 when used in the TGS-REQ PA-
5138 TGS-REQ AP-DATA field.
5141 This field contains the microsecond part of the client's
5142 timestamp. Its value (before encryption) ranges from 0 to 999999.
5143 It often appears along with ctime. The two fields are used
5144 together to specify a reasonably accurate timestamp.
5147 This field contains the current time on the client's host.
5150 This field contains the client's choice for an encryption key
5151 which is to be used to protect this specific application session.
5152 Unless an application specifies otherwise, if this field is left
5153 out the session key from the ticket will be used.
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5168 This optional field includes the initial sequence number to be
5169 used by the KRB_PRIV or KRB_SAFE messages when sequence numbers
5170 are used to detect replays (It may also be used by application
5171 specific messages). When included in the authenticator this field
5172 specifies the initial sequence number for messages from the client
5173 to the server. When included in the AP-REP message, the initial
5174 sequence number is that for messages from the server to the
5175 client. When used in KRB_PRIV or KRB_SAFE messages, it is
5176 incremented by one after each message is sent. Sequence numbers
5177 fall in the range of 0 through 2^32 - 1 and wrap to zero following
5180 For sequence numbers to adequately support the detection of
5181 replays they SHOULD be non-repeating, even across connection
5182 boundaries. The initial sequence number SHOULD be random and
5183 uniformly distributed across the full space of possible sequence
5184 numbers, so that it cannot be guessed by an attacker and so that
5185 it and the successive sequence numbers do not repeat other
5186 sequences. In the event that more than 2^32 messages are to be
5187 generated in a series of KRB_PRIV or KRB_SAFE messages, rekeying
5188 SHOULD be performed before sequence numbers are reused with the
5189 same encryption key.
5191 Implmentation note: historically, some implementations transmit
5192 signed twos-complement numbers for sequence numbers. In the
5193 interests of compatibility, implementations MAY accept the
5194 equivalent negative number where a positive number greater than
5195 2^31 - 1 is expected.
5197 Implementation note: as noted before, some implementations omit
5198 the optional sequence number when its value would be zero.
5199 Implementations MAY accept an omitted sequence number when
5200 expecting a value of zero, and SHOULD NOT transmit an
5201 Authenticator with a initial sequence number of zero.
5204 This field is the same as described for the ticket in section 5.3.
5205 It is optional and will only appear when additional restrictions
5206 are to be placed on the use of a ticket, beyond those carried in
5209 5.5.2. KRB_AP_REP definition
5211 The KRB_AP_REP message contains the Kerberos protocol version number,
5212 the message type, and an encrypted time-stamp. The message is sent in
5213 response to an application request (KRB_AP_REQ) where the mutual
5214 authentication option has been selected in the ap-options field.
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5227 AP-REP ::= [APPLICATION 15] SEQUENCE {
5228 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
5229 msg-type [1] INTEGER (15),
5230 enc-part [2] EncryptedData -- EncAPRepPart
5233 EncAPRepPart ::= [APPLICATION 27] SEQUENCE {
5234 ctime [0] KerberosTime,
5235 cusec [1] Microseconds,
5236 subkey [2] EncryptionKey OPTIONAL,
5237 seq-number [3] UInt32 OPTIONAL
5240 The encoded EncAPRepPart is encrypted in the shared session key of
5241 the ticket. The optional subkey field can be used in an application-
5242 arranged negotiation to choose a per association session key.
5245 These fields are described above in section 5.4.1. msg-type is
5249 This field is described above in section 5.4.2. It is computed
5250 with a key usage value of 12.
5253 This field contains the current time on the client's host.
5256 This field contains the microsecond part of the client's
5260 This field contains an encryption key which is to be used to
5261 protect this specific application session. See section 3.2.6 for
5262 specifics on how this field is used to negotiate a key. Unless an
5263 application specifies otherwise, if this field is left out, the
5264 sub-session key from the authenticator, or if also left out, the
5265 session key from the ticket will be used.
5268 This field is described above in section 5.3.2.
5270 5.5.3. Error message reply
5272 If an error occurs while processing the application request, the
5273 KRB_ERROR message will be sent in response. See section 5.9.1 for the
5274 format of the error message. The cname and crealm fields MAY be left
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5284 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
5287 out if the server cannot determine their appropriate values from the
5288 corresponding KRB_AP_REQ message. If the authenticator was
5289 decipherable, the ctime and cusec fields will contain the values from
5292 5.6. KRB_SAFE message specification
5294 This section specifies the format of a message that can be used by
5295 either side (client or server) of an application to send a tamper-
5296 proof message to its peer. It presumes that a session key has
5297 previously been exchanged (for example, by using the
5298 KRB_AP_REQ/KRB_AP_REP messages).
5300 5.6.1. KRB_SAFE definition
5302 The KRB_SAFE message contains user data along with a collision-proof
5303 checksum keyed with the last encryption key negotiated via subkeys,
5304 or the session key if no negotiation has occurred. The message fields
5307 KRB-SAFE ::= [APPLICATION 20] SEQUENCE {
5308 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
5309 msg-type [1] INTEGER (20),
5310 safe-body [2] KRB-SAFE-BODY,
5314 KRB-SAFE-BODY ::= SEQUENCE {
5315 user-data [0] OCTET STRING,
5316 timestamp [1] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
5317 usec [2] Microseconds OPTIONAL,
5318 seq-number [3] UInt32 OPTIONAL,
5319 s-address [4] HostAddress,
5320 r-address [5] HostAddress OPTIONAL
5324 These fields are described above in section 5.4.1. msg-type is
5328 This field is a placeholder for the body of the KRB-SAFE message.
5331 This field contains the checksum of the application data, computed
5332 with a key usage value of 15.
5334 The checksum is computed over the encoding of the KRB-SAFE
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5347 sequence. First, the cksum is set to a type zero, zero-length
5348 value and the checksum is computed over the encoding of the KRB-
5349 SAFE sequence, then the checksum is set to the result of that
5350 computation, and finally the KRB-SAFE sequence is encoded again.
5351 This method, while different than the one specified in RFC 1510,
5352 corresponds to existing practice.
5355 This field is part of the KRB_SAFE and KRB_PRIV messages and
5356 contain the application specific data that is being passed from
5357 the sender to the recipient.
5360 This field is part of the KRB_SAFE and KRB_PRIV messages. Its
5361 contents are the current time as known by the sender of the
5362 message. By checking the timestamp, the recipient of the message
5363 is able to make sure that it was recently generated, and is not a
5367 This field is part of the KRB_SAFE and KRB_PRIV headers. It
5368 contains the microsecond part of the timestamp.
5371 This field is described above in section 5.3.2.
5376 This field specifies the address in use by the sender of the
5380 This field specifies the address in use by the recipient of the
5381 message. It MAY be omitted for some uses (such as broadcast
5382 protocols), but the recipient MAY arbitrarily reject such
5383 messages. This field, along with s-address, can be used to help
5384 detect messages which have been incorrectly or maliciously
5385 delivered to the wrong recipient.
5387 5.7. KRB_PRIV message specification
5389 This section specifies the format of a message that can be used by
5390 either side (client or server) of an application to securely and
5391 privately send a message to its peer. It presumes that a session key
5392 has previously been exchanged (for example, by using the
5393 KRB_AP_REQ/KRB_AP_REP messages).
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5407 5.7.1. KRB_PRIV definition
5409 The KRB_PRIV message contains user data encrypted in the Session Key.
5410 The message fields are:
5412 KRB-PRIV ::= [APPLICATION 21] SEQUENCE {
5413 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
5414 msg-type [1] INTEGER (21),
5415 -- NOTE: there is no [2] tag
5416 enc-part [3] EncryptedData -- EncKrbPrivPart
5419 EncKrbPrivPart ::= [APPLICATION 28] SEQUENCE {
5420 user-data [0] OCTET STRING,
5421 timestamp [1] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
5422 usec [2] Microseconds OPTIONAL,
5423 seq-number [3] UInt32 OPTIONAL,
5424 s-address [4] HostAddress -- sender's addr --,
5425 r-address [5] HostAddress OPTIONAL -- recip's addr
5429 These fields are described above in section 5.4.1. msg-type is
5433 This field holds an encoding of the EncKrbPrivPart sequence
5434 encrypted under the session key, with a key usage value of 13.
5435 This encrypted encoding is used for the enc-part field of the KRB-
5438 user-data, timestamp, usec, s-address and r-address
5439 These fields are described above in section 5.6.1.
5442 This field is described above in section 5.3.2.
5444 5.8. KRB_CRED message specification
5446 This section specifies the format of a message that can be used to
5447 send Kerberos credentials from one principal to another. It is
5448 presented here to encourage a common mechanism to be used by
5449 applications when forwarding tickets or providing proxies to
5450 subordinate servers. It presumes that a session key has already been
5451 exchanged perhaps by using the KRB_AP_REQ/KRB_AP_REP messages.
5453 5.8.1. KRB_CRED definition
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5464 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
5467 The KRB_CRED message contains a sequence of tickets to be sent and
5468 information needed to use the tickets, including the session key from
5469 each. The information needed to use the tickets is encrypted under
5470 an encryption key previously exchanged or transferred alongside the
5471 KRB_CRED message. The message fields are:
5473 KRB-CRED ::= [APPLICATION 22] SEQUENCE {
5474 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
5475 msg-type [1] INTEGER (22),
5476 tickets [2] SEQUENCE OF Ticket,
5477 enc-part [3] EncryptedData -- EncKrbCredPart
5480 EncKrbCredPart ::= [APPLICATION 29] SEQUENCE {
5481 ticket-info [0] SEQUENCE OF KrbCredInfo,
5482 nonce [1] UInt32 OPTIONAL,
5483 timestamp [2] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
5484 usec [3] Microseconds OPTIONAL,
5485 s-address [4] HostAddress OPTIONAL,
5486 r-address [5] HostAddress OPTIONAL
5489 KrbCredInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
5490 key [0] EncryptionKey,
5491 prealm [1] Realm OPTIONAL,
5492 pname [2] PrincipalName OPTIONAL,
5493 flags [3] TicketFlags OPTIONAL,
5494 authtime [4] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
5495 starttime [5] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
5496 endtime [6] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
5497 renew-till [7] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
5498 srealm [8] Realm OPTIONAL,
5499 sname [9] PrincipalName OPTIONAL,
5500 caddr [10] HostAddresses OPTIONAL
5504 These fields are described above in section 5.4.1. msg-type is
5508 These are the tickets obtained from the KDC specifically for use
5509 by the intended recipient. Successive tickets are paired with the
5510 corresponding KrbCredInfo sequence from the enc-part of the KRB-
5514 This field holds an encoding of the EncKrbCredPart sequence
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5524 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
5527 encrypted under the session key shared between the sender and the
5528 intended recipient, with a key usage value of 14. This encrypted
5529 encoding is used for the enc-part field of the KRB-CRED message.
5531 Implementation note: implementations of certain applications, most
5532 notably certain implementations of the Kerberos GSS-API mechanism,
5533 do not separately encrypt the contents of the EncKrbCredPart of
5534 the KRB-CRED message when sending it. In the case of those GSS-
5535 API mechanisms, this is not a security vulnerability, as the
5536 entire KRB-CRED message is itself embedded in an encrypted
5540 If practical, an application MAY require the inclusion of a nonce
5541 generated by the recipient of the message. If the same value is
5542 included as the nonce in the message, it provides evidence that
5543 the message is fresh and has not been replayed by an attacker. A
5544 nonce MUST NEVER be reused.
5547 These fields specify the time that the KRB-CRED message was
5548 generated. The time is used to provide assurance that the message
5551 s-address and r-address
5552 These fields are described above in section 5.6.1. They are used
5553 optionally to provide additional assurance of the integrity of the
5557 This field exists in the corresponding ticket passed by the KRB-
5558 CRED message and is used to pass the session key from the sender
5559 to the intended recipient. The field's encoding is described in
5562 The following fields are optional. If present, they can be associated
5563 with the credentials in the remote ticket file. If left out, then it
5564 is assumed that the recipient of the credentials already knows their
5568 The name and realm of the delegated principal identity.
5570 flags, authtime, starttime, endtime, renew-till, srealm, sname, and
5572 These fields contain the values of the corresponding fields from
5573 the ticket found in the ticket field. Descriptions of the fields
5574 are identical to the descriptions in the KDC-REP message.
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5584 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
5587 5.9. Error message specification
5589 This section specifies the format for the KRB_ERROR message. The
5590 fields included in the message are intended to return as much
5591 information as possible about an error. It is not expected that all
5592 the information required by the fields will be available for all
5593 types of errors. If the appropriate information is not available when
5594 the message is composed, the corresponding field will be left out of
5597 Note that since the KRB_ERROR message is not integrity protected, it
5598 is quite possible for an intruder to synthesize or modify such a
5599 message. In particular, this means that the client SHOULD NOT use any
5600 fields in this message for security-critical purposes, such as
5601 setting a system clock or generating a fresh authenticator. The
5602 message can be useful, however, for advising a user on the reason for
5605 5.9.1. KRB_ERROR definition
5607 The KRB_ERROR message consists of the following fields:
5609 KRB-ERROR ::= [APPLICATION 30] SEQUENCE {
5610 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
5611 msg-type [1] INTEGER (30),
5612 ctime [2] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
5613 cusec [3] Microseconds OPTIONAL,
5614 stime [4] KerberosTime,
5615 susec [5] Microseconds,
5616 error-code [6] Int32,
5617 crealm [7] Realm OPTIONAL,
5618 cname [8] PrincipalName OPTIONAL,
5619 realm [9] Realm -- service realm --,
5620 sname [10] PrincipalName -- service name --,
5621 e-text [11] KerberosString OPTIONAL,
5622 e-data [12] OCTET STRING OPTIONAL
5626 These fields are described above in section 5.4.1. msg-type is
5630 These fields are described above in section 5.5.2. If the values
5631 for these fields are known to the entity generating the error
5632 (such as it would if the KRB-ERROR is generated in reply to, e.g.,
5633 a failed authentication service request), they should be populated
5634 in the KRB-ERROR. If the values are not available, these fields
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5650 This field contains the current time on the server. It is of type
5654 This field contains the microsecond part of the server's
5655 timestamp. Its value ranges from 0 to 999999. It appears along
5656 with stime. The two fields are used in conjunction to specify a
5657 reasonably accurate timestamp.
5660 This field contains the error code returned by Kerberos or the
5661 server when a request fails. To interpret the value of this field
5662 see the list of error codes in section 7.5.9. Implementations are
5663 encouraged to provide for national language support in the display
5667 These fields are described above in section 5.3. When the entity
5668 generating the error knows these values, they should be populated
5669 in the KRB-ERROR. If the values are not known, the crealm and
5670 cname fields SHOULD be omitted.
5673 These fields are described above in section 5.3.
5676 This field contains additional text to help explain the error code
5677 associated with the failed request (for example, it might include
5678 a principal name which was unknown).
5681 This field contains additional data about the error for use by the
5682 application to help it recover from or handle the error. If the
5683 errorcode is KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED, then the e-data field will
5684 contain an encoding of a sequence of padata fields, each
5685 corresponding to an acceptable pre-authentication method and
5686 optionally containing data for the method:
5688 METHOD-DATA ::= SEQUENCE OF PA-DATA
5690 For error codes defined in this document other than
5691 KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED, the format and contents of the e-data field
5692 are implementation-defined. Similarly, for future error codes, the
5693 format and contents of the e-data field are implementation-defined
5694 unless specified. Whether defined by the implementation or in a
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5704 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
5707 future document, the e-data field MAY take the form of TYPED-DATA:
5709 TYPED-DATA ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF SEQUENCE {
5710 data-type [0] INTEGER,
5711 data-value [1] OCTET STRING OPTIONAL
5714 5.10. Application Tag Numbers
5716 The following table lists the application class tag numbers used by
5717 various data types defined in this section.
5719 Tag Number(s) Type Name Comments
5725 2 Authenticator non-PDU
5727 3 EncTicketPart non-PDU
5743 16 RESERVED16 TGT-REQ (for user-to-user)
5745 17 RESERVED17 TGT-REP (for user-to-user)
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5769 25 EncASRepPart non-PDU
5771 26 EncTGSRepPart non-PDU
5773 27 EncApRepPart non-PDU
5775 28 EncKrbPrivPart non-PDU
5777 29 EncKrbCredPart non-PDU
5781 The ASN.1 types marked as "PDU" (Protocol Data Unit) in the above are
5782 the only ASN.1 types intended as top-level types of the Kerberos
5783 protocol, and are the only types that may be used as elements in
5784 another protocol that makes use of Kerberos.
5786 6. Naming Constraints
5790 Although realm names are encoded as GeneralStrings and although a
5791 realm can technically select any name it chooses, interoperability
5792 across realm boundaries requires agreement on how realm names are to
5793 be assigned, and what information they imply.
5795 To enforce these conventions, each realm MUST conform to the
5796 conventions itself, and it MUST require that any realms with which
5797 inter-realm keys are shared also conform to the conventions and
5798 require the same from its neighbors.
5800 Kerberos realm names are case sensitive. Realm names that differ only
5801 in the case of the characters are not equivalent. There are presently
5802 three styles of realm names: domain, X500, and other. Examples of
5805 domain: ATHENA.MIT.EDU
5807 other: NAMETYPE:rest/of.name=without-restrictions
5809 Domain style realm names MUST look like domain names: they consist of
5810 components separated by periods (.) and they contain neither colons
5811 (:) nor slashes (/). Though domain names themselves are case
5812 insensitive, in order for realms to match, the case must match as
5813 well. When establishing a new realm name based on an internet domain
5814 name it is recommended by convention that the characters be converted
5818 June 2004 [Page 97]
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5824 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
5829 X.500 names contain an equal (=) and cannot contain a colon (:)
5830 before the equal. The realm names for X.500 names will be string
5831 representations of the names with components separated by slashes.
5832 Leading and trailing slashes will not be included. Note that the
5833 slash separator is consistent with Kerberos implementations based on
5834 RFC1510, but it is different from the separator recommended in
5837 Names that fall into the other category MUST begin with a prefix that
5838 contains no equal (=) or period (.) and the prefix MUST be followed
5839 by a colon (:) and the rest of the name. All prefixes expect those
5840 beginning with used. Presently none are assigned.
5842 The reserved category includes strings which do not fall into the
5843 first three categories. All names in this category are reserved. It
5844 is unlikely that names will be assigned to this category unless there
5845 is a very strong argument for not using the 'other' category.
5847 These rules guarantee that there will be no conflicts between the
5848 various name styles. The following additional constraints apply to
5849 the assignment of realm names in the domain and X.500 categories: the
5850 name of a realm for the domain or X.500 formats must either be used
5851 by the organization owning (to whom it was assigned) an Internet
5852 domain name or X.500 name, or in the case that no such names are
5853 registered, authority to use a realm name MAY be derived from the
5854 authority of the parent realm. For example, if there is no domain
5855 name for E40.MIT.EDU, then the administrator of the MIT.EDU realm can
5856 authorize the creation of a realm with that name.
5858 This is acceptable because the organization to which the parent is
5859 assigned is presumably the organization authorized to assign names to
5860 its children in the X.500 and domain name systems as well. If the
5861 parent assigns a realm name without also registering it in the domain
5862 name or X.500 hierarchy, it is the parent's responsibility to make
5863 sure that there will not in the future exist a name identical to the
5864 realm name of the child unless it is assigned to the same entity as
5867 6.2. Principal Names
5869 As was the case for realm names, conventions are needed to ensure
5870 that all agree on what information is implied by a principal name.
5871 The name-type field that is part of the principal name indicates the
5872 kind of information implied by the name. The name-type SHOULD be
5873 treated only as a hint to interpreting the meaning of a name. It is
5874 not significant when checking for equivalence. Principal names that
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5884 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
5887 differ only in the name-type identify the same principal. The name
5888 type does not partition the name space. Ignoring the name type, no
5889 two names can be the same (i.e. at least one of the components, or
5890 the realm, MUST be different). The following name types are defined:
5892 name-type value meaning
5896 NT-UNKNOWN 0 Name type not known
5897 NT-PRINCIPAL 1 Just the name of the principal as in DCE, or for users
5898 NT-SRV-INST 2 Service and other unique instance (krbtgt)
5899 NT-SRV-HST 3 Service with host name as instance (telnet, rcommands)
5900 NT-SRV-XHST 4 Service with host as remaining components
5902 NT-X500-PRINCIPAL 6 Encoded X.509 Distingished name [RFC 2253]
5903 NT-SMTP-NAME 7 Name in form of SMTP email name (e.g. user@foo.com)
5904 NT-ENTERPRISE 10 Enterprise name - may be mapped to principal name
5906 When a name implies no information other than its uniqueness at a
5907 particular time the name type PRINCIPAL SHOULD be used. The principal
5908 name type SHOULD be used for users, and it might also be used for a
5909 unique server. If the name is a unique machine generated ID that is
5910 guaranteed never to be reassigned then the name type of UID SHOULD be
5911 used (note that it is generally a bad idea to reassign names of any
5912 type since stale entries might remain in access control lists).
5914 If the first component of a name identifies a service and the
5915 remaining components identify an instance of the service in a server
5916 specified manner, then the name type of SRV-INST SHOULD be used. An
5917 example of this name type is the Kerberos ticket-granting service
5918 whose name has a first component of krbtgt and a second component
5919 identifying the realm for which the ticket is valid.
5921 If the first component of a name identifies a service and there is a
5922 single component following the service name identifying the instance
5923 as the host on which the server is running, then the name type SRV-
5924 HST SHOULD be used. This type is typically used for Internet services
5925 such as telnet and the Berkeley R commands. If the separate
5926 components of the host name appear as successive components following
5927 the name of the service, then the name type SRV-XHST SHOULD be used.
5928 This type might be used to identify servers on hosts with X.500 names
5929 where the slash (/) might otherwise be ambiguous.
5931 A name type of NT-X500-PRINCIPAL SHOULD be used when a name from an
5932 X.509 certificate is translated into a Kerberos name. The encoding of
5933 the X.509 name as a Kerberos principal shall conform to the encoding
5934 rules specified in RFC 2253.
5938 June 2004 [Page 99]
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5944 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
5947 A name type of SMTP allows a name to be of a form that resembles a
5948 SMTP email name. This name, including an "@" and a domain name, is
5949 used as the one component of the principal name.
5951 A name type of UNKNOWN SHOULD be used when the form of the name is
5952 not known. When comparing names, a name of type UNKNOWN will match
5953 principals authenticated with names of any type. A principal
5954 authenticated with a name of type UNKNOWN, however, will only match
5955 other names of type UNKNOWN.
5957 Names of any type with an initial component of 'krbtgt' are reserved
5958 for the Kerberos ticket granting service. See section 7.3 for the
5961 6.2.1. Name of server principals
5963 The principal identifier for a server on a host will generally be
5964 composed of two parts: (1) the realm of the KDC with which the server
5965 is registered, and (2) a two-component name of type NT-SRV-HST if the
5966 host name is an Internet domain name or a multi-component name of
5967 type NT-SRV-XHST if the name of the host is of a form such as X.500
5968 that allows slash (/) separators. The first component of the two- or
5969 multi-component name will identify the service and the latter
5970 components will identify the host. Where the name of the host is not
5971 case sensitive (for example, with Internet domain names) the name of
5972 the host MUST be lower case. If specified by the application protocol
5973 for services such as telnet and the Berkeley R commands which run
5974 with system privileges, the first component MAY be the string 'host'
5975 instead of a service specific identifier.
5977 7. Constants and other defined values
5979 7.1. Host address types
5981 All negative values for the host address type are reserved for local
5982 use. All non-negative values are reserved for officially assigned
5983 type fields and interpretations.
5985 Internet (IPv4) Addresses
5987 Internet (IPv4) addresses are 32-bit (4-octet) quantities, encoded
5988 in MSB order. The IPv4 loopback address SHOULD NOT appear in a
5989 Kerberos packet. The type of IPv4 addresses is two (2).
5991 Internet (IPv6) Addresses
5993 IPv6 addresses [RFC2373] are 128-bit (16-octet) quantities,
5994 encoded in MSB order. The type of IPv6 addresses is twenty-four
5998 June 2004 [Page 100]
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6004 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6007 (24). The following addresses MUST NOT appear in any Kerberos
6010 * the Unspecified Address
6011 * the Loopback Address
6012 * Link-Local addresses
6014 IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses MUST be represented as addresses of
6017 DECnet Phase IV addresses
6019 DECnet Phase IV addresses are 16-bit addresses, encoded in LSB
6020 order. The type of DECnet Phase IV addresses is twelve (12).
6024 Netbios addresses are 16-octet addresses typically composed of 1
6025 to 15 alphanumeric characters and padded with the US-ASCII SPC
6026 character (code 32). The 16th octet MUST be the US-ASCII NUL
6027 character (code 0). The type of Netbios addresses is twenty (20).
6029 Directional Addresses
6031 In many environments, including the sender address in KRB_SAFE and
6032 KRB_PRIV messages is undesirable because the addresses may be
6033 changed in transport by network address translators. However, if
6034 these addresses are removed, the messages may be subject to a
6035 reflection attack in which a message is reflected back to its
6036 originator. The directional address type provides a way to avoid
6037 transport addresses and reflection attacks. Directional addresses
6038 are encoded as four byte unsigned integers in network byte order.
6039 If the message is originated by the party sending the original
6040 KRB_AP_REQ message, then an address of 0 SHOULD be used. If the
6041 message is originated by the party to whom that KRB_AP_REQ was
6042 sent, then the address 1 SHOULD be used. Applications involving
6043 multiple parties can specify the use of other addresses.
6045 Directional addresses MUST only be used for the sender address
6046 field in the KRB_SAFE or KRB_PRIV messages. They MUST NOT be used
6047 as a ticket address or in a KRB_AP_REQ message. This address type
6048 SHOULD only be used in situations where the sending party knows
6049 that the receiving party supports the address type. This generally
6050 means that directional addresses may only be used when the
6051 application protocol requires their support. Directional addresses
6054 7.2. KDC messaging - IP Transports
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6064 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6067 Kerberos defines two IP transport mechanisms for communication
6068 between clients and servers: UDP/IP and TCP/IP.
6070 7.2.1. UDP/IP transport
6072 Kerberos servers (KDCs) supporting IP transports MUST accept UDP
6073 requests and SHOULD listen for such requests on port 88 (decimal)
6074 unless specifically configured to listen on an alternative UDP port.
6075 Alternate ports MAY be used when running multiple KDCs for multiple
6076 realms on the same host.
6078 Kerberos clients supporting IP transports SHOULD support the sending
6079 of UDP requests. Clients SHOULD use KDC discovery [7.2.3] to identify
6080 the IP address and port to which they will send their request.
6082 When contacting a KDC for a KRB_KDC_REQ request using UDP/IP
6083 transport, the client shall send a UDP datagram containing only an
6084 encoding of the request to the KDC. The KDC will respond with a reply
6085 datagram containing only an encoding of the reply message (either a
6086 KRB_ERROR or a KRB_KDC_REP) to the sending port at the sender's IP
6087 address. The response to a request made through UDP/IP transport MUST
6088 also use UDP/IP transport. If the response can not be handled using
6089 UDP (for example because it is too large), the KDC MUST return
6090 KRB_ERR_RESPONSE_TOO_BIG, forcing the client to retry the request
6091 using the TCP transport.
6093 7.2.2. TCP/IP transport
6095 Kerberos servers (KDCs) supporting IP transports MUST accept TCP
6096 requests and SHOULD listen for such requests on port 88 (decimal)
6097 unless specifically configured to listen on an alternate TCP port.
6098 Alternate ports MAY be used when running multiple KDCs for multiple
6099 realms on the same host.
6101 Clients MUST support the sending of TCP requests, but MAY choose to
6102 initially try a request using the UDP transport. Clients SHOULD use
6103 KDC discovery [7.2.3] to identify the IP address and port to which
6104 they will send their request.
6106 Implementation note: Some extensions to the Kerberos protocol will
6107 not succeed if any client or KDC not supporting the TCP transport is
6108 involved. Implementations of RFC 1510 were not required to support
6111 When the KRB_KDC_REQ message is sent to the KDC over a TCP stream,
6112 the response (KRB_KDC_REP or KRB_ERROR message) MUST be returned to
6113 the client on the same TCP stream that was established for the
6114 request. The KDC MAY close the TCP stream after sending a response,
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6124 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6127 but MAY leave the stream open for a reasonable period of time if it
6128 expects a followup. Care must be taken in managing TCP/IP connections
6129 on the KDC to prevent denial of service attacks based on the number
6130 of open TCP/IP connections.
6132 The client MUST be prepared to have the stream closed by the KDC at
6133 anytime after the receipt of a response. A stream closure SHOULD NOT
6134 be treated as a fatal error. Instead, if multiple exchanges are
6135 required (e.g., certain forms of pre-authentication) the client may
6136 need to establish a new connection when it is ready to send
6137 subsequent messages. A client MAY close the stream after receiving a
6138 response, and SHOULD close the stream if it does not expect to send
6141 A client MAY send multiple requests before receiving responses,
6142 though it must be prepared to handle the connection being closed
6143 after the first response.
6145 Each request (KRB_KDC_REQ) and response (KRB_KDC_REP or KRB_ERROR)
6146 sent over the TCP stream is preceded by the length of the request as
6147 4 octets in network byte order. The high bit of the length is
6148 reserved for future expansion and MUST currently be set to zero. If
6149 a KDC that does not understand how to interpret a set high bit of the
6150 length encoding receives a request with the high order bit of the
6151 length set, it MUST return a KRB-ERROR message with the error
6152 KRB_ERR_FIELD_TOOLONG and MUST close the TCP stream.
6154 If multiple requests are sent over a single TCP connection, and the
6155 KDC sends multiple responses, the KDC is not required to send the
6156 responses in the order of the corresponding requests. This may permit
6157 some implementations to send each response as soon as it is ready
6158 even if earlier requests are still being processed (for example,
6159 waiting for a response from an external device or database).
6161 7.2.3. KDC Discovery on IP Networks
6163 Kerberos client implementations MUST provide a means for the client
6164 to determine the location of the Kerberos Key Distribution Centers
6165 (KDCs). Traditionally, Kerberos implementations have stored such
6166 configuration information in a file on each client machine.
6167 Experience has shown this method of storing configuration information
6168 presents problems with out-of-date information and scaling problems,
6169 especially when using cross-realm authentication. This section
6170 describes a method for using the Domain Name System [RFC 1035] for
6171 storing KDC location information.
6173 7.2.3.1. DNS vs. Kerberos - Case Sensitivity of Realm Names
6178 June 2004 [Page 103]
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6184 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6187 In Kerberos, realm names are case sensitive. While it is strongly
6188 encouraged that all realm names be all upper case this recommendation
6189 has not been adopted by all sites. Some sites use all lower case
6190 names and other use mixed case. DNS on the other hand is case
6191 insensitive for queries. Since the realm names "MYREALM", "myrealm",
6192 and "MyRealm" are all different, but resolve the same in the domain
6193 name system, it is necessary that only one of the possible
6194 combinations of upper and lower case characters be used in realm
6197 7.2.3.2. Specifying KDC Location information with DNS SRV records
6199 KDC location information is to be stored using the DNS SRV RR [RFC
6200 2782]. The format of this RR is as follows:
6202 _Service._Proto.Realm TTL Class SRV Priority Weight Port Target
6204 The Service name for Kerberos is always "kerberos".
6206 The Proto can be one of "udp", "tcp". If these SRV records are to be
6207 used, both "udp" and "tcp" records MUST be specified for all KDC
6210 The Realm is the Kerberos realm that this record corresponds to. The
6211 realm MUST be a domain style realm name.
6213 TTL, Class, SRV, Priority, Weight, and Target have the standard
6214 meaning as defined in RFC 2782.
6216 As per RFC 2782 the Port number used for "_udp" and "_tcp" SRV
6217 records SHOULD be the value assigned to "kerberos" by the Internet
6218 Assigned Number Authority: 88 (decimal) unless the KDC is configured
6219 to listen on an alternate TCP port.
6221 Implementation note: Many existing client implementations do not
6222 support KDC Discovery and are configured to send requests to the IANA
6223 assigned port (88 decimal), so it is strongly recommended that KDCs
6224 be configured to listen on that port.
6226 7.2.3.3. KDC Discovery for Domain Style Realm Names on IP Networks
6228 These are DNS records for a Kerberos realm EXAMPLE.COM. It has two
6229 Kerberos servers, kdc1.example.com and kdc2.example.com. Queries
6230 should be directed to kdc1.example.com first as per the specified
6231 priority. Weights are not used in these sample records.
6233 _kerberos._udp.EXAMPLE.COM. IN SRV 0 0 88 kdc1.example.com.
6234 _kerberos._udp.EXAMPLE.COM. IN SRV 1 0 88 kdc2.example.com.
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6244 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6247 _kerberos._tcp.EXAMPLE.COM. IN SRV 0 0 88 kdc1.example.com.
6248 _kerberos._tcp.EXAMPLE.COM. IN SRV 1 0 88 kdc2.example.com.
6250 7.3. Name of the TGS
6252 The principal identifier of the ticket-granting service shall be
6253 composed of three parts: (1) the realm of the KDC issuing the TGS
6254 ticket (2) a two-part name of type NT-SRV-INST, with the first part
6255 "krbtgt" and the second part the name of the realm which will accept
6256 the ticket-granting ticket. For example, a ticket-granting ticket
6257 issued by the ATHENA.MIT.EDU realm to be used to get tickets from the
6258 ATHENA.MIT.EDU KDC has a principal identifier of "ATHENA.MIT.EDU"
6259 (realm), ("krbtgt", "ATHENA.MIT.EDU") (name). A ticket-granting
6260 ticket issued by the ATHENA.MIT.EDU realm to be used to get tickets
6261 from the MIT.EDU realm has a principal identifier of "ATHENA.MIT.EDU"
6262 (realm), ("krbtgt", "MIT.EDU") (name).
6264 7.4. OID arc for KerberosV5
6266 This OID MAY be used to identify Kerberos protocol messages
6267 encapsulated in other protocols. It also designates the OID arc for
6268 KerberosV5-related OIDs assigned by future IETF action.
6269 Implementation note:: RFC 1510 had an incorrect value (5) for "dod"
6272 id-krb5 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
6273 iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
6274 security(5) kerberosV5(2)
6278 Assignment of OIDs beneath the id-krb5 arc must be obtained by
6279 contacting the registrar for the id-krb5 arc, or its designee. At
6280 the time of the issuance of this RFC, such registrations can be
6281 obtained by contacting krb5-oid-registrar@mit.edu.
6283 7.5. Protocol constants and associated values
6285 The following tables list constants used in the protocol and define
6286 their meanings. Ranges are specified in the "specification" section
6287 that limit the values of constants for which values are defined here.
6288 This allows implementations to make assumptions about the maximum
6289 values that will be received for these constants. Implementation
6290 receiving values outside the range specified in the "specification"
6291 section MAY reject the request, but they MUST recover cleanly.
6293 7.5.1. Key usage numbers
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6304 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6307 The encryption and checksum specifications in [@KCRYPTO] require as
6308 input a "key usage number", to alter the encryption key used in any
6309 specific message, to make certain types of cryptographic attack more
6310 difficult. These are the key usage values assigned in this document:
6312 1. AS-REQ PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP padata timestamp, encrypted
6313 with the client key (section 5.2.7.2)
6314 2. AS-REP Ticket and TGS-REP Ticket (includes TGS session
6315 key or application session key), encrypted with the
6316 service key (section 5.3)
6317 3. AS-REP encrypted part (includes TGS session key or
6318 application session key), encrypted with the client key
6320 4. TGS-REQ KDC-REQ-BODY AuthorizationData, encrypted with
6321 the TGS session key (section 5.4.1)
6322 5. TGS-REQ KDC-REQ-BODY AuthorizationData, encrypted with
6323 the TGS authenticator subkey (section 5.4.1)
6324 6. TGS-REQ PA-TGS-REQ padata AP-REQ Authenticator cksum,
6325 keyed with the TGS session key (sections 5.5.1)
6326 7. TGS-REQ PA-TGS-REQ padata AP-REQ Authenticator
6327 (includes TGS authenticator subkey), encrypted with the
6328 TGS session key (section 5.5.1)
6329 8. TGS-REP encrypted part (includes application session
6330 key), encrypted with the TGS session key (section
6332 9. TGS-REP encrypted part (includes application session
6333 key), encrypted with the TGS authenticator subkey
6335 10. AP-REQ Authenticator cksum, keyed with the application
6336 session key (section 5.5.1)
6337 11. AP-REQ Authenticator (includes application
6338 authenticator subkey), encrypted with the application
6339 session key (section 5.5.1)
6340 12. AP-REP encrypted part (includes application session
6341 subkey), encrypted with the application session key
6343 13. KRB-PRIV encrypted part, encrypted with a key chosen by
6344 the application (section 5.7.1)
6345 14. KRB-CRED encrypted part, encrypted with a key chosen by
6346 the application (section 5.8.1)
6347 15. KRB-SAFE cksum, keyed with a key chosen by the
6348 application (section 5.6.1)
6349 19. AD-KDC-ISSUED checksum (ad-checksum in 5.2.6.4)
6350 22-25. Reserved for use in GSSAPI mechanisms derived from RFC
6352 16-18,20-21,26-511. Reserved for future use in Kerberos and related
6354 512-1023. Reserved for uses internal to a Kerberos
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6364 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6368 1024. Encryption for application use in protocols that
6369 do not specify key usage values
6370 1025. Checksums for application use in protocols that
6371 do not specify key usage values
6372 1026-2047. Reserved for application use.
6375 7.5.2. PreAuthentication Data Types
6377 padata and data types padata-type value comment
6383 PA-ENC-UNIX-TIME 5 (deprecated)
6384 PA-SANDIA-SECUREID 6
6387 PA-CYBERSAFE-SECUREID 9
6390 PA-SAM-CHALLENGE 12 (sam/otp)
6391 PA-SAM-RESPONSE 13 (sam/otp)
6392 PA-PK-AS-REQ 14 (pkinit)
6393 PA-PK-AS-REP 15 (pkinit)
6394 PA-ETYPE-INFO2 19 (replaces pa-etype-info)
6395 PA-USE-SPECIFIED-KVNO 20
6396 PA-SAM-REDIRECT 21 (sam/otp)
6397 PA-GET-FROM-TYPED-DATA 22 (embedded in typed data)
6398 TD-PADATA 22 (embeds padata)
6399 PA-SAM-ETYPE-INFO 23 (sam/otp)
6400 PA-ALT-PRINC 24 (crawdad@fnal.gov)
6401 PA-SAM-CHALLENGE2 30 (kenh@pobox.com)
6402 PA-SAM-RESPONSE2 31 (kenh@pobox.com)
6403 PA-EXTRA-TGT 41 Reserved extra TGT
6404 TD-PKINIT-CMS-CERTIFICATES 101 CertificateSet from CMS
6405 TD-KRB-PRINCIPAL 102 PrincipalName
6406 TD-KRB-REALM 103 Realm
6407 TD-TRUSTED-CERTIFIERS 104 from PKINIT
6408 TD-CERTIFICATE-INDEX 105 from PKINIT
6409 TD-APP-DEFINED-ERROR 106 application specific
6410 TD-REQ-NONCE 107 INTEGER
6411 TD-REQ-SEQ 108 INTEGER
6412 PA-PAC-REQUEST 128 (jbrezak@exchange.microsoft.com)
6414 7.5.3. Address Types
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6424 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6439 7.5.4. Authorization Data Types
6441 authorization data type ad-type value
6443 AD-INTENDED-FOR-SERVER 2
6444 AD-INTENDED-FOR-APPLICATION-CLASS 3
6447 AD-MANDATORY-TICKET-EXTENSIONS 6
6448 AD-IN-TICKET-EXTENSIONS 7
6449 AD-MANDATORY-FOR-KDC 8
6450 reserved values 9-63
6453 AD-OSF-DCE-PKI-CERTID 66 (hemsath@us.ibm.com)
6454 AD-WIN2K-PAC 128 (jbrezak@exchange.microsoft.com)
6456 7.5.5. Transited Encoding Types
6458 transited encoding type tr-type value
6459 DOMAIN-X500-COMPRESS 1
6460 reserved values all others
6462 7.5.6. Protocol Version Number
6464 Label Value Meaning or MIT code
6466 pvno 5 current Kerberos protocol version number
6468 7.5.7. Kerberos Message Types
6472 KRB_AS_REQ 10 Request for initial authentication
6473 KRB_AS_REP 11 Response to KRB_AS_REQ request
6474 KRB_TGS_REQ 12 Request for authentication based on TGT
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6484 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6487 KRB_TGS_REP 13 Response to KRB_TGS_REQ request
6488 KRB_AP_REQ 14 application request to server
6489 KRB_AP_REP 15 Response to KRB_AP_REQ_MUTUAL
6490 KRB_RESERVED16 16 Reserved for user-to-user krb_tgt_request
6491 KRB_RESERVED17 17 Reserved for user-to-user krb_tgt_reply
6492 KRB_SAFE 20 Safe (checksummed) application message
6493 KRB_PRIV 21 Private (encrypted) application message
6494 KRB_CRED 22 Private (encrypted) message to forward credentials
6495 KRB_ERROR 30 Error response
6501 KRB_NT_UNKNOWN 0 Name type not known
6502 KRB_NT_PRINCIPAL 1 Just the name of the principal as in DCE, or for users
6503 KRB_NT_SRV_INST 2 Service and other unique instance (krbtgt)
6504 KRB_NT_SRV_HST 3 Service with host name as instance (telnet, rcommands)
6505 KRB_NT_SRV_XHST 4 Service with host as remaining components
6506 KRB_NT_UID 5 Unique ID
6507 KRB_NT_X500_PRINCIPAL 6 Encoded X.509 Distingished name [RFC 2253]
6508 KRB_NT_SMTP_NAME 7 Name in form of SMTP email name (e.g. user@foo.com)
6509 KRB_NT_ENTERPRISE 10 Enterprise name - may be mapped to principal name
6515 KDC_ERR_NONE 0 No error
6516 KDC_ERR_NAME_EXP 1 Client's entry in database has expired
6517 KDC_ERR_SERVICE_EXP 2 Server's entry in database has expired
6518 KDC_ERR_BAD_PVNO 3 Requested protocol version number
6520 KDC_ERR_C_OLD_MAST_KVNO 4 Client's key encrypted in old master key
6521 KDC_ERR_S_OLD_MAST_KVNO 5 Server's key encrypted in old master key
6522 KDC_ERR_C_PRINCIPAL_UNKNOWN 6 Client not found in Kerberos database
6523 KDC_ERR_S_PRINCIPAL_UNKNOWN 7 Server not found in Kerberos database
6524 KDC_ERR_PRINCIPAL_NOT_UNIQUE 8 Multiple principal entries in database
6525 KDC_ERR_NULL_KEY 9 The client or server has a null key
6526 KDC_ERR_CANNOT_POSTDATE 10 Ticket not eligible for postdating
6527 KDC_ERR_NEVER_VALID 11 Requested start time is later than end time
6528 KDC_ERR_POLICY 12 KDC policy rejects request
6529 KDC_ERR_BADOPTION 13 KDC cannot accommodate requested option
6530 KDC_ERR_ETYPE_NOSUPP 14 KDC has no support for encryption type
6531 KDC_ERR_SUMTYPE_NOSUPP 15 KDC has no support for checksum type
6532 KDC_ERR_PADATA_TYPE_NOSUPP 16 KDC has no support for padata type
6533 KDC_ERR_TRTYPE_NOSUPP 17 KDC has no support for transited type
6534 KDC_ERR_CLIENT_REVOKED 18 Clients credentials have been revoked
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6544 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6547 KDC_ERR_SERVICE_REVOKED 19 Credentials for server have been revoked
6548 KDC_ERR_TGT_REVOKED 20 TGT has been revoked
6549 KDC_ERR_CLIENT_NOTYET 21 Client not yet valid - try again later
6550 KDC_ERR_SERVICE_NOTYET 22 Server not yet valid - try again later
6551 KDC_ERR_KEY_EXPIRED 23 Password has expired
6552 - change password to reset
6553 KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_FAILED 24 Pre-authentication information was invalid
6554 KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED 25 Additional pre-authenticationrequired
6555 KDC_ERR_SERVER_NOMATCH 26 Requested server and ticket don't match
6556 KDC_ERR_MUST_USE_USER2USER 27 Server principal valid for user2user only
6557 KDC_ERR_PATH_NOT_ACCPETED 28 KDC Policy rejects transited path
6558 KDC_ERR_SVC_UNAVAILABLE 29 A service is not available
6559 KRB_AP_ERR_BAD_INTEGRITY 31 Integrity check on decrypted field failed
6560 KRB_AP_ERR_TKT_EXPIRED 32 Ticket expired
6561 KRB_AP_ERR_TKT_NYV 33 Ticket not yet valid
6562 KRB_AP_ERR_REPEAT 34 Request is a replay
6563 KRB_AP_ERR_NOT_US 35 The ticket isn't for us
6564 KRB_AP_ERR_BADMATCH 36 Ticket and authenticator don't match
6565 KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW 37 Clock skew too great
6566 KRB_AP_ERR_BADADDR 38 Incorrect net address
6567 KRB_AP_ERR_BADVERSION 39 Protocol version mismatch
6568 KRB_AP_ERR_MSG_TYPE 40 Invalid msg type
6569 KRB_AP_ERR_MODIFIED 41 Message stream modified
6570 KRB_AP_ERR_BADORDER 42 Message out of order
6571 KRB_AP_ERR_BADKEYVER 44 Specified version of key is not available
6572 KRB_AP_ERR_NOKEY 45 Service key not available
6573 KRB_AP_ERR_MUT_FAIL 46 Mutual authentication failed
6574 KRB_AP_ERR_BADDIRECTION 47 Incorrect message direction
6575 KRB_AP_ERR_METHOD 48 Alternative authentication method required
6576 KRB_AP_ERR_BADSEQ 49 Incorrect sequence number in message
6577 KRB_AP_ERR_INAPP_CKSUM 50 Inappropriate type of checksum in message
6578 KRB_AP_PATH_NOT_ACCEPTED 51 Policy rejects transited path
6579 KRB_ERR_RESPONSE_TOO_BIG 52 Response too big for UDP, retry with TCP
6580 KRB_ERR_GENERIC 60 Generic error (description in e-text)
6581 KRB_ERR_FIELD_TOOLONG 61 Field is too long for this implementation
6582 KDC_ERROR_CLIENT_NOT_TRUSTED 62 Reserved for PKINIT
6583 KDC_ERROR_KDC_NOT_TRUSTED 63 Reserved for PKINIT
6584 KDC_ERROR_INVALID_SIG 64 Reserved for PKINIT
6585 KDC_ERR_KEY_TOO_WEAK 65 Reserved for PKINIT
6586 KDC_ERR_CERTIFICATE_MISMATCH 66 Reserved for PKINIT
6587 KRB_AP_ERR_NO_TGT 67 No TGT available to validate USER-TO-USER
6588 KDC_ERR_WRONG_REALM 68 USER-TO-USER TGT issued different KDC
6589 KRB_AP_ERR_USER_TO_USER_REQUIRED 69 Ticket must be for USER-TO-USER
6590 KDC_ERR_CANT_VERIFY_CERTIFICATE 70 Reserved for PKINIT
6591 KDC_ERR_INVALID_CERTIFICATE 71 Reserved for PKINIT
6592 KDC_ERR_REVOKED_CERTIFICATE 72 Reserved for PKINIT
6593 KDC_ERR_REVOCATION_STATUS_UNKNOWN 73 Reserved for PKINIT
6594 KDC_ERR_REVOCATION_STATUS_UNAVAILABLE 74 Reserved for PKINIT
6598 June 2004 [Page 110]
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6604 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6607 KDC_ERR_CLIENT_NAME_MISMATCH 75 Reserved for PKINIT
6608 KDC_ERR_KDC_NAME_MISMATCH 76 Reserved for PKINIT
6610 8. Interoperability requirements
6612 Version 5 of the Kerberos protocol supports a myriad of options.
6613 Among these are multiple encryption and checksum types, alternative
6614 encoding schemes for the transited field, optional mechanisms for
6615 pre-authentication, the handling of tickets with no addresses,
6616 options for mutual authentication, user-to-user authentication,
6617 support for proxies, forwarding, postdating, and renewing tickets,
6618 the format of realm names, and the handling of authorization data.
6620 In order to ensure the interoperability of realms, it is necessary to
6621 define a minimal configuration which must be supported by all
6622 implementations. This minimal configuration is subject to change as
6623 technology does. For example, if at some later date it is discovered
6624 that one of the required encryption or checksum algorithms is not
6625 secure, it will be replaced.
6627 8.1. Specification 2
6629 This section defines the second specification of these options.
6630 Implementations which are configured in this way can be said to
6631 support Kerberos Version 5 Specification 2 (5.2). Specification 1
6632 (deprecated) may be found in RFC1510.
6636 TCP/IP and UDP/IP transport MUST be supported by clients and KDCs
6637 claiming conformance to specification 2.
6639 Encryption and checksum methods
6641 The following encryption and checksum mechanisms MUST be
6644 Encryption: AES256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96
6645 Checksums: HMAC-SHA1-96-AES256
6647 Implementations SHOULD support other mechanisms as well, but the
6648 additional mechanisms may only be used when communicating with
6649 principals known to also support them. The mechanisms that SHOULD
6652 Encryption: DES-CBC-MD5, DES3-CBC-SHA1-KD
6653 Checksums: DES-MD5, HMAC-SHA1-DES3-KD
6658 June 2004 [Page 111]
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6664 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6667 Implementations MAY support other mechanisms as well, but the
6668 additional mechanisms may only be used when communicating with
6669 principals known to also support them.
6671 Implementation note: earlier implementations of Kerberos generate
6672 messages using the CRC-32, RSA-MD5 checksum methods. For
6673 interoperability with these earlier releases implementors MAY
6674 consider supporting these checksum methods but should carefully
6675 analyze the security impplications to limit the situations within
6676 which these methods are accepted.
6680 All implementations MUST understand hierarchical realms in both
6681 the Internet Domain and the X.500 style. When a ticket-granting
6682 ticket for an unknown realm is requested, the KDC MUST be able to
6683 determine the names of the intermediate realms between the KDCs
6684 realm and the requested realm.
6686 Transited field encoding
6688 DOMAIN-X500-COMPRESS (described in section 3.3.3.2) MUST be
6689 supported. Alternative encodings MAY be supported, but they may
6690 be used only when that encoding is supported by ALL intermediate
6693 Pre-authentication methods
6695 The TGS-REQ method MUST be supported. The TGS-REQ method is not
6696 used on the initial request. The PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP method MUST be
6697 supported by clients but whether it is enabled by default MAY be
6698 determined on a realm by realm basis. If not used in the initial
6699 request and the error KDC_ERR_PREAUTH_REQUIRED is returned
6700 specifying PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP as an acceptable method, the client
6701 SHOULD retry the initial request using the PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP pre-
6702 authentication method. Servers need not support the PA-ENC-
6703 TIMESTAMP method, but if not supported the server SHOULD ignore
6704 the presence of PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP pre-authentication in a request.
6706 The ETYPE-INFO2 method MUST be supported; this method is used to
6707 communicate the set of supported encryption types, and
6708 corresponding salt and string to key paramters. The ETYPE-INFO
6709 method SHOULD be supported for interoperability with older
6712 Mutual authentication
6714 Mutual authentication (via the KRB_AP_REP message) MUST be
6718 June 2004 [Page 112]
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6724 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6729 Ticket addresses and flags
6731 All KDCs MUST pass through tickets that carry no addresses (i.e.
6732 if a TGT contains no addresses, the KDC will return derivative
6733 tickets). Implementations SHOULD default to requesting
6734 addressless tickets as this significantly increases
6735 interoperability with network address translation. In some cases
6736 realms or application servers MAY require that tickets have an
6739 Implementations SHOULD accept directional address type for the
6740 KRB_SAFE and KRB_PRIV message and SHOULD include directional
6741 addresses in these messages when other address types are not
6744 Proxies and forwarded tickets MUST be supported. Individual realms
6745 and application servers can set their own policy on when such
6746 tickets will be accepted.
6748 All implementations MUST recognize renewable and postdated
6749 tickets, but need not actually implement them. If these options
6750 are not supported, the starttime and endtime in the ticket shall
6751 specify a ticket's entire useful life. When a postdated ticket is
6752 decoded by a server, all implementations shall make the presence
6753 of the postdated flag visible to the calling server.
6755 User-to-user authentication
6757 Support for user-to-user authentication (via the ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY
6758 KDC option) MUST be provided by implementations, but individual
6759 realms MAY decide as a matter of policy to reject such requests on
6760 a per-principal or realm-wide basis.
6764 Implementations MUST pass all authorization data subfields from
6765 ticket-granting tickets to any derivative tickets unless directed
6766 to suppress a subfield as part of the definition of that
6767 registered subfield type (it is never incorrect to pass on a
6768 subfield, and no registered subfield types presently specify
6769 suppression at the KDC).
6771 Implementations MUST make the contents of any authorization data
6772 subfields available to the server when a ticket is used.
6773 Implementations are not required to allow clients to specify the
6774 contents of the authorization data fields.
6778 June 2004 [Page 113]
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6784 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6789 All protocol constants are constrained to 32 bit (signed) values
6790 unless further constrained by the protocol definition. This limit
6791 is provided to allow implementations to make assumptions about the
6792 maximum values that will be received for these constants.
6793 Implementation receiving values outside this range MAY reject the
6794 request, but they MUST recover cleanly.
6796 8.2. Recommended KDC values
6798 Following is a list of recommended values for a KDC configuration.
6800 minimum lifetime 5 minutes
6801 maximum renewable lifetime 1 week
6802 maximum ticket lifetime 1 day
6803 acceptable clock skew 5 minutes
6804 empty addresses Allowed.
6805 proxiable, etc. Allowed.
6807 9. IANA considerations
6809 Section 7 of this document specifies protocol constants and other
6810 defined values required for the interoperability of multiple
6811 implementations. Until otherwise specified in a subsequent RFC, or
6812 upon disbanding of the Kerberos working group, allocations of
6813 additional protocol constants and other defined values required for
6814 extensions to the Kerberos protocol will be administered by the
6815 kerberos working group. Following the recomendations outlined in
6816 [RFC 2434], guidance is provided to the IANA as follows:
6818 "reserved" realm name types in section 6.1 and "other" realm types
6819 except those beginning with "X-" or "x-" will not be registered
6820 without IETF standards action, at which point guidlines for further
6821 assignment will be specified. Realm name types beginning with "X-"
6822 or "x-" are for private use.
6824 For host address types described in section 7.1, negative values are
6825 for private use. Assignment of additional positive numbers is
6826 subject to review by the kerberos working group or other expert
6829 Additional key usage numbers as defined in section 7.5.1 will be
6830 assigned subject to review by the kerberos working group or other
6833 Additional preauthentciation data type values as defined in section
6834 7.5.2 will be assigned subject to review by the kerberos working
6838 June 2004 [Page 114]
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6844 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6847 group or other expert review.
6849 Additional Authorization Data Types as defined in section 7.5.4 will
6850 be assigned subject to review by the kerberos working group or other
6851 expert review. Although it is anticipated that there may be
6852 significant demand for private use types, provision is intentionaly
6853 not made for a private use portion of the namespace because conficts
6854 between privately assigned values coule have detrimental security
6857 Additional Transited Encoding Types as defined in section 7.5.5
6858 present special concerns for interoperability with existing
6859 implementations. As such, such assignments will only be made by
6860 standards action, except that the Kerberos working group or another
6861 other working group with competent jurisdiction may make preliminary
6862 assignments for documents which are moving through the standards
6865 Additional Kerberos Message Types as described in section 7.5.7 will
6866 be assigned subject to review by the kerberos working group or other
6869 Additional Name Types as described in section 7.5.8 will be assigned
6870 subject to review by the kerberos working group or other expert
6873 Additional error codes described in section 7.5.9 will be assigned
6874 subject to review by the kerberos working group or other expert
6877 10. Security Considerations
6879 As an authentication service, Kerberos provides a means of verifying
6880 the identity of principals on a network. Kerberos does not, by
6881 itself, provide authorization. Applications should not accept the
6882 issuance of a service ticket by the Kerberos server as granting
6883 authority to use the service, since such applications may become
6884 vulnerable to the bypass of this authorization check in an
6885 environment if they inter-operate with other KDCs or where other
6886 options for application authentication are provided.
6888 Denial of service attacks are not solved with Kerberos. There are
6889 places in the protocols where an intruder can prevent an application
6890 from participating in the proper authentication steps. Because
6891 authentication is a required step for the use of many services,
6892 successful denial of service attacks on a Kerberos server might
6893 result in the denial of other network services that rely on Kerberos
6894 for authentication. Kerberos is vulnerable to many kinds of denial of
6898 June 2004 [Page 115]
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6904 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6907 service attacks: denial of service attacks on the network which would
6908 prevent clients from contacting the KDC; denial of service attacks on
6909 the domain name system which could prevent a client from finding the
6910 IP address of the Kerberos server; and denial of service attack by
6911 overloading the Kerberos KDC itself with repeated requests.
6913 Interoperability conflicts caused by incompatible character-set usage
6914 (see 5.2.1) can result in denial of service for clients that utilize
6915 character-sets in Kerberos strings other than those stored in the KDC
6918 Authentication servers maintain a database of principals (i.e., users
6919 and servers) and their secret keys. The security of the
6920 authentication server machines is critical. The breach of security of
6921 an authentication server will compromise the security of all servers
6922 that rely upon the compromised KDC, and will compromise the
6923 authentication of any principals registered in the realm of the
6926 Principals must keep their secret keys secret. If an intruder somehow
6927 steals a principal's key, it will be able to masquerade as that
6928 principal or impersonate any server to the legitimate principal.
6930 Password guessing attacks are not solved by Kerberos. If a user
6931 chooses a poor password, it is possible for an attacker to
6932 successfully mount an off-line dictionary attack by repeatedly
6933 attempting to decrypt, with successive entries from a dictionary,
6934 messages obtained which are encrypted under a key derived from the
6937 Unless pre-authentication options are required by the policy of a
6938 realm, the KDC will not know whether a request for authentication
6939 succeeds. An attacker can request a reply with credentials for any
6940 principal. These credentials will likely not be of much use to the
6941 attacker unless it knows the client's secret key, but the
6942 availability of the response encrypted in the client's secret key
6943 provides the attacker with ciphertext that may be used to mount brute
6944 force or dictionary attacks to decrypt the credentials, by guessing
6945 the user's password. For this reason it is strongly encouraged that
6946 Kerberos realms require the use of pre-authentication. Even with pre-
6947 authentication, attackers may try brute force or dictionary attacks
6948 against credentials that are observed by eavesdropping on the
6951 Because a client can request a ticket for any server principal and
6952 can attempt a brute force or dictionary attack against the server
6953 principal's key using that ticket, it is strongly encouraged that
6954 keys be randomly generated (rather than generated from passwords) for
6958 June 2004 [Page 116]
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6964 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
6967 any principals that are usable as the target principal for a
6968 KRB_TGS_REQ or KRB_AS_REQ messages. [RFC1750]
6970 Although the DES-CBC-MD5 encryption method and DES-MD5 checksum
6971 methods are listed as SHOULD be implemented for backward
6972 compatibility, the single DES encryption algorithm on which these are
6973 based is weak and stronger algorithms should be used whenever
6976 Each host on the network must have a clock which is loosely
6977 synchronized to the time of the other hosts; this synchronization is
6978 used to reduce the bookkeeping needs of application servers when they
6979 do replay detection. The degree of "looseness" can be configured on a
6980 per-server basis, but is typically on the order of 5 minutes. If the
6981 clocks are synchronized over the network, the clock synchronization
6982 protocol MUST itself be secured from network attackers.
6984 Principal identifiers must not recycled on a short-term basis. A
6985 typical mode of access control will use access control lists (ACLs)
6986 to grant permissions to particular principals. If a stale ACL entry
6987 remains for a deleted principal and the principal identifier is
6988 reused, the new principal will inherit rights specified in the stale
6989 ACL entry. By not reusing principal identifiers, the danger of
6990 inadvertent access is removed.
6992 Proper decryption of an KRB_AS_REP message from the KDC is not
6993 sufficient for the host to verify the identity of the user; the user
6994 and an attacker could cooperate to generate a KRB_AS_REP format
6995 message which decrypts properly but is not from the proper KDC. To
6996 authenticate a user logging on to a local system, the credentials
6997 obtained in the AS exchange may first be used in a TGS exchange to
6998 obtain credentials for a local server. Those credentials must then be
6999 verified by a local server through successful completion of the
7000 Client/Server exchange.
7002 Many RFC 1510 compliant implementations ignore unknown authorization
7003 data elements. Depending on these implementations to honor
7004 authorization data restrictions may create a security weakness.
7006 Kerberos credentials contain clear-text information identifying the
7007 principals to which they apply. If privacy of this information is
7008 needed, this exchange should itself be encapsulated in a protocol
7009 providing for confidentiality on the exchange of these credentials.
7011 Applications must take care to protect communications subsequent to
7012 authentication either by using the KRB_PRIV or KRB_SAFE messages as
7013 appropriate, or by applying their own confidentiality or integrity
7014 mechanisms on such communications. Completion of the KRB_AP_REQ and
7018 June 2004 [Page 117]
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7024 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7027 KRB_AP_REP exchange without subsequent use of confidentiality and
7028 integrity mechanisms provides only for authentication of the parties
7029 to the communication and not confidentiality and integrity of the
7030 subsequent communication. Application applying confidentiality and
7031 integrity protection mechanisms other than KRB_PRIV and KRB_SAFE must
7032 make sure that the authentication step is appropriately linked with
7033 the protected communication channel that is established by the
7036 Unless the application server provides its own suitable means to
7037 protect against replay (for example, a challenge-response sequence
7038 initiated by the server after authentication, or use of a server-
7039 generated encryption subkey), the server must utilize a replay cache
7040 to remember any authenticator presented within the allowable clock
7041 skew. All services sharing a key need to use the same replay cache.
7042 If separate replay caches are used, then and authenticator used with
7043 one such service could later be replayed to a different service with
7044 the same service principal.
7046 If a server loses track of authenticators presented within the
7047 allowable clock skew, it must reject all requests until the clock
7048 skew interval has passed, providing assurance that any lost or
7049 replayed authenticators will fall outside the allowable clock skew
7050 and can no longer be successfully replayed.
7052 Implementations of Kerberos should not use untrusted directory
7053 servers to determine the realm of a host. To allow such would allow
7054 the compromise of the directory server to enable an attacker to
7055 direct the client to accept authentication with the wrong principal
7056 (i.e. one with a similar name, but in a realm with which the
7057 legitimate host was not registered).
7059 Implementations of Kerberos must not use DNS to map one name to
7060 another (canonicalize) to determine the host part of the principal
7061 name with which one is to communicate. To allow such
7062 canonicalization would allow a compromise of the DNS to result in a
7063 client obtaining credentials and correctly authenticating to the
7064 wrong principal. Though the client will know who it is communicating
7065 with, it will not be the principal with which it intended to
7068 If the Kerberos server returns a TGT for a 'closer' realm other than
7069 the desired realm, the client may use local policy configuration to
7070 verify that the authentication path used is an acceptable one.
7071 Alternatively, a client may choose its own authentication path,
7072 rather than relying on the Kerberos server to select one. In either
7073 case, any policy or configuration information used to choose or
7074 validate authentication paths, whether by the Kerberos server or
7078 June 2004 [Page 118]
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7084 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7087 client, must be obtained from a trusted source.
7089 The Kerberos protocol in its basic form does not provide perfect
7090 forward secrecy for communications. If traffic has been recorded by
7091 an eavesdropper, then messages encrypted using the KRB_PRIV message,
7092 or messages encrypted using application specific encryption under
7093 keys exchanged using Kerberos can be decrypted if any of the user's,
7094 application server's, or KDC's key is subsequently discovered. This
7095 is because the session key use to encrypt such messages is
7096 transmitted over the network encrypted in the key of the application
7097 server, and also encrypted under the session key from the user's
7098 ticket-granting ticket when returned to the user in the KRB_TGS_REP
7099 message. The session key from the ticket-granting ticket was sent to
7100 the user in the KRB_AS_REP message encrypted in the user's secret
7101 key, and embedded in the ticket-granting ticket, which was encrypted
7102 in the key of the KDC. Application requiring perfect forward secrecy
7103 must exchange keys through mechanisms that provide such assurance,
7104 but may use Kerberos for authentication of the encrypted channel
7105 established through such other means.
7107 11. Author's Addresses
7111 Information Sciences Institute
7112 University of Southern California
7114 Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
7118 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7119 77 Massachusetts Avenue
7120 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
7124 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7125 77 Massachusetts Avenue
7126 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
7127 Email: hartmans@mit.edu
7130 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7131 77 Massachusetts Avenue
7132 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
7133 Email: raeburn@MIT.EDU
7138 June 2004 [Page 119]
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7144 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7147 12. Acknowledgements
7149 This document is a revision to RFC1510 which was co-authored with
7150 John Kohl. The specification of the Kerberos protocol described in
7151 this document is the result of many years of effort. Over this
7152 period many individuals have contributed to the definition of the
7153 protocol and to the writing of the specification. Unfortunately it is
7154 not possible to list all contributors as authors of this document,
7155 though there are many not listed who are authors in spirit, because
7156 they contributed text for parts of some sections, because they
7157 contributed to the design of parts of the protocol, or because they
7158 contributed significantly to the discussion of the protocol in the
7159 IETF common authentication technology (CAT) and Kerberos working
7162 Among those contributing to the development and specification of
7163 Kerberos were Jeffrey Altman, John Brezak, Marc Colan, Johan
7164 Danielsson, Don Davis, Doug Engert, Dan Geer, Paul Hill, John Kohl,
7165 Marc Horowitz, Matt Hur, Jeffrey Hutzelman, Paul Leach, John Linn,
7166 Ari Medvinsky, Sasha Medvinsky, Steve Miller, Jon Rochlis, Jerome
7167 Saltzer, Jeffrey Schiller, Jennifer Steiner, Ralph Swick, Mike Swift,
7168 Jonathan Trostle, Theodore Ts'o, Brian Tung, Jacques Vidrine, Assar
7169 Westerlund, and Nicolas Williams. Many other members of MIT Project
7170 Athena, the MIT networking group, and the Kerberos and CAT working
7171 groups of the IETF contributed but are not listed.
7173 Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
7178 13.1 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
7181 RFC-Editor: To be replaced by RFC number for draft-ietf-krb-wg-
7185 RFC-Editor: To be replaced by RFC number for draft-raeburn0krb-
7189 7-bit Coded Character Set
7192 Character Code Structure and Extension Techniques
7198 June 2004 [Page 120]
\f
7204 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7207 P.V. Mockapetris, RFC1035: "Domain Names - Implementations and
7208 Specification," November 1, 1987, Obsoletes - RFC973, RFC882,
7209 RFC883. Updated by RFC1101, RFC1183, RFC1348, RFCRFC1876, RFC1982,
7210 RFC1995, RFC1996, RFC2065, RFC2136, RFC2137, RFC2181, RFC2308,
7211 RFC2535, RFC2845, and RFC3425. Status: Standard.
7215 S. Bradner, RFC2119: "Key words for use in RFC's to Indicate
7216 Requirement Levels", March 1997.
7219 T. Narten, H. Alvestrand, RFC2434: "Guidelines for writing IANA
7220 Consideration Secionts in RFCs" October, 1998.
7223 A. Gulbrandsen, P. Vixie and L. Esibov., RFC2782: "A DNS RR for
7224 Specifying the Location of Services (DNS SRV)," February 2000.
7227 M. Wahl, S. Killie, and T. Howes, RFC2253: "Lightweight Directory
7228 Access Protocol (v3): UTF-8 String Representation or Distinguished
7229 Names," December 1997, Obsoletes - RFC1779, Updated by RFC3377,
7230 Status: Proposed Standard.
7233 R. Hinden, S. Deering, RFC2373: "IP Version 6 Addressing
7234 Architecture," July 1998, Status: Proposed Standard.
7237 Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of Basic
7238 Notation, ITU-T Recommendation X.680 (1997) | ISO/IEC
7239 International Standard 8824-1:1998.
7242 ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
7243 Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules
7244 (DER), ITU-T Recommendation X.690 (1997)| ISO/IEC International
7245 Standard 8825-1:1998.
7247 13.2 INFORMATIVE REFERENCES
7250 Don Davis, Daniel Geer, and Theodore Ts'o, "Kerberos With Clocks
7251 Adrift: History, Protocols, and Implementation", USENIX Computing
7252 Systems 9:1 (January 1996).
7258 June 2004 [Page 121]
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7264 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7267 Dorothy E. Denning and Giovanni Maria Sacco, "Time-stamps in Key
7268 Distribution Protocols," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 24(8),
7269 pp. 533-536 (August 1981).
7273 John T. Kohl, B. Clifford Neuman, and Theodore Y. Ts'o, "The
7274 Evolution of the Kerberos Authentication System". In Distributed
7275 Open Systems, pages 78-94. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994.
7278 S. P. Miller, B. C. Neuman, J. I. Schiller, and J. H. Saltzer,
7279 Section E.2.1: Kerberos Authentication and Authorization System,
7280 M.I.T. Project Athena, Cambridge, Massachusetts (December 21,
7284 Roger M. Needham and Michael D. Schroeder, "Using Encryption for
7285 Authentication in Large Networks of Computers," Communications of
7286 the ACM, Vol. 21(12), pp. 993-999 (December, 1978).
7289 B. Clifford Neuman, "Proxy-Based Authorization and Accounting for
7290 Distributed Systems," in Proceedings of the 13th International
7291 Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Pittsburgh, PA (May,
7295 B. Clifford Neuman and Theodore Y. Ts'o, "An Authentication
7296 Service for Computer Networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.
7297 32(9), pp. 33-38 (September 1994).
7300 J. Pato, Using Pre-Authentication to Avoid Password Guessing
7301 Attacks, Open Software Foundation DCE Request for Comments 26
7305 J. Kohl and B. C. Neuman, RFC1510: "The Kerberos Network
7306 Authentication Service (v5)," September 1993, Status: Proposed
7310 D. Eastlake, S. Crocker, and J. Schiller "Randomness
7311 Recommendation for Security" December 1994, Status: Informational.
7314 S. Bradner, RFC2026: "The Internet Standard Process - Revision
7318 June 2004 [Page 122]
\f
7324 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7327 3," October 1996, Obsoletes - RFC 1602, Status: Best Current
7331 J. G. Steiner, B. C. Neuman, and J. I. Schiller, "Kerberos: An
7332 Authentication Service for Open Network Systems," pp. 191-202 in
7333 Usenix Conference Proceedings, Dallas, Texas (February, 1988).
7336 14. Copyright Statement
7338 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). This document is
7339 subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP
7340 78 and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their
7343 This document and the information contained herein are provided on
7344 an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE
7345 REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND
7346 THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES,
7347 EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT
7348 THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR
7349 ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
7352 15. Intellectual Property
7354 The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
7355 Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed
7356 to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology
7357 described in this document or the extent to which any license
7358 under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it
7359 represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any
7360 such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights
7361 in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
7363 Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
7364 assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
7365 attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use
7366 of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
7367 specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository
7368 at http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
7370 The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention
7371 any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other
7372 proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required
7373 to implement this standard. Please address the information to the
7374 IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
7378 June 2004 [Page 123]
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7384 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7390 iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
7391 security(5) kerberosV5(2) modules(4) krb5spec2(2)
7392 } DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN
7394 -- OID arc for KerberosV5
7396 -- This OID may be used to identify Kerberos protocol messages
7397 -- encapsulated in other protocols.
7399 -- This OID also designates the OID arc for KerberosV5-related OIDs.
7401 -- NOTE: RFC 1510 had an incorrect value (5) for "dod" in its OID.
7402 id-krb5 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
7403 iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
7404 security(5) kerberosV5(2)
7407 Int32 ::= INTEGER (-2147483648..2147483647)
7408 -- signed values representable in 32 bits
7410 UInt32 ::= INTEGER (0..4294967295)
7411 -- unsigned 32 bit values
7413 Microseconds ::= INTEGER (0..999999)
7416 KerberosString ::= GeneralString (IA5String)
7418 Realm ::= KerberosString
7420 PrincipalName ::= SEQUENCE {
7421 name-type [0] Int32,
7422 name-string [1] SEQUENCE OF KerberosString
7425 KerberosTime ::= GeneralizedTime -- with no fractional seconds
7427 HostAddress ::= SEQUENCE {
7428 addr-type [0] Int32,
7429 address [1] OCTET STRING
7432 -- NOTE: HostAddresses is always used as an OPTIONAL field and
7433 -- should not be empty.
7434 HostAddresses -- NOTE: subtly different from rfc1510,
7438 June 2004 [Page 124]
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7444 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7447 -- but has a value mapping and encodes the same
7448 ::= SEQUENCE OF HostAddress
7450 -- NOTE: AuthorizationData is always used as an OPTIONAL field and
7451 -- should not be empty.
7452 AuthorizationData ::= SEQUENCE OF SEQUENCE {
7454 ad-data [1] OCTET STRING
7457 PA-DATA ::= SEQUENCE {
7458 -- NOTE: first tag is [1], not [0]
7459 padata-type [1] Int32,
7460 padata-value [2] OCTET STRING -- might be encoded AP-REQ
7463 KerberosFlags ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (32..MAX)) -- minimum number of bits
7464 -- shall be sent, but no fewer than 32
7466 EncryptedData ::= SEQUENCE {
7467 etype [0] Int32 -- EncryptionType --,
7468 kvno [1] UInt32 OPTIONAL,
7469 cipher [2] OCTET STRING -- ciphertext
7472 EncryptionKey ::= SEQUENCE {
7473 keytype [0] Int32 -- actually encryption type --,
7474 keyvalue [1] OCTET STRING
7477 Checksum ::= SEQUENCE {
7478 cksumtype [0] Int32,
7479 checksum [1] OCTET STRING
7482 Ticket ::= [APPLICATION 1] SEQUENCE {
7483 tkt-vno [0] INTEGER (5),
7485 sname [2] PrincipalName,
7486 enc-part [3] EncryptedData -- EncTicketPart
7489 -- Encrypted part of ticket
7490 EncTicketPart ::= [APPLICATION 3] SEQUENCE {
7491 flags [0] TicketFlags,
7492 key [1] EncryptionKey,
7494 cname [3] PrincipalName,
7498 June 2004 [Page 125]
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7504 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7507 transited [4] TransitedEncoding,
7508 authtime [5] KerberosTime,
7509 starttime [6] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7510 endtime [7] KerberosTime,
7511 renew-till [8] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7512 caddr [9] HostAddresses OPTIONAL,
7513 authorization-data [10] AuthorizationData OPTIONAL
7516 -- encoded Transited field
7517 TransitedEncoding ::= SEQUENCE {
7518 tr-type [0] Int32 -- must be registered --,
7519 contents [1] OCTET STRING
7522 TicketFlags ::= KerberosFlags
7535 -- the following are new since 1510
7536 -- transited-policy-checked(12),
7537 -- ok-as-delegate(13)
7539 AS-REQ ::= [APPLICATION 10] KDC-REQ
7541 TGS-REQ ::= [APPLICATION 12] KDC-REQ
7543 KDC-REQ ::= SEQUENCE {
7544 -- NOTE: first tag is [1], not [0]
7545 pvno [1] INTEGER (5) ,
7546 msg-type [2] INTEGER (10 -- AS -- | 12 -- TGS --),
7547 padata [3] SEQUENCE OF PA-DATA OPTIONAL
7548 -- NOTE: not empty --,
7549 req-body [4] KDC-REQ-BODY
7552 KDC-REQ-BODY ::= SEQUENCE {
7553 kdc-options [0] KDCOptions,
7554 cname [1] PrincipalName OPTIONAL
7558 June 2004 [Page 126]
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7564 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7567 -- Used only in AS-REQ --,
7570 -- Also client's in AS-REQ --,
7571 sname [3] PrincipalName OPTIONAL,
7572 from [4] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7573 till [5] KerberosTime,
7574 rtime [6] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7576 etype [8] SEQUENCE OF Int32 -- EncryptionType
7577 -- in preference order --,
7578 addresses [9] HostAddresses OPTIONAL,
7579 enc-authorization-data [10] EncryptedData OPTIONAL
7580 -- AuthorizationData --,
7581 additional-tickets [11] SEQUENCE OF Ticket OPTIONAL
7585 KDCOptions ::= KerberosFlags
7591 -- allow-postdate(5),
7597 -- opt-hardware-auth(11),
7600 -- 15 is reserved for canonicalize
7602 -- 26 was unused in 1510
7603 -- disable-transited-check(26),
7605 -- renewable-ok(27),
7606 -- enc-tkt-in-skey(28),
7610 AS-REP ::= [APPLICATION 11] KDC-REP
7612 TGS-REP ::= [APPLICATION 13] KDC-REP
7614 KDC-REP ::= SEQUENCE {
7618 June 2004 [Page 127]
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7624 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7627 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
7628 msg-type [1] INTEGER (11 -- AS -- | 13 -- TGS --),
7629 padata [2] SEQUENCE OF PA-DATA OPTIONAL
7630 -- NOTE: not empty --,
7632 cname [4] PrincipalName,
7634 enc-part [6] EncryptedData
7635 -- EncASRepPart or EncTGSRepPart,
7639 EncASRepPart ::= [APPLICATION 25] EncKDCRepPart
7641 EncTGSRepPart ::= [APPLICATION 26] EncKDCRepPart
7643 EncKDCRepPart ::= SEQUENCE {
7644 key [0] EncryptionKey,
7645 last-req [1] LastReq,
7647 key-expiration [3] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7648 flags [4] TicketFlags,
7649 authtime [5] KerberosTime,
7650 starttime [6] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7651 endtime [7] KerberosTime,
7652 renew-till [8] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7654 sname [10] PrincipalName,
7655 caddr [11] HostAddresses OPTIONAL
7658 LastReq ::= SEQUENCE OF SEQUENCE {
7660 lr-value [1] KerberosTime
7663 AP-REQ ::= [APPLICATION 14] SEQUENCE {
7664 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
7665 msg-type [1] INTEGER (14),
7666 ap-options [2] APOptions,
7668 authenticator [4] EncryptedData -- Authenticator
7671 APOptions ::= KerberosFlags
7673 -- use-session-key(1),
7674 -- mutual-required(2)
7678 June 2004 [Page 128]
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7684 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7687 -- Unencrypted authenticator
7688 Authenticator ::= [APPLICATION 2] SEQUENCE {
7689 authenticator-vno [0] INTEGER (5),
7691 cname [2] PrincipalName,
7692 cksum [3] Checksum OPTIONAL,
7693 cusec [4] Microseconds,
7694 ctime [5] KerberosTime,
7695 subkey [6] EncryptionKey OPTIONAL,
7696 seq-number [7] UInt32 OPTIONAL,
7697 authorization-data [8] AuthorizationData OPTIONAL
7700 AP-REP ::= [APPLICATION 15] SEQUENCE {
7701 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
7702 msg-type [1] INTEGER (15),
7703 enc-part [2] EncryptedData -- EncAPRepPart
7706 EncAPRepPart ::= [APPLICATION 27] SEQUENCE {
7707 ctime [0] KerberosTime,
7708 cusec [1] Microseconds,
7709 subkey [2] EncryptionKey OPTIONAL,
7710 seq-number [3] UInt32 OPTIONAL
7713 KRB-SAFE ::= [APPLICATION 20] SEQUENCE {
7714 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
7715 msg-type [1] INTEGER (20),
7716 safe-body [2] KRB-SAFE-BODY,
7720 KRB-SAFE-BODY ::= SEQUENCE {
7721 user-data [0] OCTET STRING,
7722 timestamp [1] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7723 usec [2] Microseconds OPTIONAL,
7724 seq-number [3] UInt32 OPTIONAL,
7725 s-address [4] HostAddress,
7726 r-address [5] HostAddress OPTIONAL
7729 KRB-PRIV ::= [APPLICATION 21] SEQUENCE {
7730 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
7731 msg-type [1] INTEGER (21),
7732 -- NOTE: there is no [2] tag
7733 enc-part [3] EncryptedData -- EncKrbPrivPart
7738 June 2004 [Page 129]
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7744 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7747 EncKrbPrivPart ::= [APPLICATION 28] SEQUENCE {
7748 user-data [0] OCTET STRING,
7749 timestamp [1] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7750 usec [2] Microseconds OPTIONAL,
7751 seq-number [3] UInt32 OPTIONAL,
7752 s-address [4] HostAddress -- sender's addr --,
7753 r-address [5] HostAddress OPTIONAL -- recip's addr
7756 KRB-CRED ::= [APPLICATION 22] SEQUENCE {
7757 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
7758 msg-type [1] INTEGER (22),
7759 tickets [2] SEQUENCE OF Ticket,
7760 enc-part [3] EncryptedData -- EncKrbCredPart
7763 EncKrbCredPart ::= [APPLICATION 29] SEQUENCE {
7764 ticket-info [0] SEQUENCE OF KrbCredInfo,
7765 nonce [1] UInt32 OPTIONAL,
7766 timestamp [2] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7767 usec [3] Microseconds OPTIONAL,
7768 s-address [4] HostAddress OPTIONAL,
7769 r-address [5] HostAddress OPTIONAL
7772 KrbCredInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
7773 key [0] EncryptionKey,
7774 prealm [1] Realm OPTIONAL,
7775 pname [2] PrincipalName OPTIONAL,
7776 flags [3] TicketFlags OPTIONAL,
7777 authtime [4] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7778 starttime [5] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7779 endtime [6] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7780 renew-till [7] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7781 srealm [8] Realm OPTIONAL,
7782 sname [9] PrincipalName OPTIONAL,
7783 caddr [10] HostAddresses OPTIONAL
7786 KRB-ERROR ::= [APPLICATION 30] SEQUENCE {
7787 pvno [0] INTEGER (5),
7788 msg-type [1] INTEGER (30),
7789 ctime [2] KerberosTime OPTIONAL,
7790 cusec [3] Microseconds OPTIONAL,
7791 stime [4] KerberosTime,
7792 susec [5] Microseconds,
7793 error-code [6] Int32,
7794 crealm [7] Realm OPTIONAL,
7798 June 2004 [Page 130]
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7804 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7807 cname [8] PrincipalName OPTIONAL,
7808 realm [9] Realm -- service realm --,
7809 sname [10] PrincipalName -- service name --,
7810 e-text [11] KerberosString OPTIONAL,
7811 e-data [12] OCTET STRING OPTIONAL
7814 METHOD-DATA ::= SEQUENCE OF PA-DATA
7816 TYPED-DATA ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF SEQUENCE {
7817 data-type [0] INTEGER,
7818 data-value [1] OCTET STRING OPTIONAL
7821 -- preauth stuff follows
7823 PA-ENC-TIMESTAMP ::= EncryptedData -- PA-ENC-TS-ENC
7825 PA-ENC-TS-ENC ::= SEQUENCE {
7826 patimestamp [0] KerberosTime -- client's time --,
7827 pausec [1] Microseconds OPTIONAL
7830 ETYPE-INFO-ENTRY ::= SEQUENCE {
7832 salt [1] OCTET STRING OPTIONAL
7835 ETYPE-INFO ::= SEQUENCE OF ETYPE-INFO-ENTRY
7837 ETYPE-INFO2-ENTRY ::= SEQUENCE {
7839 salt [1] KerberosString OPTIONAL,
7840 s2kparams [2] OCTET STRING OPTIONAL
7843 ETYPE-INFO2 ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF ETYPE-INFO2-ENTRY
7845 AD-IF-RELEVANT ::= AuthorizationData
7847 AD-KDCIssued ::= SEQUENCE {
7848 ad-checksum [0] Checksum,
7849 i-realm [1] Realm OPTIONAL,
7850 i-sname [2] PrincipalName OPTIONAL,
7851 elements [3] AuthorizationData
7854 AD-AND-OR ::= SEQUENCE {
7858 June 2004 [Page 131]
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7864 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7867 condition-count [0] INTEGER,
7868 elements [1] AuthorizationData
7871 AD-MANDATORY-FOR-KDC ::= AuthorizationData
7875 B. Changes since RFC-1510
7877 This document replaces RFC-1510 and clarifies specification of items
7878 that were not completely specified. Where changes to recommended
7879 implementation choices were made, or where new options were added,
7880 those changes are described within the document and listed in this
7881 section. More significantly, "Specification 2" in section 8 changes
7882 the required encryption and checksum methods to bring them in line
7883 with the best current practices and to deprecate methods that are no
7884 longer considered sufficiently strong.
7886 Discussion was added to section 1 regarding the ability to rely on
7887 the KDC to check the transited field, and on the inclusion of a flag
7888 in a ticket indicating that this check has occurred. This is a new
7889 capability not present in RFC1510. Pre-existing implementations may
7890 ignore or not set this flag without negative security implications.
7892 The definition of the secret key says that in the case of a user the
7893 key may be derived from a password. In 1510, it said that the key was
7894 derived from the password. This change was made to accommodate
7895 situations where the user key might be stored on a smart-card, or
7896 otherwise obtained independent of a password.
7898 The introduction mentions the use of public key cryptography for
7899 initial authentication in Kerberos by reference. RFC1510 did not
7900 include such a reference.
7902 Section 1.2 was added to explain that while Kerberos provides
7903 authentication of a named principal, it is still the responsibility
7904 of the application to ensure that the authenticated name is the
7905 entity with which the application wishes to communicate.
7907 Discussion of extensibility has been added to the introduction.
7909 Discussion of how extensibility affects ticket flags and KDC options
7910 was added to the introduction of section 2. No changes were made to
7911 existing options and flags specified in RFC1510, though some of the
7912 sections in the specification were renumbered, and text was revised
7913 to make the description and intent of existing options clearer,
7914 especially with respect to the ENC-TKT-IN-SKEY option (now section
7918 June 2004 [Page 132]
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7924 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7927 2.9.2) which is used for user-to-user authentication. The new option
7928 and ticket flag transited policy checking (section 2.7) was added.
7930 A warning regarding generation of session keys for application use
7931 was added to section 3, urging the inclusion of key entropy from the
7932 KDC generated session key in the ticket. An example regarding use of
7933 the sub-session key was added to section 3.2.6. Descriptions of the
7934 pa-etype-info, pa-etype-info2, and pa-pw-salt pre-authentication data
7935 items were added. The recommendation for use of pre-authentication
7936 was changed from "may" to "should" and a note was added regarding
7937 known plaintext attacks.
7939 In RFC 1510, section 4 described the database in the KDC. This
7940 discussion was not necessary for interoperability and unnecessarily
7941 constrained implementation. The old section 4 was removed.
7943 The current section 4 was formerly section 6 on encryption and
7944 checksum specifications. The major part of this section was brought
7945 up to date to support new encryption methods, and move to a separate
7946 document. Those few remaining aspects of the encryption and checksum
7947 specification specific to Kerberos are now specified in section 4.
7949 Significant changes were made to the layout of section 5 to clarify
7950 the correct behavior for optional fields. Many of these changes were
7951 made necessary because of improper ASN.1 description in the original
7952 Kerberos specification which left the correct behavior
7953 underspecified. Additionally, the wording in this section was
7954 tightened wherever possible to ensure that implementations conforming
7955 to this specification will be extensible with the addition of new
7956 fields in future specifications.
7958 Text was added describing time_t=0 issues in the ASN.1. Text was also
7959 added, clarifying issues with implementations treating omitted
7960 optional integers as zero. Text was added clarifying behavior for
7961 optional SEQUENCE or SEQUENCE OF that may be empty. Discussion was
7962 added regarding sequence numbers and behavior of some
7963 implementations, including "zero" behavior and negative numbers. A
7964 compatibility note was added regarding the unconditional sending of
7965 EncTGSRepPart regardless of the enclosing reply type. Minor changes
7966 were made to the description of the HostAddresses type. Integer types
7967 were constrained. KerberosString was defined as a (significantly)
7968 constrained GeneralString. KerberosFlags was defined to reflect
7969 existing implementation behavior that departs from the definition in
7970 RFC 1510. The transited-policy-checked(12) and the ok-as-delegate(13)
7971 ticket flags were added. The disable-transited-check(26) KDC option
7974 Descriptions of commonly implemented PA-DATA were added to section 5.
7978 June 2004 [Page 133]
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7984 Neuman, et al. draft-ietf-krb-wg-kerberos-clarifications-06.txt DRAFT
7987 The description of KRB-SAFE has been updated to note the existing
7988 implementation behavior of double-encoding.
7990 There were two definitions of METHOD-DATA in RFC 1510. The second
7991 one, intended for use with KRB_AP_ERR_METHOD was removed leaving the
7992 SEQUENCE OF PA-DATA definition.
7994 Section 7, naming constraints, from RFC1510 was moved to section 6.
7996 Words were added describing the convention that domain based realm
7997 names for newly created realms should be specified as upper case.
7998 This recommendation does not make lower case realm names illegal.
7999 Words were added highlighting that the slash separated components in
8000 the X500 style of realm names is consistent with existing RFC1510
8001 based implementations, but that it conflicts with the general
8002 recommendation of X.500 name representation specified in RFC2253.
8004 Section 8, network transport, constants and defined values, from
8005 RFC1510 was moved to section 7. Since RFC1510, the definition of the
8006 TCP transport for Kerberos messages was added, and the encryption and
8007 checksum number assignments have been moved into a separate document.
8009 "Specification 2" in section 8 of the current document changes the
8010 required encryption and checksum methods to bring them in line with
8011 the best current practices and to deprecate methods that are no
8012 longer considered sufficiently strong.
8014 Two new sections, on IANA considerations and security considerations
8017 The pseudo-code has been removed from the appendix. The pseudo-code
8018 was sometimes misinterpreted to limit implementation choices and in
8019 RFC 1510, it was not always consistent with the words in the
8020 specification. Effort was made to clear up any ambiguities in the
8021 specification, rather than to rely on the pseudo-code.
8023 An appendix was added containing the complete ASN.1 module drawn from
8024 the discussion in section 5 of the current document.
8028 (*TM) Project Athena, Athena, and Kerberos are trademarks of the
8029 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). No commercial use of
8030 these trademarks may be made without prior written permission of MIT.
8038 June 2004 [Page 134]