1 "FSFS" is the name of a Subversion filesystem implementation, an
2 alternative to the original Berkeley DB-based implementation. See
3 http://subversion.tigris.org/ for information about Subversion. This
4 is a propaganda document for FSFS, to help people determine if they
5 should be interested in using it instead of the BDB filesystem.
10 * Write access not required for read operations
12 To perform a checkout, update, or similar operation on an FSFS
13 repository requires no write access to any part of the repository.
15 * Little or no need for recovery
17 An svn process which terminates improperly will not generally cause
18 the repository to wedge. (See "Note: Recovery" below for a more
19 in-depth discussion of what could conceivably go wrong.)
21 * Smaller repositories
23 An FSFS repository is smaller than a BDB repository. Generally, the
24 space savings are on the order of 10-20%, but if you do a lot of work
25 on branches, the savings could be much higher, due to the way FSFS
26 stores deltas. Also, if you have many small repositories, the
27 overhead of FSFS is much smaller than the overhead of the BDB
30 * Platform-independent
32 The format of an FSFS repository is platform-independent, whereas a
33 BDB repository will generally require recovery (or a dump and load)
34 before it can be accessed with a different operating system, hardware
35 platform, or BDB version.
37 * Can host on network filesystem
39 FSFS repositories can be hosted on network filesystems, just as CVS
40 repositories can. (See "Note: Locking" for caveats about
45 FSFS is careful to match the permissions of new revision files to the
46 permissions of the previous most-recent revision, so there is no need
47 to worry about a committer's umask rendering part of the repository
48 inaccessible to other users. (You must still set the g+s bit on the
49 db directories on most Unix platforms other than the *BSDs.)
51 * Standard backup software
53 An FSFS repository can be backed up with standard backup software.
54 Since old revision files don't change, incremental backups with
55 standard backup software are efficient. (See "Note: Backups" for
58 (BDB repositories can be backed up using "svnadmin hotcopy" and can be
59 backed up incrementally using "svnadmin dump". FSFS just makes it
62 * Can split up repository across multiple spools
64 If an FSFS repository is outgrowing the filesystem it lives on, you
65 can symlink old revisions off to another filesystem.
67 * More easily understood repository layout
69 If something goes wrong and you need to examine your repository, it
70 may be easier to do so with the FSFS format than with the BDB format.
71 (To be fair, both of them are difficult to extract file contents from
72 by hand, because they use delta storage, and "db_dump" makes it
73 possible to analyze a BDB repository.)
75 * Faster handling of directories with many files
77 If you are importing a tree which has directories with many files in
78 it, the BDB repository must, by design, rewrite the directory once for
79 each file, which is O(n^2) work. FSFS appends an entry to the
80 directory file for each change and then collapses the changes at the
81 end of the commit, so it can do the import with O(n) work.
83 Purely as a matter of implementation, FSFS also performs better
84 caching, so that iterations over large directories are much faster for
85 both read and write operations. Some of those caching changes could
86 be ported to BDB without changing the schema.
88 * (Fine point) Fast "svn log -v" over big revisions
90 In the BDB filesystem, if you do a large import and then do "svn log
91 -v", the server has to crawl the database for each changed path to
92 find the copyfrom information, which can take a minute or two of high
93 server load. FSFS stores the copyfrom information along with the
94 changed-path information, so the same operation takes just a few
97 * (Marginal) Can give insert-only access to revs subdir for commits
99 In some filesystems such as AFS, it is possible to give insert-only
100 write access to a directory. If you can do this, you can give people
101 commit access to an FSFS repository without allowing them to modify
102 old revisions, without using a server.
104 (The Unix sticky bit comes close, but people would still have
105 permission to modify their own old revisions, which, because of delta
106 storage, might allow them to influence the contents of other people's
107 more recent revisions.)
112 Most of the downsides of FSFS are more theoretical than practical, but
113 for the sake of completeness, here are all the ones I know about:
115 * More server work for head checkout
117 Because of the way FSFS stores deltas, it takes more work to derive
118 the contents of the head revision than it does in a BDB filesystem.
119 Measurements suggest that in a typical workload, the server has to do
120 about twice as much work (computation and file access) to check out
121 the head. From the client's perspective, with network and working
122 copy overhead added in, the extra time required for a checkout
123 operation is minimal, but if server resources are scarce, FSFS might
124 not be the best choice for a repository with many readers.
128 Although FSFS commits are generally faster than BDB commits, more of
129 the work of an FSFS commit is deferred until the final step. For a
130 very large commit (tens of thousands of files), the final step may
131 involve a delay of over a minute. There is no user feedback during
132 the final phase of a commit, which can lead to impatience and, in
133 really bad cases, HTTP client timeouts.
135 * Lower commit throughput
137 Because of the greater amount of work done during the final phase of a
138 commit, if there are many commits to an FSFS repository, they may
139 stack up behind each other waiting for the write lock, whereas in a
140 BDB repository they would be able to do more of their work in
143 * Less mature code base
145 FSFS was introduced in the Subversion 1.1 release, whereas BDB has
146 been around since the inception of the Subversion project.
148 * Big directories full of revision files
150 Each revision in an FSFS repository corresponds to a file in the
151 db/revs directory and another one in the db/rev-props directory. If
152 you have many revisions, this means there are two directories each
153 containing many files. Though some modern filesystems perform well on
154 directories containing many files (even if they require a linear
155 search for files within a directory, they may do well on repeated
156 accesses using an in-memory hash of the directory), some do not.
158 A future release of Subversion may address this issue by optionally
159 organizing revision files into subdirectories.
161 * (Developers) More difficult to index
163 Every so often, people propose new Subversion features which require
164 adding new indexing to the repository in order to implement
165 efficiently. Here's a little picture showing where FSFS lies on the
166 indexing difficulty axis:
168 Ease of adding new indexing
169 harder <----------------------------------> easier
172 With a hypothetical SQL database implementation, new indexes could be
173 added easily. In the BDB implementation, it is necessary to write
174 code to maintain the index, but transactions and tables make that code
175 relatively straightforward to write. In a dedicated format like FSFS,
176 particularly with its "old revisions never change" constraint, adding
177 new indexing features would generally require a careful design
183 FSFS support is new in Subversion 1.1. If you are running a
184 Subversion 1.0.x release, you will need to upgrade the server (but not
185 the client, unless you are using file:/// access).
187 Once you've gotten that out of the way, using FSFS is simple: just
188 create your repositories with "svnadmin create --fs-type=fsfs PATH".
189 Or, build Subversion without Berkeley DB support, and repositories
190 will be created with FSFS by default.
195 If a process terminates abnormally during a read operation, it should
196 leave behind no traces in the repository, since read operations do not
197 modify the repository in any way.
199 If a process terminates abnormally during a commit operation, it will
200 leave behind a stale transaction, which will not interfere with
201 operation and which can be removed with a normal recursive delete
204 If a process terminates abnormally during the final phase of a commit
205 operation, it may be holding the write lock. The way locking is
206 currently implemented, a dead process should not be able to hold a
207 lock, but over a remote filesystem that guarantee may not apply.
208 Also, in the future, FSFS may have optional support for
209 NFSv2-compatible locking which would allow for the possibility of
210 stale locks. In either case, the write-lock file can simply be
211 removed to unblock commits, and read operations will remain
217 Locking is currently implemented using the apr_file_lock() function,
218 which on Unix uses fcntl() locking, and on Windows uses LockFile().
219 Modern remote filesystem implementations should support these
220 operations, but may not do so perfectly, and NFSv2 servers may not
223 It is possible to do exclusive locking under basic NFSv2 using a
224 complicated dance involving link(). It's possible that FSFS will
225 evolve to allow NFSv2-compatible locking, or perhaps just basic O_EXCL
226 locking, as a repository configuration option.
231 Naively copying an FSFS repository while a commit is taking place
232 could result in an easily-repaired inconsistency in the backed-up
233 repository. The backed-up "current" file could wind up referring to a
234 new revision which wasn't copied, or which was only partially
235 populated when it was copied.
237 The "svnadmin hotcopy" command avoids this problem by copying the
238 "current" file before copying the revision files. But a backup using
239 the hotcopy command isn't as efficient as a straight incremental
240 backup. As of Subversion 1.5.0, "svnadmin recover" is able to recover
241 from the inconsistency which might result from a naive backup by
242 recreating the "current" file. However, this does require reading
243 every revision file in the repository, and so may take some time.
245 Naively copying an FSFS repository might also copy in-progress
246 transactions, which would become stale and take up extra room until
247 manually removed. "svnadmin hotcopy" does not copy in-progress
248 transactions from an FSFS repository, although that might need to
249 change if Subversion starts making use of long-lived transactions.
251 So, if you are using standard backup tools to make backups of a FSFS
252 repository, configure the software to copy the "current" file before
253 the numbered revision files, if possible, and configure it not to copy
254 the "transactions" directory. If you can't do those things, use
255 "svnadmin hotcopy", or be prepared to cope with the very occasional
256 need for repair of the repository upon restoring it from backup.