1 This is an essay by Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com> on maintaining
4 Although Subversion generates its ChangeLogs from svn log data,
5 instead of keeping independent ChangeLog files, most of the advice
6 below is as applicable to cvs log messages as to ChangeLog entries.
9 Maintaining the ChangeLog
10 =========================
12 A project's ChangeLog provides a history of development. Comments in
13 the code should explain the code's present state, but ChangeLog
14 entries should explain how and when it got that way. The ChangeLog
17 * the relative order in which changes entered the code, so you can
18 see the context in which a change was made, and
20 * the date at which the change entered the code, so you can relate the
21 change to outside events, like branch cuts, code freezes, and
24 In the case of CVS, these refer to when the change was committed,
25 because that is the context in which other developers will see the
28 Every change to the sources should have a ChangeLog entry. The value
29 of the ChangeLog becomes much less if developers cannot rely on its
30 completeness. Even if you've only changed comments, write an entry
31 that says, "Doc fix." The only changes you needn't log are small
32 changes that have no effect on the source, like formatting tweaks.
34 In order to keep the ChangeLog a manageable size, at the beginning of
35 each year, the ChangeLog should be renamed to "ChangeLog-YYYY", and a
36 fresh ChangeLog file started.
39 How to write ChangeLog entries
40 ------------------------------
42 ChangeLog entries should be full sentences, not sentence fragments.
43 Fragments are more often ambiguous, and it takes only a few more
44 seconds to write out what you mean. Fragments like `New file' or `New
45 function' are acceptable, because they are standard idioms, and all
46 further details should appear in the source code.
48 The log entry should mention every file changed. It should also
49 mention by name every function, variable, macro, makefile target,
50 grammar rule, etc. you changed. However, there are common-sense
53 * If you have made a change which requires trivial changes throughout
54 the rest of the program (e.g., renaming a variable), you needn't
55 name all the functions affected.
57 * If you have rewritten a file completely, the reader understands that
58 everything in it has changed, so your log entry may simply give the
59 file name, and say "Rewritten".
61 In general, there is a tension between making entries easy to find by
62 searching for identifiers, and wasting time or producing unreadable
63 entries by being exhaustive. Use your best judgement --- and be
64 considerate of your fellow developers.
66 Group ChangeLog entries into "paragraphs", separated by blank lines.
67 Each paragraph should be a set of changes that accomplish a single
68 goal. Independent changes should be in separate paragraphs. For
71 1999-03-24 Stan Shebs <shebs@andros.cygnus.com>
73 * configure.host (mips-dec-mach3*): Use mipsm3, not mach3.
75 Attempt to sort out SCO-related configs.
76 * configure.host (i[3456]86-*-sysv4.2*): Use this instead of
77 i[3456]86-*-sysv4.2MP and i[3456]86-*-sysv4.2uw2*.
78 (i[3456]86-*-sysv5*): Recognize this.
79 * configure.tgt (i[3456]86-*-sco3.2v5*, i[3456]86-*-sco3.2v4*):
82 Even though this entry describes two changes to `configure.host',
83 they're in separate paragraphs, because they're unrelated changes.
84 The second change to `configure.host' is grouped with another change
85 to `configure.tgt', because they both serve the same purpose.
87 Also note that the author has kindly recorded his overall motivation
88 for the paragraph, so we don't have to glean it from the individual
91 The header line for the ChangeLog entry should have the format shown
92 above. If you are using an old version of Emacs (before 20.1) that
93 generates entries with more verbose dates, consider using
94 `etc/add-log.el', from the GDB source tree. If you are using vi,
95 consider using the macro in `etc/add-log.vi'. Both of these generate
96 entries in the newer, terser format.
98 One should never need the ChangeLog to understand the current code.
99 If you find yourself writing a significant explanation in the
100 ChangeLog, you should consider carefully whether your text doesn't
101 actually belong in a comment, alongside the code it explains. Here's
102 an example of doing it right:
104 1999-02-23 Tom Tromey <tromey@cygnus.com>
106 * cplus-dem.c (consume_count): If `count' is unreasonable,
107 return 0 and don't advance input pointer.
109 And then, in `consume_count' in `cplus-dem.c':
111 while (isdigit ((unsigned char)**type))
114 count += **type - '0';
115 /* A sanity check. Otherwise a symbol like
116 `_Utf390_1__1_9223372036854775807__9223372036854775'
117 can cause this function to return a negative value.
118 In this case we just consume until the end of the string. */
119 if (count > strlen (*type))
125 This is why a new function, for example, needs only a log entry saying
126 "New Function" --- all the details should be in the source.
128 Avoid the temptation to abbreviate filenames or function names, as in
129 this example (mostly real, but slightly exaggerated):
131 * gdbarch.[ch] (gdbarch_tdep, gdbarch_bfd_arch_info,
132 gdbarch_byte_order, {set,}gdbarch_long_bit,
133 {set,}gdbarch_long_long_bit, {set,}gdbarch_ptr_bit): Corresponding
136 This makes it difficult for others to search the ChangeLog for changes
137 to the file or function they are interested in. For example, if you
138 searched for `set_gdbarch_long_bit', you would not find the above
139 entry, because the writer used CSH-style globbing to abbreviate the
140 list of functions. If you gave up, and made a second pass looking for
141 gdbarch.c, you wouldn't find that either. Consider your poor readers,
142 and write out the names.
145 ChangeLogs and the CVS log
146 --------------------------
148 CVS maintains its own logs, which you can access using the `cvs log'
149 command. This duplicates the information present in the ChangeLog,
150 but binds each entry to a specific revision, which can be helpful at
153 However, the CVS log is no substitute for the ChangeLog files.
155 * CVS provides no easy way to see the changes made to a set of files
156 in chronological order. They're sorted first by filename, not by date.
158 * Unless you put full ChangeLog paragraphs in your CVS log entries, it's
159 difficult to pull together changes that cross several files.
161 * CVS doesn't segregate log entries for branches from those for the
162 trunk in any useful way.
164 In some circumstances, though, the CVS log is more useful than the
165 ChangeLog, so we maintain both. When you commit a change, you should
166 provide appropriate text in both the ChangeLog and the CVS log.
168 It is not necessary to provide CVS log entries for ChangeLog changes,
169 since it would simply duplicate the contents of the file itself.
172 Writing ChangeLog entries for merges
173 ------------------------------------
175 Revision management software like CVS can introduce some confusion
176 when writing ChangeLog entries. For example, one might write a change
177 on a branch, and then merge it into the trunk months later. In that
178 case, what position and date should the developer use for the
179 ChangeLog entry --- that of the original change, or the date of the
182 The principles described at the top need to hold for both the original
183 change and the merged change. That is:
185 * On the branch (or trunk) where the change is first committed, the
186 ChangeLog entry should be written as normal, inserted at the top of
187 the ChangeLog and reflecting the date the change was committed to
188 the branch (or trunk).
190 * When the change is then merged (to the trunk, or to another branch),
191 the ChangeLog entry should have the following form:
193 1999-03-26 Jim Blandy <jimb@zwingli.cygnus.com>
195 Merged change from foobar_20010401_branch:
197 1999-03-16 Keith Seitz <keiths@cygnus.com>
200 In this case, "Jim Blandy" is doing the merge on March 26; "Keith
201 Seitz" is the original author of the change, who committed it to
202 `foobar_20010401_branch' on March 16.
204 As shown here, the entry for the merge should be like any other
205 change --- inserted at the top of the ChangeLog, and stamped with
206 the date the merge was committed. It should indicate the origin of
207 the change, and provide the full text of the original entry,
208 indented to avoid being confused with a true log entry. Remember
209 that people looking for the merge will search for the original
210 changelog text, so it's important to preserve it unchanged.
212 For the merge entry, we use the merge date, and not the original
213 date, because this is when the change appears on the trunk or branch
214 this ChangeLog documents. Its impact on these sources is
215 independent of when or where it originated.
217 This approach preserves the structure of the ChangeLog (entries appear
218 in order, and dates reflect when they appeared), but also provides
219 full information about changes' origins.