1 [This documentation is rather crufty at the moment.]
3 MEMDISK is meant to allow booting legacy operating systems via PXE,
4 and as a workaround for BIOSes where ISOLINUX image support doesn't
7 MEMDISK simulates a disk by claiming a chunk of high memory for the
8 disk and a (very small - 2K typical) chunk of low (DOS) memory for the
9 driver itself, then hooking the INT 13h (disk driver) and INT 15h
10 (memory query) BIOS interrupts.
12 MEMDISK allows for an OS to detect the MEMDISK instance. (See the
13 "Additional technical information" section below.)
15 To use it, type on the Syslinux command line:
17 memdisk initrd=diskimg.img
19 ... where diskimg.img is the disk image you want to boot from.
21 [Obviously, the memdisk binary as well as your disk image file need to
22 be present in the boot image directory.]
24 ... or add to your syslinux.cfg/pxelinux.cfg/isolinux.cfg something like:
28 append initrd=dosboot.img
32 a) The disk image can be uncompressed or compressed with gzip or zip.
34 b) If the disk image is less than 4,194,304 bytes (4096K, 4 MB) it is
35 assumed to be a floppy image and MEMDISK will try to guess its
36 geometry based on the size of the file. MEMDISK recognizes all the
37 standard floppy sizes as well as common extended formats:
39 163,840 bytes (160K) c=40 h=1 s=8 5.25" SSSD
40 184,320 bytes (180K) c=40 h=1 s=9 5.25" SSSD
41 327,680 bytes (320K) c=40 h=2 s=8 5.25" DSDD
42 368,640 bytes (360K) c=40 h=2 s=9 5.25" DSDD
43 655,360 bytes (640K) c=80 h=2 s=8 3.5" DSDD
44 737,280 bytes (720K) c=80 h=2 s=9 3.5" DSDD
45 1,222,800 bytes (1200K) c=80 h=2 s=15 5.25" DSHD
46 1,474,560 bytes (1440K) c=80 h=2 s=18 3.5" DSHD
47 1,638,400 bytes (1600K) c=80 h=2 s=20 3.5" DSHD (extended)
48 1,720,320 bytes (1680K) c=80 h=2 s=21 3.5" DSHD (extended)
49 1,763,328 bytes (1722K) c=82 h=2 s=21 3.5" DSHD (extended)
50 1,784,832 bytes (1743K) c=83 h=2 s=21 3.5" DSHD (extended)
51 1,802,240 bytes (1760K) c=80 h=2 s=22 3.5" DSHD (extended)
52 1,884,160 bytes (1840K) c=80 h=2 s=23 3.5" DSHD (extended)
53 1,966,080 bytes (1920K) c=80 h=2 s=24 3.5" DSHD (extended)
54 2,949,120 bytes (2880K) c=80 h=2 s=36 3.5" DSED
55 3,194,880 bytes (3120K) c=80 h=2 s=39 3.5" DSED (extended)
56 3,276,800 bytes (3200K) c=80 h=2 s=40 3.5" DSED (extended)
57 3,604,480 bytes (3520K) c=80 h=2 s=44 3.5" DSED (extended)
58 3,932,160 bytes (3840K) c=80 h=2 s=48 3.5" DSED (extended)
60 A small perl script is included in the MEMDISK directory which can
61 determine the geometry that MEMDISK would select for other sizes;
62 in general MEMDISK will correctly detect most physical extended
63 formats used, with 80 cylinders or slightly more.
65 If the image is 4 MB or larger, it is assumed to be a hard disk
66 image, and should typically have an MBR and a partition table. It
67 may optionally have a DOSEMU geometry header; in which case the
68 header is used to determine the C/H/S geometry of the disk.
69 Otherwise, the geometry is determined by examining the partition
70 table, so the entire image should be partitioned for proper
71 operation (it may be divided between multiple partitions, however.)
73 You can also specify the geometry manually with the following command
76 c=# Specify number of cylinders (max 1024[*])
77 h=# Specify number of heads (max 256[*])
78 s=# Specify number of sectors (max 63)
79 floppy[=#] The image is a floppy image[**]
80 harddisk[=#] The image is a hard disk image[**]
81 iso The image is an El Torito ISO9660 image (drive 0xE0)
83 # represents a decimal number.
85 [*] MS-DOS only allows max 255 heads, and only allows 255 cylinders
88 [**] Normally MEMDISK emulates the first floppy or hard disk. This
89 can be overridden by specifying an index, e.g. floppy=1 will
90 simulate fd1 (B:). This may not work on all operating systems
93 c) The disk is normally writable (although, of course, there is
94 nothing backing it up, so it only lasts until reset.) If you want,
95 you can mimic a write-protected disk by specifying the command line
100 d) MEMDISK normally uses the BIOS "INT 15h mover" API to access high
101 memory. This is well-behaved with extended memory managers which load
102 later. Unfortunately it appears that the "DOS boot disk" from
103 WinME/XP *deliberately* crash the system when this API is invoked.
104 The following command-line options tells MEMDISK to enter protected
105 mode directly, whenever possible:
107 raw Use raw access to protected mode memory.
109 bigraw Use raw access to protected mode memory, and leave the
110 CPU in "big real" mode afterwards.
112 int Use plain INT 15h access to protected memory. This assumes
113 that anything which hooks INT 15h knows what it is doing.
115 safeint Use INT 15h access to protected memory, but invoke
116 INT 15h the way it was *before* MEMDISK was loaded.
117 This is the default since version 3.73.
119 e) MEMDISK by default supports EDD/EBIOS on hard disks, but not on
120 floppy disks. This can be controlled with the options:
123 noedd Disable EDD/EBIOS
125 f) The following option can be used to pause to view the messages:
127 pause Wait for a keypress right before booting
129 g) The following option can be used to set the real-mode stack size.
130 The default is 512 bytes, but if there is a failure it might be
131 interesting to set it to something larger:
133 stack=size Set the stack to "size" bytes
135 h) Some systems without a floppy drive have been known to have
136 problems with floppy images. To avoid that those problems, first
137 of all make sure you don't have a floppy drive configured on the
138 BIOS screen. If there is no option to configure that, or that
139 doesn't work, you can use the option:
141 nopass Hide all real drives of the same type (floppy or hard disk)
142 nopassany Hide all real drives (floppy and hard disk)
145 Some interesting things to note:
147 If you're using MEMDISK to boot DOS from a CD-ROM (using ISOLINUX),
148 you might find the generic El Torito CD-ROM driver by Gary Tong and
149 Bart Lagerweij useful. It is now included with the Syslinux
150 distribution, in the dosutil directory. See the file
151 dosutil/eltorito.txt for more information.
153 Similarly, if you're booting DOS over the network using PXELINUX, you
154 can use the "keeppxe" option and use the generic PXE (UNDI) NDIS
155 network driver, which is part of the PROBOOT.EXE distribution from
158 http://www.intel.com/support/network/adapter/1000/software.htm
161 Additional technical information:
163 Starting with version 2.08, MEMDISK now supports an installation check
164 API. This works as follows:
166 EAX = 454D08xxh ("ME") (08h = parameter query)
167 ECX = 444Dxxxxh ("MD")
168 EDX = 5349xxnnh ("IS") (nn = drive #)
169 EBX = 3F4Bxxxxh ("K?")
172 If drive nn is a MEMDISK, the registers will contain:
174 EAX = 4D21xxxxh ("!M")
175 ECX = 4D45xxxxh ("EM")
176 EDX = 4944xxxxh ("DI")
177 EBX = 4B53xxxxh ("SK")
179 ES:DI -> MEMDISK info structures
181 The low parts of EAX/ECX/EDX/EBX have the normal return values for INT
182 13h, AH=08h, i.e. information of the disk geometry etc.
184 See Ralf Brown's interrupt list,
185 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/ralf/pub/WWW/files.html or
186 http://www.ctyme.com/rbrown.htm, for a detailed description.
188 The MEMDISK info structure currently contains:
190 [ES:DI] word Total size of structure (currently 30 bytes)
191 [ES:DI+2] byte MEMDISK minor version
192 [ES:DI+3] byte MEMDISK major version
193 [ES:DI+4] dword Pointer to MEMDISK data in high memory
194 [ES:DI+8] dword Size of MEMDISK data in sectors
195 [ES:DI+12] 16:16 Far pointer to command line
196 [ES:DI+16] 16:16 Old INT 13h pointer
197 [ES:DI+20] 16:16 Old INT 15h pointer
198 [ES:DI+24] word Amount of DOS memory before MEMDISK loaded
199 [ES:DI+26] byte Boot loader ID
200 [ES:DI+27] byte Sector size as a power of 2
201 (If zero, assume 512-byte sectors)
202 [ES:DI+28] word If nonzero, offset (vs ES) to installed DPT
203 This pointer+16 contains the original INT 1Eh
205 Sizes of this structure:
207 3.71+ 30 bytes Added DPT pointer
208 3.00-3.70 27 bytes Added boot loader ID
211 In addition, the following fields are available at [ES:0]:
213 [ES:0] word Offset of INT 13h routine (segment == ES)
214 [ES:2] word Offset of INT 15h routine (segment == ES)
216 The program mdiskchk.c in the sample directory is an example on how
217 this API can be used.
219 The following code can be used to "disable" MEMDISK. Note that it
220 does not free the handler in DOS memory, and that running this from
221 DOS will probably crash your machine (DOS doesn't like drives suddenly
222 disappearing from underneath.) This is also not necessarily the best
246 mov bx,[es:0] ; INT 13h handler offset
247 mov eax,[es:di+16] ; Old INT 13h handler
248 mov byte [es:bx], 0EAh ; FAR JMP
251 mov bx,[es:2] ; INT 15h handler offset
252 mov eax,[es:di+20] ; Old INT 15h handler
253 mov byte [es:bx], 0EAh ; FAR JMP
257 MEMDISK supports the Win9x "safe hook" structure for OS detection.
258 (See "Safe Master Boot Record INT 13h Hook Routines," available at
259 http://www.osronline.com/ddkx/w98ddk/storage_5l6g.htm as of
260 December 7th, 2009.) An OS driver can take a look at the INTerrupt table
261 and try to walk along the chain of those hooks that implement the "safe hook"
262 structure. For each hook discovered, a vendor can be identified and the OS
263 driver can take appropriate action. The OS driver can mark the "flags" field
264 of the "safe hook" to indicate that the driver has reviewed it already. This
265 prevents accidental re-detection, for example.
267 MEMDISK adds one additional extension field to the "safe hook" structure, a
268 pointer to a special MEMDISK structure called the "mBFT." The mBFT is the
269 "MEMDISK Boot Firmware Table" (akin to the iSCSI iBFT and the AoE aBFT). An
270 OS driver looking at MEMDISK's "safe hook" should know that this field will
271 be present based on the fact that MEMDISK is the vendor identifier.
273 The mBFT is little more than an ACPI table to prefix MEMDISK's traditional
274 MEMDISK info structure (the "MDI"). The ACPI table's details are:
276 OEM ID. . . .: MEMDSK
277 OEM Table ID : Syslinux
279 There is a 1-byte checksum field which covers the length of the mBFT all
280 the way through to the end of the MEMDISK info structure.
282 There is also a physical pointer to the "safe hook" structure associated
283 with the MEMDISK instance. An OS driver might use the following logic:
285 1. Walk INT 13h "safe hook" chain as far as possible, marking hooks as
286 having been reviewed. For MEMDISK hooks, the driver then follows the
287 pointer to the mBFT and gathers the RAM disk details from the included
289 2. The OS driver scans low memory for valid mBFTs. MEMDISK instances that
290 have been "disconnected" from the INT 13h "safe hook" chain can be thus
291 discovered. Looking at their associated "safe hook" structure will
292 reveal if they were indeed reviewed by the previous stage.