2 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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7 <!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
9 <refentry id="systemd-system.conf"
10 xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
12 <title>systemd-system.conf</title>
13 <productname>systemd</productname>
17 <refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle>
18 <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
22 <refname>systemd-system.conf</refname>
23 <refname>system.conf.d</refname>
24 <refname>systemd-user.conf</refname>
25 <refname>user.conf.d</refname>
26 <refpurpose>System and session service manager configuration files</refpurpose>
30 <para><filename>/etc/systemd/system.conf</filename>,
31 <filename>/run/systemd/system.conf</filename>,
32 <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system.conf</filename>,
33 <filename>/etc/systemd/system.conf.d/*.conf</filename>,
34 <filename>/run/systemd/system.conf.d/*.conf</filename>,
35 <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system.conf.d/*.conf</filename></para>
37 <para><filename>~/.config/systemd/user.conf</filename>,
38 <filename>/etc/systemd/user.conf</filename>,
39 <filename>/run/systemd/user.conf</filename>,
40 <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/user.conf</filename>,
41 <filename>/etc/systemd/user.conf.d/*.conf</filename>,
42 <filename>/run/systemd/user.conf.d/*.conf</filename>,
43 <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/user.conf.d/*.conf</filename></para>
47 <title>Description</title>
49 <para>When run as a system instance, <command>systemd</command> interprets the configuration file
50 <filename>system.conf</filename> and the files in <filename>system.conf.d</filename> directories; when
51 run as a user instance, it interprets the configuration file <filename>user.conf</filename> (in order of
52 priority, in the home directory of the user and under <filename>/etc/systemd/</filename>,
53 <filename>/run/systemd/</filename>, and <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/</filename>) and the files in
54 <filename>user.conf.d</filename> directories. These configuration files contain a few settings
55 controlling basic manager operations.</para>
58 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.syntax</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
59 general description of the syntax.</para>
62 <xi:include href="standard-conf.xml" xpointer="main-conf" />
65 <title>Options</title>
67 <para>All options are configured in the [Manager] section:</para>
69 <variablelist class='config-directives'>
71 <term><varname>LogColor=</varname></term>
72 <term><varname>LogLevel=</varname></term>
73 <term><varname>LogLocation=</varname></term>
74 <term><varname>LogTarget=</varname></term>
75 <term><varname>LogTime=</varname></term>
76 <term><varname>DumpCore=yes</varname></term>
77 <term><varname>CrashChangeVT=no</varname></term>
78 <term><varname>CrashShell=no</varname></term>
79 <term><varname>CrashAction=freeze</varname></term>
80 <term><varname>ShowStatus=yes</varname></term>
81 <term><varname>DefaultStandardOutput=journal</varname></term>
82 <term><varname>DefaultStandardError=inherit</varname></term>
84 <listitem><para>Configures various parameters of basic manager operation. These options may be overridden by
85 the respective process and kernel command line arguments. See
86 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
89 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
93 <term><varname>CtrlAltDelBurstAction=</varname></term>
95 <listitem><para>Defines what action will be performed
96 if user presses Ctrl-Alt-Delete more than 7 times in 2s.
97 Can be set to <literal>reboot-force</literal>, <literal>poweroff-force</literal>,
98 <literal>reboot-immediate</literal>, <literal>poweroff-immediate</literal>
99 or disabled with <literal>none</literal>. Defaults to
100 <literal>reboot-force</literal>.
103 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v232"/></listitem>
107 <term><varname>StatusUnitFormat=</varname></term>
109 <listitem><para>Takes <option>name</option>, <option>description</option> or
110 <option>combined</option> as the value. If <option>name</option>, the system manager will use unit
111 names in status messages (e.g. <literal>systemd-journald.service</literal>), instead of the longer
112 and more informative descriptions set with <varname>Description=</varname> (e.g. <literal>Journal
113 Logging Service</literal>). If <option>combined</option>, the system manager will use both unit names
114 and descriptions in status messages (e.g. <literal>systemd-journald.service - Journal Logging
115 Service</literal>).</para>
118 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
119 details about unit names and <varname>Description=</varname>.</para>
121 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/></listitem>
125 <term><varname>DefaultTimerAccuracySec=</varname></term>
127 <listitem><para>Sets the default accuracy of timer units. This
128 controls the global default for the
129 <varname>AccuracySec=</varname> setting of timer units, see
130 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
131 for details. <varname>AccuracySec=</varname> set in individual
132 units override the global default for the specific unit.
133 Defaults to 1min. Note that the accuracy of timer units is
134 also affected by the configured timer slack for PID 1, see
135 <varname>TimerSlackNSec=</varname> above.</para>
137 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v212"/></listitem>
143 <title>Resource Management</title>
145 <variablelist class='config-directives'>
147 <term><varname>TimerSlackNSec=</varname></term>
149 <listitem><para>Sets the timer slack in nanoseconds for PID 1,
150 which is inherited by all executed processes, unless
151 overridden individually, for example with the
152 <varname>TimerSlackNSec=</varname> setting in service units
154 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
155 The timer slack controls the accuracy of wake-ups triggered by
157 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>prctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
158 for more information. Note that in contrast to most other time
159 span definitions this parameter takes an integer value in
160 nano-seconds if no unit is specified. The usual time units are
161 understood too.</para>
163 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
166 <term><varname>CPUAffinity=</varname></term>
168 <listitem><para>Configures the CPU affinity for the service manager as well as the default CPU
169 affinity for all forked off processes. Takes a list of CPU indices or ranges separated by either
170 whitespace or commas. CPU ranges are specified by the lower and upper CPU indices separated by a
171 dash. This option may be specified more than once, in which case the specified CPU affinity masks are
172 merged. If the empty string is assigned, the mask is reset, all assignments prior to this will have
173 no effect. Individual services may override the CPU affinity for their processes with the
174 <varname>CPUAffinity=</varname> setting in unit files, see
175 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
177 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
181 <term><varname>NUMAPolicy=</varname></term>
183 <listitem><para>Configures the NUMA memory policy for the service manager and the default NUMA memory policy
184 for all forked off processes. Individual services may override the default policy with the
185 <varname>NUMAPolicy=</varname> setting in unit files, see
186 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
188 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/></listitem>
192 <term><varname>NUMAMask=</varname></term>
194 <listitem><para>Configures the NUMA node mask that will be associated with the selected NUMA policy. Note that
195 <option>default</option> and <option>local</option> NUMA policies do not require explicit NUMA node mask and
196 value of the option can be empty. Similarly to <varname>NUMAPolicy=</varname>, value can be overridden
197 by individual services in unit files, see
198 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
200 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/></listitem>
204 <term><varname>DefaultCPUAccounting=</varname></term>
205 <term><varname>DefaultMemoryAccounting=</varname></term>
206 <term><varname>DefaultTasksAccounting=</varname></term>
207 <term><varname>DefaultIOAccounting=</varname></term>
208 <term><varname>DefaultIPAccounting=</varname></term>
211 <para>Configure the default resource accounting settings, as configured per-unit by
212 <varname>CPUAccounting=</varname>, <varname>MemoryAccounting=</varname>,
213 <varname>TasksAccounting=</varname>, <varname>IOAccounting=</varname> and
214 <varname>IPAccounting=</varname>. See
215 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
216 for details on the per-unit settings.</para>
218 <para><varname>DefaultCPUAccounting=</varname> defaults to yes when running on kernel ≥4.15, and no on older versions.
219 <varname>DefaultMemoryAccounting=</varname> defaults to &MEMORY_ACCOUNTING_DEFAULT;.
220 <varname>DefaultTasksAccounting=</varname> defaults to yes.
221 The other settings default to no.</para>
223 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v211"/>
228 <term><varname>DefaultTasksMax=</varname></term>
230 <listitem><para>Configure the default value for the per-unit <varname>TasksMax=</varname> setting. See
231 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
232 for details. This setting applies to all unit types that support resource control settings, with the exception
233 of slice units. Defaults to 15% of the minimum of <varname>kernel.pid_max=</varname>, <varname>kernel.threads-max=</varname>
234 and root cgroup <varname>pids.max</varname>.
235 Kernel has a default value for <varname>kernel.pid_max=</varname> and an algorithm of counting in case of more than 32 cores.
236 For example, with the default <varname>kernel.pid_max=</varname>, <varname>DefaultTasksMax=</varname> defaults to 4915,
237 but might be greater in other systems or smaller in OS containers.</para>
239 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v228"/></listitem>
243 <term><varname>DefaultLimitCPU=</varname></term>
244 <term><varname>DefaultLimitFSIZE=</varname></term>
245 <term><varname>DefaultLimitDATA=</varname></term>
246 <term><varname>DefaultLimitSTACK=</varname></term>
247 <term><varname>DefaultLimitCORE=</varname></term>
248 <term><varname>DefaultLimitRSS=</varname></term>
249 <term><varname>DefaultLimitNOFILE=</varname></term>
250 <term><varname>DefaultLimitAS=</varname></term>
251 <term><varname>DefaultLimitNPROC=</varname></term>
252 <term><varname>DefaultLimitMEMLOCK=</varname></term>
253 <term><varname>DefaultLimitLOCKS=</varname></term>
254 <term><varname>DefaultLimitSIGPENDING=</varname></term>
255 <term><varname>DefaultLimitMSGQUEUE=</varname></term>
256 <term><varname>DefaultLimitNICE=</varname></term>
257 <term><varname>DefaultLimitRTPRIO=</varname></term>
258 <term><varname>DefaultLimitRTTIME=</varname></term>
260 <listitem><para>These settings control various default resource limits for processes executed by
262 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
263 details. These settings may be overridden in individual units using the corresponding
264 <varname>LimitXXX=</varname> directives and they accept the same parameter syntax,
265 see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
266 for details. Note that these resource limits are only defaults
267 for units, they are not applied to the service manager process (i.e. PID 1) itself.</para>
269 <para>Most of these settings are unset, which means the resource limits are inherited from the kernel or, if
270 invoked in a container, from the container manager. However, the following have defaults:</para>
272 <listitem><para><varname>DefaultLimitNOFILE=</varname> defaults to 1024:&HIGH_RLIMIT_NOFILE;.
275 <listitem><para><varname>DefaultLimitMEMLOCK=</varname> defaults to 8M.</para></listitem>
277 <listitem><para><varname>DefaultLimitCORE=</varname> does not have a default but it is worth mentioning that
278 <varname>RLIMIT_CORE</varname> is set to <literal>infinity</literal> by PID 1 which is inherited by its
279 children.</para></listitem>
282 <para>Note that the service manager internally in PID 1 bumps <varname>RLIMIT_NOFILE</varname> and
283 <varname>RLIMIT_MEMLOCK</varname> to higher values, however the limit is reverted to the mentioned
284 defaults for all child processes forked off.</para>
286 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/>
291 <term><varname>DefaultOOMPolicy=</varname></term>
293 <listitem><para>Configure the default policy for reacting to processes being killed by the Linux
294 Out-Of-Memory (OOM) killer or <command>systemd-oomd</command>. This may be used to pick a global default for the per-unit
295 <varname>OOMPolicy=</varname> setting. See
296 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
297 for details. Note that this default is not used for services that have <varname>Delegate=</varname>
300 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/></listitem>
304 <term><varname>DefaultOOMScoreAdjust=</varname></term>
306 <listitem><para>Configures the default OOM score adjustments of processes run by the service
307 manager. This defaults to unset (meaning the forked off processes inherit the service manager's OOM
308 score adjustment value), except if the service manager is run for an unprivileged user, in which case
309 this defaults to the service manager's OOM adjustment value plus 100 (this makes service processes
310 slightly more likely to be killed under memory pressure than the manager itself). This may be used to
311 pick a global default for the per-unit <varname>OOMScoreAdjust=</varname> setting. See
312 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
313 details. Note that this setting has no effect on the OOM score adjustment value of the service
314 manager process itself, it retains the original value set during its invocation.</para>
316 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
320 <term><varname>DefaultMemoryPressureWatch=</varname></term>
321 <term><varname>DefaultMemoryPressureThresholdSec=</varname></term>
323 <listitem><para>Configures the default settings for the per-unit
324 <varname>MemoryPressureWatch=</varname> and <varname>MemoryPressureThresholdSec=</varname>
326 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
327 for details. Defaults to <literal>auto</literal> and <literal>200ms</literal>, respectively. This
328 also sets the memory pressure monitoring threshold for the service manager itself.</para>
330 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
336 <title>Hardware Watchdog</title>
338 <variablelist class='config-directives'>
340 <term><varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname></term>
341 <term><varname>RebootWatchdogSec=</varname></term>
342 <term><varname>KExecWatchdogSec=</varname></term>
344 <listitem><para>Configure the hardware watchdog at runtime and at reboot. Takes a timeout value in
345 seconds (or in other time units if suffixed with <literal>ms</literal>, <literal>min</literal>,
346 <literal>h</literal>, <literal>d</literal>, <literal>w</literal>), or the special strings
347 <literal>off</literal> or <literal>default</literal>. If set to <literal>off</literal>
348 (alternatively: <literal>0</literal>) the watchdog logic is disabled: no watchdog device is opened,
349 configured, or pinged. If set to the special string <literal>default</literal> the watchdog is opened
350 and pinged in regular intervals, but the timeout is not changed from the default. If set to any other
351 time value the watchdog timeout is configured to the specified value (or a value close to it,
352 depending on hardware capabilities).</para>
354 <para>If <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname> is set to a non-zero value, the watchdog hardware
355 (<filename>/dev/watchdog0</filename> or the path specified with <varname>WatchdogDevice=</varname> or
356 the kernel option <varname>systemd.watchdog-device=</varname>) will be programmed to automatically
357 reboot the system if it is not contacted within the specified timeout interval. The system manager
358 will ensure to contact it at least once in half the specified timeout interval. This feature requires
359 a hardware watchdog device to be present, as it is commonly the case in embedded and server
360 systems. Not all hardware watchdogs allow configuration of all possible reboot timeout values, in
361 which case the closest available timeout is picked.</para>
363 <para><varname>RebootWatchdogSec=</varname> may be used to configure the hardware watchdog when the
364 system is asked to reboot. It works as a safety net to ensure that the reboot takes place even if a
365 clean reboot attempt times out. Note that the <varname>RebootWatchdogSec=</varname> timeout applies
366 only to the second phase of the reboot, i.e. after all regular services are already terminated, and
367 after the system and service manager process (PID 1) got replaced by the
368 <filename>systemd-shutdown</filename> binary, see system
369 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
370 details. During the first phase of the shutdown operation the system and service manager remains
371 running and hence <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname> is still honoured. In order to define a
372 timeout on this first phase of system shutdown, configure <varname>JobTimeoutSec=</varname> and
373 <varname>JobTimeoutAction=</varname> in the [Unit] section of the
374 <filename>shutdown.target</filename> unit. By default, <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname> defaults
375 to 0 (off), and <varname>RebootWatchdogSec=</varname> to 10min.</para>
377 <para><varname>KExecWatchdogSec=</varname> may be used to additionally enable the watchdog when kexec
378 is being executed rather than when rebooting. Note that if the kernel does not reset the watchdog on
379 kexec (depending on the specific hardware and/or driver), in this case the watchdog might not get
380 disabled after kexec succeeds and thus the system might get rebooted, unless
381 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname> is also enabled at the same time. For this reason it is
382 recommended to enable <varname>KExecWatchdogSec=</varname> only if
383 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname> is also enabled.</para>
385 <para>These settings have no effect if a hardware watchdog is not available.</para>
387 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
391 <term><varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=</varname></term>
393 <listitem><para>Configure the hardware watchdog device pre-timeout value.
394 Takes a timeout value in seconds (or in other time units similar to
395 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname>). A watchdog pre-timeout is a
396 notification generated by the watchdog before the watchdog reset might
397 occur in the event the watchdog has not been serviced. This notification
398 is handled by the kernel and can be configured to take an action (i.e.
399 generate a kernel panic) using <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreGovernor=</varname>.
400 Not all watchdog hardware or drivers support generating a pre-timeout and
401 depending on the state of the system, the kernel may be unable to take the
402 configured action before the watchdog reboot. The watchdog will be configured
403 to generate the pre-timeout event at the amount of time specified by
404 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=</varname> before the runtime watchdog timeout
405 (set by <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname>). For example, if the we have
406 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=30</varname> and
407 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=10</varname>, then the pre-timeout event
408 will occur if the watchdog has not pinged for 20s (10s before the
409 watchdog would fire). By default, <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=</varname>
410 defaults to 0 (off). The value set for <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=</varname>
411 must be smaller than the timeout value for <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname>.
412 This setting has no effect if a hardware watchdog is not available or the
413 hardware watchdog does not support a pre-timeout and will be ignored by the
414 kernel if the setting is greater than the actual watchdog timeout.</para>
416 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/></listitem>
420 <term><varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreGovernor=</varname></term>
422 <listitem><para>Configure the action taken by the hardware watchdog device
423 when the pre-timeout expires. The default action for the pre-timeout event
424 depends on the kernel configuration, but it is usually to log a kernel
425 message. For a list of valid actions available for a given watchdog device,
426 check the content of the
427 <filename>/sys/class/watchdog/watchdog<replaceable>X</replaceable>/pretimeout_available_governors</filename>
428 file. Typically, available governor types are <varname>noop</varname> and <varname>panic</varname>.
429 Availability, names and functionality might vary depending on the specific device driver
430 in use. If the <filename>pretimeout_available_governors</filename> sysfs file is empty,
431 the governor might be built as a kernel module and might need to be manually loaded
432 (e.g. <varname>pretimeout_noop.ko</varname>), or the watchdog device might not support
435 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/></listitem>
439 <term><varname>WatchdogDevice=</varname></term>
441 <listitem><para>Configure the hardware watchdog device that the
442 runtime and shutdown watchdog timers will open and use. Defaults
443 to <filename>/dev/watchdog0</filename>. This setting has no
444 effect if a hardware watchdog is not available.</para>
446 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v236"/></listitem>
452 <title>Security</title>
454 <variablelist class='config-directives'>
456 <term><varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname></term>
458 <listitem><para>Controls which capabilities to include in the
459 capability bounding set for PID 1 and its children. See
460 <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
461 for details. Takes a whitespace-separated list of capability
463 <citerefentry project='mankier'><refentrytitle>cap_from_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
464 Capabilities listed will be included in the bounding set, all
465 others are removed. If the list of capabilities is prefixed
466 with ~, all but the listed capabilities will be included, the
467 effect of the assignment inverted. Note that this option also
468 affects the respective capabilities in the effective,
469 permitted and inheritable capability sets. The capability
470 bounding set may also be individually configured for units
471 using the <varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname> directive
472 for units, but note that capabilities dropped for PID 1 cannot
473 be regained in individual units, they are lost for
476 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
480 <term><varname>NoNewPrivileges=</varname></term>
482 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, ensures that PID 1
483 and all its children can never gain new privileges through
484 <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>execve</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
485 (e.g. via setuid or setgid bits, or filesystem capabilities).
486 Defaults to false. General purpose distributions commonly rely
487 on executables with setuid or setgid bits and will thus not
488 function properly with this option enabled. Individual units
489 cannot disable this option.
490 Also see <ulink url="https://docs.kernel.org/userspace-api/no_new_privs.html">No New Privileges Flag</ulink>.
493 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v239"/></listitem>
497 <term><varname>ProtectSystem=</varname></term>
499 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument or the string <literal>auto</literal>. If set to true this
500 will remount <filename>/usr/</filename> read-only. If set to <literal>auto</literal> (the default)
501 and running in an initrd equivalent to true, otherwise false. This implements a restricted subset of
502 the per-unit setting of the same name, see
503 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
504 details: currently, the <literal>full</literal> or <literal>strict</literal> values are not
507 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
511 <term><varname>SystemCallArchitectures=</varname></term>
513 <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of architecture
514 identifiers. Selects from which architectures system calls may
515 be invoked on this system. This may be used as an effective
516 way to disable invocation of non-native binaries system-wide,
517 for example to prohibit execution of 32-bit x86 binaries on
518 64-bit x86-64 systems. This option operates system-wide, and
520 <varname>SystemCallArchitectures=</varname> setting of unit
522 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
523 for details. This setting defaults to the empty list, in which
524 case no filtering of system calls based on architecture is
525 applied. Known architecture identifiers are
526 <literal>x86</literal>, <literal>x86-64</literal>,
527 <literal>x32</literal>, <literal>arm</literal> and the special
528 identifier <literal>native</literal>. The latter implicitly
529 maps to the native architecture of the system (or more
530 specifically, the architecture the system manager was compiled
531 for). Set this setting to <literal>native</literal> to
532 prohibit execution of any non-native binaries. When a binary
533 executes a system call of an architecture that is not listed
534 in this setting, it will be immediately terminated with the
535 SIGSYS signal.</para>
537 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
541 <term><varname>DefaultSmackProcessLabel=</varname></term>
543 <listitem><para>Takes a <option>SMACK64</option> security label as the argument. The process executed
544 by a unit will be started under this label if <varname>SmackProcessLabel=</varname> is not set in the
545 unit. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
546 for the details.</para>
548 <para>If the value is <literal>/</literal>, only labels specified with <varname>SmackProcessLabel=</varname>
549 are assigned and the compile-time default is ignored.</para>
551 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
557 <title>Timeouts and Rate Limits</title>
559 <variablelist class='config-directives'>
561 <term><varname>DefaultTimeoutStartSec=</varname></term>
562 <term><varname>DefaultTimeoutStopSec=</varname></term>
563 <term><varname>DefaultTimeoutAbortSec=</varname></term>
564 <term><varname>DefaultRestartSec=</varname></term>
566 <listitem><para>Configures the default timeouts for starting, stopping and aborting of units, as well
567 as the default time to sleep between automatic restarts of units, as configured per-unit in
568 <varname>TimeoutStartSec=</varname>, <varname>TimeoutStopSec=</varname>,
569 <varname>TimeoutAbortSec=</varname> and <varname>RestartSec=</varname> (for services, see
570 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
571 for details on the per-unit settings). For non-service units,
572 <varname>DefaultTimeoutStartSec=</varname> sets the default <varname>TimeoutSec=</varname> value.
575 <para><varname>DefaultTimeoutStartSec=</varname> and <varname>DefaultTimeoutStopSec=</varname>
576 default to &DEFAULT_TIMEOUT; in the system manager and &DEFAULT_USER_TIMEOUT; in the user manager.
577 <varname>DefaultTimeoutAbortSec=</varname> is not set by default so that all units fall back to
578 <varname>TimeoutStopSec=</varname>. <varname>DefaultRestartSec=</varname> defaults to 100 ms.
581 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
585 <term><varname>DefaultDeviceTimeoutSec=</varname></term>
587 <listitem><para>Configures the default timeout for waiting for devices. It can be changed per
588 device via the <varname>x-systemd.device-timeout=</varname> option in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
589 and <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> (see
590 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
591 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
592 Defaults to &DEFAULT_TIMEOUT; in the system manager and &DEFAULT_USER_TIMEOUT; in the user manager.
595 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
599 <term><varname>DefaultStartLimitIntervalSec=</varname></term>
600 <term><varname>DefaultStartLimitBurst=</varname></term>
602 <listitem><para>Configure the default unit start rate
603 limiting, as configured per-service by
604 <varname>StartLimitIntervalSec=</varname> and
605 <varname>StartLimitBurst=</varname>. See
606 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
607 for details on the per-service settings.
608 <varname>DefaultStartLimitIntervalSec=</varname> defaults to
609 10s. <varname>DefaultStartLimitBurst=</varname> defaults to
612 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
616 <term><varname>ReloadLimitIntervalSec=</varname></term>
617 <term><varname>ReloadLimitBurst=</varname></term>
619 <listitem><para>Rate limiting for daemon-reload and (since v256) daemon-reexec requests. The setting
620 applies to both operations, but the rate limits are tracked separately. Defaults to unset, and any
621 number of operations can be requested at any time. <varname>ReloadLimitIntervalSec=</varname> takes
622 a value in seconds to configure the rate limit window, and <varname>ReloadLimitBurst=</varname>
623 takes a positive integer to configure the maximum allowed number of operations within the configured
626 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/></listitem>
632 <title>Environment</title>
634 <variablelist class='config-directives'>
636 <term><varname>ManagerEnvironment=</varname></term>
638 <listitem><para>Takes the same arguments as <varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname>, see above. Sets
639 environment variables for the manager process itself. These variables are inherited by processes
640 spawned by user managers, but not the system manager - use <varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname>
641 for that. Note that these variables are merged into the existing environment block. In particular, in
642 case of the system manager, this includes variables set by the kernel based on the kernel command line.
643 As with <varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname>, this environment block is internal, and changes are not
644 reflected in the manager's <filename>/proc/PID/environ</filename>.</para>
646 <para>Setting environment variables for the manager process may be useful to modify its behaviour.
647 See <ulink url="https://systemd.io/ENVIRONMENT">Known Environment Variables</ulink> for a
648 descriptions of some variables understood by <command>systemd</command>.</para>
650 <para>Simple <literal>%</literal>-specifier expansion is supported, see below for a list of supported
653 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/>
658 <term><varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname></term>
660 <listitem><para>Configures environment variables passed to all executed processes. Takes a
661 space-separated list of variable assignments. See <citerefentry
662 project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
663 details about environment variables.</para>
665 <para>Simple <literal>%</literal>-specifier expansion is supported, see below for a list of supported
670 <programlisting>DefaultEnvironment="VAR1=word1 word2" VAR2=word3 "VAR3=word 5 6"</programlisting>
673 <literal>VAR1</literal>,
674 <literal>VAR2</literal>,
675 <literal>VAR3</literal>.</para>
677 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v205"/></listitem>
683 <title>Specifiers</title>
685 <para>Specifiers may be used in the <varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname> and
686 <varname>ManagerEnvironment=</varname> settings. The following expansions are understood:</para>
687 <table class='specifiers'>
688 <title>Specifiers available</title>
689 <tgroup cols='3' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
690 <colspec colname="spec" />
691 <colspec colname="mean" />
692 <colspec colname="detail" />
695 <entry>Specifier</entry>
696 <entry>Meaning</entry>
697 <entry>Details</entry>
701 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="a"/>
702 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="A"/>
703 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="b"/>
704 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="B"/>
705 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="H"/>
706 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="l"/>
707 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="m"/>
708 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="M"/>
709 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="o"/>
710 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="v"/>
711 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="w"/>
712 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="W"/>
713 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="T"/>
714 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="V"/>
716 <entry><literal>%h</literal></entry>
717 <entry>User home directory</entry>
718 <entry>This is the home directory of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
721 <entry><literal>%u</literal></entry>
722 <entry>Username</entry>
723 <entry>This is the username of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
726 <entry><literal>%U</literal></entry>
727 <entry>User id</entry>
728 <entry>This is the user id of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
731 <entry><literal>%g</literal></entry>
732 <entry>Primary group</entry>
733 <entry>This is the primary group of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
736 <entry><literal>%G</literal></entry>
737 <entry>Primary group id</entry>
738 <entry>This is the primary group id of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
741 <entry><literal>%s</literal></entry>
742 <entry>User shell</entry>
743 <entry>This is the shell of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
745 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="percent"/>
752 <title>History</title>
756 <term>systemd 252</term>
757 <listitem><para>Option <varname>DefaultBlockIOAccounting=</varname> was deprecated. Please switch
758 to the unified cgroup hierarchy.</para>
760 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
766 <title>See Also</title>
767 <para><simplelist type="inline">
768 <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
769 <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
770 <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
771 <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
772 <member><citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
773 <member><citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>