2 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
4 <!ENTITY % entities SYSTEM "custom-entities.ent" >
7 <!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
9 <refentry id="systemd-system.conf"
10 xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
12 <title>systemd-system.conf</title>
13 <productname>systemd</productname>
17 <refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle>
18 <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
22 <refname>systemd-system.conf</refname>
23 <refname>system.conf.d</refname>
24 <refname>systemd-user.conf</refname>
25 <refname>user.conf.d</refname>
26 <refpurpose>System and session service manager configuration files</refpurpose>
30 <para><filename>/etc/systemd/system.conf</filename>,
31 <filename>/etc/systemd/system.conf.d/*.conf</filename>,
32 <filename>/run/systemd/system.conf.d/*.conf</filename>,
33 <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system.conf.d/*.conf</filename></para>
35 <para><filename>~/.config/systemd/user.conf</filename>,
36 <filename>/etc/systemd/user.conf</filename>,
37 <filename>/etc/systemd/user.conf.d/*.conf</filename>,
38 <filename>/run/systemd/user.conf.d/*.conf</filename>,
39 <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/user.conf.d/*.conf</filename></para>
43 <title>Description</title>
45 <para>When run as a system instance, <command>systemd</command> interprets the configuration file
46 <filename>system.conf</filename> and the files in <filename>system.conf.d</filename> directories; when
47 run as a user instance, it interprets the configuration file <filename>user.conf</filename> (either in
48 the home directory of the user, or if not found, under <filename>/etc/systemd/</filename>) and the files
49 in <filename>user.conf.d</filename> directories. These configuration files contain a few settings
50 controlling basic manager operations.</para>
53 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.syntax</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
54 general description of the syntax.</para>
57 <xi:include href="standard-conf.xml" xpointer="main-conf" />
60 <title>Options</title>
62 <para>All options are configured in the
63 [Manager] section:</para>
65 <variablelist class='config-directives'>
68 <term><varname>LogColor=</varname></term>
69 <term><varname>LogLevel=</varname></term>
70 <term><varname>LogLocation=</varname></term>
71 <term><varname>LogTarget=</varname></term>
72 <term><varname>LogTime=</varname></term>
73 <term><varname>DumpCore=yes</varname></term>
74 <term><varname>CrashChangeVT=no</varname></term>
75 <term><varname>CrashShell=no</varname></term>
76 <term><varname>CrashReboot=no</varname></term>
77 <term><varname>ShowStatus=yes</varname></term>
78 <term><varname>DefaultStandardOutput=journal</varname></term>
79 <term><varname>DefaultStandardError=inherit</varname></term>
81 <listitem><para>Configures various parameters of basic manager operation. These options may be overridden by
82 the respective process and kernel command line arguments. See
83 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
86 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
90 <term><varname>CtrlAltDelBurstAction=</varname></term>
92 <listitem><para>Defines what action will be performed
93 if user presses Ctrl-Alt-Delete more than 7 times in 2s.
94 Can be set to <literal>reboot-force</literal>, <literal>poweroff-force</literal>,
95 <literal>reboot-immediate</literal>, <literal>poweroff-immediate</literal>
96 or disabled with <literal>none</literal>. Defaults to
97 <literal>reboot-force</literal>.
100 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v232"/></listitem>
104 <term><varname>CPUAffinity=</varname></term>
106 <listitem><para>Configures the CPU affinity for the service manager as well as the default CPU
107 affinity for all forked off processes. Takes a list of CPU indices or ranges separated by either
108 whitespace or commas. CPU ranges are specified by the lower and upper CPU indices separated by a
109 dash. This option may be specified more than once, in which case the specified CPU affinity masks are
110 merged. If the empty string is assigned, the mask is reset, all assignments prior to this will have
111 no effect. Individual services may override the CPU affinity for their processes with the
112 <varname>CPUAffinity=</varname> setting in unit files, see
113 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
115 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
119 <term><varname>NUMAPolicy=</varname></term>
121 <listitem><para>Configures the NUMA memory policy for the service manager and the default NUMA memory policy
122 for all forked off processes. Individual services may override the default policy with the
123 <varname>NUMAPolicy=</varname> setting in unit files, see
124 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
126 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/></listitem>
130 <term><varname>NUMAMask=</varname></term>
132 <listitem><para>Configures the NUMA node mask that will be associated with the selected NUMA policy. Note that
133 <option>default</option> and <option>local</option> NUMA policies don't require explicit NUMA node mask and
134 value of the option can be empty. Similarly to <varname>NUMAPolicy=</varname>, value can be overridden
135 by individual services in unit files, see
136 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
138 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/></listitem>
142 <term><varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname></term>
143 <term><varname>RebootWatchdogSec=</varname></term>
144 <term><varname>KExecWatchdogSec=</varname></term>
146 <listitem><para>Configure the hardware watchdog at runtime and at reboot. Takes a timeout value in
147 seconds (or in other time units if suffixed with <literal>ms</literal>, <literal>min</literal>,
148 <literal>h</literal>, <literal>d</literal>, <literal>w</literal>), or the special strings
149 <literal>off</literal> or <literal>default</literal>. If set to <literal>off</literal>
150 (alternatively: <literal>0</literal>) the watchdog logic is disabled: no watchdog device is opened,
151 configured, or pinged. If set to the special string <literal>default</literal> the watchdog is opened
152 and pinged in regular intervals, but the timeout is not changed from the default. If set to any other
153 time value the watchdog timeout is configured to the specified value (or a value close to it,
154 depending on hardware capabilities).</para>
156 <para>If <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname> is set to a non-zero value, the watchdog hardware
157 (<filename>/dev/watchdog0</filename> or the path specified with <varname>WatchdogDevice=</varname> or
158 the kernel option <varname>systemd.watchdog-device=</varname>) will be programmed to automatically
159 reboot the system if it is not contacted within the specified timeout interval. The system manager
160 will ensure to contact it at least once in half the specified timeout interval. This feature requires
161 a hardware watchdog device to be present, as it is commonly the case in embedded and server
162 systems. Not all hardware watchdogs allow configuration of all possible reboot timeout values, in
163 which case the closest available timeout is picked.</para>
165 <para><varname>RebootWatchdogSec=</varname> may be used to configure the hardware watchdog when the
166 system is asked to reboot. It works as a safety net to ensure that the reboot takes place even if a
167 clean reboot attempt times out. Note that the <varname>RebootWatchdogSec=</varname> timeout applies
168 only to the second phase of the reboot, i.e. after all regular services are already terminated, and
169 after the system and service manager process (PID 1) got replaced by the
170 <filename>systemd-shutdown</filename> binary, see system
171 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
172 details. During the first phase of the shutdown operation the system and service manager remains
173 running and hence <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname> is still honoured. In order to define a
174 timeout on this first phase of system shutdown, configure <varname>JobTimeoutSec=</varname> and
175 <varname>JobTimeoutAction=</varname> in the [Unit] section of the
176 <filename>shutdown.target</filename> unit. By default <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname> defaults
177 to 0 (off), and <varname>RebootWatchdogSec=</varname> to 10min.</para>
179 <para><varname>KExecWatchdogSec=</varname> may be used to additionally enable the watchdog when kexec
180 is being executed rather than when rebooting. Note that if the kernel does not reset the watchdog on
181 kexec (depending on the specific hardware and/or driver), in this case the watchdog might not get
182 disabled after kexec succeeds and thus the system might get rebooted, unless
183 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname> is also enabled at the same time. For this reason it is
184 recommended to enable <varname>KExecWatchdogSec=</varname> only if
185 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname> is also enabled.</para>
187 <para>These settings have no effect if a hardware watchdog is not available.</para>
189 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
193 <term><varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=</varname></term>
195 <listitem><para>Configure the hardware watchdog device pre-timeout value.
196 Takes a timeout value in seconds (or in other time units similar to
197 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname>). A watchdog pre-timeout is a
198 notification generated by the watchdog before the watchdog reset might
199 occur in the event the watchdog has not been serviced. This notification
200 is handled by the kernel and can be configured to take an action (i.e.
201 generate a kernel panic) using <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreGovernor=</varname>.
202 Not all watchdog hardware or drivers support generating a pre-timeout and
203 depending on the state of the system, the kernel may be unable to take the
204 configured action before the watchdog reboot. The watchdog will be configured
205 to generate the pre-timeout event at the amount of time specified by
206 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=</varname> before the runtime watchdog timeout
207 (set by <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname>). For example, if the we have
208 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=30</varname> and
209 <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=10</varname>, then the pre-timeout event
210 will occur if the watchdog has not pinged for 20s (10s before the
211 watchdog would fire). By default, <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=</varname>
212 defaults to 0 (off). The value set for <varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=</varname>
213 must be smaller than the timeout value for <varname>RuntimeWatchdogSec=</varname>.
214 This setting has no effect if a hardware watchdog is not available or the
215 hardware watchdog does not support a pre-timeout and will be ignored by the
216 kernel if the setting is greater than the actual watchdog timeout.</para>
218 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/></listitem>
222 <term><varname>RuntimeWatchdogPreGovernor=</varname></term>
224 <listitem><para>Configure the action taken by the hardware watchdog device
225 when the pre-timeout expires. The default action for the pre-timeout event
226 depends on the kernel configuration, but it is usually to log a kernel
227 message. For a list of valid actions available for a given watchdog device,
228 check the content of the
229 <filename>/sys/class/watchdog/watchdog<replaceable>X</replaceable>/pretimeout_available_governors</filename>
230 file. Typically, available governor types are <varname>noop</varname> and <varname>panic</varname>.
231 Availability, names and functionality might vary depending on the specific device driver
232 in use. If the <filename>pretimeout_available_governors</filename> sysfs file is empty,
233 the governor might be built as a kernel module and might need to be manually loaded
234 (e.g. <varname>pretimeout_noop.ko</varname>), or the watchdog device might not support
237 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/></listitem>
241 <term><varname>WatchdogDevice=</varname></term>
243 <listitem><para>Configure the hardware watchdog device that the
244 runtime and shutdown watchdog timers will open and use. Defaults
245 to <filename>/dev/watchdog0</filename>. This setting has no
246 effect if a hardware watchdog is not available.</para>
248 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v236"/></listitem>
252 <term><varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname></term>
254 <listitem><para>Controls which capabilities to include in the
255 capability bounding set for PID 1 and its children. See
256 <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
257 for details. Takes a whitespace-separated list of capability
259 <citerefentry project='mankier'><refentrytitle>cap_from_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
260 Capabilities listed will be included in the bounding set, all
261 others are removed. If the list of capabilities is prefixed
262 with ~, all but the listed capabilities will be included, the
263 effect of the assignment inverted. Note that this option also
264 affects the respective capabilities in the effective,
265 permitted and inheritable capability sets. The capability
266 bounding set may also be individually configured for units
267 using the <varname>CapabilityBoundingSet=</varname> directive
268 for units, but note that capabilities dropped for PID 1 cannot
269 be regained in individual units, they are lost for
272 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
276 <term><varname>NoNewPrivileges=</varname></term>
278 <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If true, ensures that PID 1
279 and all its children can never gain new privileges through
280 <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>execve</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
281 (e.g. via setuid or setgid bits, or filesystem capabilities).
282 Defaults to false. General purpose distributions commonly rely
283 on executables with setuid or setgid bits and will thus not
284 function properly with this option enabled. Individual units
285 cannot disable this option.
286 Also see <ulink url="https://docs.kernel.org/userspace-api/no_new_privs.html">No New Privileges Flag</ulink>.
289 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v239"/></listitem>
293 <term><varname>SystemCallArchitectures=</varname></term>
295 <listitem><para>Takes a space-separated list of architecture
296 identifiers. Selects from which architectures system calls may
297 be invoked on this system. This may be used as an effective
298 way to disable invocation of non-native binaries system-wide,
299 for example to prohibit execution of 32-bit x86 binaries on
300 64-bit x86-64 systems. This option operates system-wide, and
302 <varname>SystemCallArchitectures=</varname> setting of unit
304 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
305 for details. This setting defaults to the empty list, in which
306 case no filtering of system calls based on architecture is
307 applied. Known architecture identifiers are
308 <literal>x86</literal>, <literal>x86-64</literal>,
309 <literal>x32</literal>, <literal>arm</literal> and the special
310 identifier <literal>native</literal>. The latter implicitly
311 maps to the native architecture of the system (or more
312 specifically, the architecture the system manager was compiled
313 for). Set this setting to <literal>native</literal> to
314 prohibit execution of any non-native binaries. When a binary
315 executes a system call of an architecture that is not listed
316 in this setting, it will be immediately terminated with the
317 SIGSYS signal.</para>
319 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
323 <term><varname>TimerSlackNSec=</varname></term>
325 <listitem><para>Sets the timer slack in nanoseconds for PID 1,
326 which is inherited by all executed processes, unless
327 overridden individually, for example with the
328 <varname>TimerSlackNSec=</varname> setting in service units
330 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
331 The timer slack controls the accuracy of wake-ups triggered by
333 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>prctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
334 for more information. Note that in contrast to most other time
335 span definitions this parameter takes an integer value in
336 nano-seconds if no unit is specified. The usual time units are
337 understood too.</para>
339 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
343 <term><varname>StatusUnitFormat=</varname></term>
345 <listitem><para>Takes <option>name</option>, <option>description</option> or
346 <option>combined</option> as the value. If <option>name</option>, the system manager will use unit
347 names in status messages (e.g. <literal>systemd-journald.service</literal>), instead of the longer
348 and more informative descriptions set with <varname>Description=</varname> (e.g. <literal>Journal
349 Logging Service</literal>). If <option>combined</option>, the system manager will use both unit names
350 and descriptions in status messages (e.g. <literal>systemd-journald.service - Journal Logging
351 Service</literal>).</para>
354 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
355 details about unit names and <varname>Description=</varname>.</para>
357 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/></listitem>
361 <term><varname>DefaultTimerAccuracySec=</varname></term>
363 <listitem><para>Sets the default accuracy of timer units. This
364 controls the global default for the
365 <varname>AccuracySec=</varname> setting of timer units, see
366 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
367 for details. <varname>AccuracySec=</varname> set in individual
368 units override the global default for the specific unit.
369 Defaults to 1min. Note that the accuracy of timer units is
370 also affected by the configured timer slack for PID 1, see
371 <varname>TimerSlackNSec=</varname> above.</para>
373 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v212"/></listitem>
377 <term><varname>DefaultTimeoutStartSec=</varname></term>
378 <term><varname>DefaultTimeoutStopSec=</varname></term>
379 <term><varname>DefaultTimeoutAbortSec=</varname></term>
380 <term><varname>DefaultRestartSec=</varname></term>
382 <listitem><para>Configures the default timeouts for starting, stopping and aborting of units, as well
383 as the default time to sleep between automatic restarts of units, as configured per-unit in
384 <varname>TimeoutStartSec=</varname>, <varname>TimeoutStopSec=</varname>,
385 <varname>TimeoutAbortSec=</varname> and <varname>RestartSec=</varname> (for services, see
386 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
387 for details on the per-unit settings). For non-service units,
388 <varname>DefaultTimeoutStartSec=</varname> sets the default <varname>TimeoutSec=</varname> value.
391 <para><varname>DefaultTimeoutStartSec=</varname> and <varname>DefaultTimeoutStopSec=</varname>
392 default to &DEFAULT_TIMEOUT; in the system manager and &DEFAULT_USER_TIMEOUT; in the user manager.
393 <varname>DefaultTimeoutAbortSec=</varname> is not set by default so that all units fall back to
394 <varname>TimeoutStopSec=</varname>. <varname>DefaultRestartSec=</varname> defaults to 100 ms.
397 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
401 <term><varname>DefaultDeviceTimeoutSec=</varname></term>
403 <listitem><para>Configures the default timeout for waiting for devices. It can be changed per
404 device via the <varname>x-systemd.device-timeout=</varname> option in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>
405 and <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> (see
406 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
407 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
408 Defaults to &DEFAULT_TIMEOUT; in the system manager and &DEFAULT_USER_TIMEOUT; in the user manager.
411 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
415 <term><varname>DefaultStartLimitIntervalSec=</varname></term>
416 <term><varname>DefaultStartLimitBurst=</varname></term>
418 <listitem><para>Configure the default unit start rate
419 limiting, as configured per-service by
420 <varname>StartLimitIntervalSec=</varname> and
421 <varname>StartLimitBurst=</varname>. See
422 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
423 for details on the per-service settings.
424 <varname>DefaultStartLimitIntervalSec=</varname> defaults to
425 10s. <varname>DefaultStartLimitBurst=</varname> defaults to
428 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
432 <term><varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname></term>
434 <listitem><para>Configures environment variables passed to all executed processes. Takes a
435 space-separated list of variable assignments. See <citerefentry
436 project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
437 details about environment variables.</para>
439 <para>Simple <literal>%</literal>-specifier expansion is supported, see below for a list of supported
444 <programlisting>DefaultEnvironment="VAR1=word1 word2" VAR2=word3 "VAR3=word 5 6"</programlisting>
447 <literal>VAR1</literal>,
448 <literal>VAR2</literal>,
449 <literal>VAR3</literal>.</para>
451 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v205"/></listitem>
455 <term><varname>ManagerEnvironment=</varname></term>
457 <listitem><para>Takes the same arguments as <varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname>, see above. Sets
458 environment variables for the manager process itself. These variables are inherited by processes
459 spawned by user managers, but not the system manager - use <varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname>
460 for that. Note that these variables are merged into the existing environment block. In particular, in
461 case of the system manager, this includes variables set by the kernel based on the kernel command line.
462 As with <varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname>, this environment block is internal, and changes are not
463 reflected in the manager's <filename>/proc/PID/environ</filename>.</para>
465 <para>Setting environment variables for the manager process may be useful to modify its behaviour.
466 See <ulink url="https://systemd.io/ENVIRONMENT">Known Environment Variables</ulink> for a
467 descriptions of some variables understood by <command>systemd</command>.</para>
469 <para>Simple <literal>%</literal>-specifier expansion is supported, see below for a list of supported
472 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/>
477 <term><varname>DefaultCPUAccounting=</varname></term>
478 <term><varname>DefaultMemoryAccounting=</varname></term>
479 <term><varname>DefaultTasksAccounting=</varname></term>
480 <term><varname>DefaultIOAccounting=</varname></term>
481 <term><varname>DefaultIPAccounting=</varname></term>
484 <para>Configure the default resource accounting settings, as configured per-unit by
485 <varname>CPUAccounting=</varname>, <varname>MemoryAccounting=</varname>,
486 <varname>TasksAccounting=</varname>, <varname>IOAccounting=</varname> and
487 <varname>IPAccounting=</varname>. See
488 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
489 for details on the per-unit settings.</para>
491 <para><varname>DefaultCPUAccounting=</varname> defaults to yes when running on kernel ≥4.15, and no on older versions.
492 <varname>DefaultMemoryAccounting=</varname> defaults to &MEMORY_ACCOUNTING_DEFAULT;.
493 <varname>DefaultTasksAccounting=</varname> defaults to yes.
494 The other settings default to no.</para>
496 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v211"/>
501 <term><varname>DefaultTasksMax=</varname></term>
503 <listitem><para>Configure the default value for the per-unit <varname>TasksMax=</varname> setting. See
504 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
505 for details. This setting applies to all unit types that support resource control settings, with the exception
506 of slice units. Defaults to 15% of the minimum of <varname>kernel.pid_max=</varname>, <varname>kernel.threads-max=</varname>
507 and root cgroup <varname>pids.max</varname>.
508 Kernel has a default value for <varname>kernel.pid_max=</varname> and an algorithm of counting in case of more than 32 cores.
509 For example, with the default <varname>kernel.pid_max=</varname>, <varname>DefaultTasksMax=</varname> defaults to 4915,
510 but might be greater in other systems or smaller in OS containers.</para>
512 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v228"/></listitem>
516 <term><varname>DefaultLimitCPU=</varname></term>
517 <term><varname>DefaultLimitFSIZE=</varname></term>
518 <term><varname>DefaultLimitDATA=</varname></term>
519 <term><varname>DefaultLimitSTACK=</varname></term>
520 <term><varname>DefaultLimitCORE=</varname></term>
521 <term><varname>DefaultLimitRSS=</varname></term>
522 <term><varname>DefaultLimitNOFILE=</varname></term>
523 <term><varname>DefaultLimitAS=</varname></term>
524 <term><varname>DefaultLimitNPROC=</varname></term>
525 <term><varname>DefaultLimitMEMLOCK=</varname></term>
526 <term><varname>DefaultLimitLOCKS=</varname></term>
527 <term><varname>DefaultLimitSIGPENDING=</varname></term>
528 <term><varname>DefaultLimitMSGQUEUE=</varname></term>
529 <term><varname>DefaultLimitNICE=</varname></term>
530 <term><varname>DefaultLimitRTPRIO=</varname></term>
531 <term><varname>DefaultLimitRTTIME=</varname></term>
533 <listitem><para>These settings control various default resource limits for processes executed by
535 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
536 details. These settings may be overridden in individual units using the corresponding
537 <varname>LimitXXX=</varname> directives and they accept the same parameter syntax,
538 see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
539 for details. Note that these resource limits are only defaults
540 for units, they are not applied to the service manager process (i.e. PID 1) itself.</para>
542 <para>Most of these settings are unset, which means the resource limits are inherited from the kernel or, if
543 invoked in a container, from the container manager. However, the following have defaults:</para>
545 <listitem><para><varname>DefaultLimitNOFILE=</varname> defaults to 1024:&HIGH_RLIMIT_NOFILE;.
548 <listitem><para><varname>DefaultLimitMEMLOCK=</varname> defaults to 8M.</para></listitem>
550 <listitem><para><varname>DefaultLimitCORE=</varname> does not have a default but it is worth mentioning that
551 <varname>RLIMIT_CORE</varname> is set to <literal>infinity</literal> by PID 1 which is inherited by its
552 children.</para></listitem>
555 <para>Note that the service manager internally in PID 1 bumps <varname>RLIMIT_NOFILE</varname> and
556 <varname>RLIMIT_MEMLOCK</varname> to higher values, however the limit is reverted to the mentioned
557 defaults for all child processes forked off.</para>
559 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/>
564 <term><varname>DefaultOOMPolicy=</varname></term>
566 <listitem><para>Configure the default policy for reacting to processes being killed by the Linux
567 Out-Of-Memory (OOM) killer or <command>systemd-oomd</command>. This may be used to pick a global default for the per-unit
568 <varname>OOMPolicy=</varname> setting. See
569 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
570 for details. Note that this default is not used for services that have <varname>Delegate=</varname>
573 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/></listitem>
577 <term><varname>DefaultOOMScoreAdjust=</varname></term>
579 <listitem><para>Configures the default OOM score adjustments of processes run by the service
580 manager. This defaults to unset (meaning the forked off processes inherit the service manager's OOM
581 score adjustment value), except if the service manager is run for an unprivileged user, in which case
582 this defaults to the service manager's OOM adjustment value plus 100 (this makes service processes
583 slightly more likely to be killed under memory pressure than the manager itself). This may be used to
584 pick a global default for the per-unit <varname>OOMScoreAdjust=</varname> setting. See
585 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
586 details. Note that this setting has no effect on the OOM score adjustment value of the service
587 manager process itself, it retains the original value set during its invocation.</para>
589 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
593 <term><varname>DefaultSmackProcessLabel=</varname></term>
595 <listitem><para>Takes a <option>SMACK64</option> security label as the argument. The process executed
596 by a unit will be started under this label if <varname>SmackProcessLabel=</varname> is not set in the
597 unit. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
598 for the details.</para>
600 <para>If the value is <literal>/</literal>, only labels specified with <varname>SmackProcessLabel=</varname>
601 are assigned and the compile-time default is ignored.</para>
603 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
607 <term><varname>ReloadLimitIntervalSec=</varname></term>
608 <term><varname>ReloadLimitBurst=</varname></term>
610 <listitem><para>Rate limiting for daemon-reload requests. Default to unset, and any number of daemon-reload
611 operations can be requested at any time. <varname>ReloadLimitIntervalSec=</varname> takes a value in seconds
612 to configure the rate limit window, and <varname>ReloadLimitBurst=</varname> takes a positive integer to
613 configure the maximum allowed number of reloads within the configured time window.</para>
615 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/></listitem>
619 <term><varname>DefaultMemoryPressureWatch=</varname></term>
620 <term><varname>DefaultMemoryPressureThresholdSec=</varname></term>
622 <listitem><para>Configures the default settings for the per-unit
623 <varname>MemoryPressureWatch=</varname> and <varname>MemoryPressureThresholdSec=</varname>
625 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
626 for details. Defaults to <literal>auto</literal> and <literal>200ms</literal>, respectively. This
627 also sets the memory pressure monitoring threshold for the service manager itself.</para>
629 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
635 <title>Specifiers</title>
637 <para>Specifiers may be used in the <varname>DefaultEnvironment=</varname> and
638 <varname>ManagerEnvironment=</varname> settings. The following expansions are understood:</para>
639 <table class='specifiers'>
640 <title>Specifiers available</title>
641 <tgroup cols='3' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
642 <colspec colname="spec" />
643 <colspec colname="mean" />
644 <colspec colname="detail" />
647 <entry>Specifier</entry>
648 <entry>Meaning</entry>
649 <entry>Details</entry>
653 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="a"/>
654 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="A"/>
655 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="b"/>
656 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="B"/>
657 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="H"/>
658 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="l"/>
659 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="m"/>
660 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="M"/>
661 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="o"/>
662 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="v"/>
663 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="w"/>
664 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="W"/>
665 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="T"/>
666 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="V"/>
668 <entry><literal>%h</literal></entry>
669 <entry>User home directory</entry>
670 <entry>This is the home directory of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
673 <entry><literal>%u</literal></entry>
674 <entry>Username</entry>
675 <entry>This is the username of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
678 <entry><literal>%U</literal></entry>
679 <entry>User id</entry>
680 <entry>This is the user id of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
683 <entry><literal>%g</literal></entry>
684 <entry>Primary group</entry>
685 <entry>This is the primary group of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
688 <entry><literal>%G</literal></entry>
689 <entry>Primary group id</entry>
690 <entry>This is the primary group id of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
693 <entry><literal>%s</literal></entry>
694 <entry>User shell</entry>
695 <entry>This is the shell of the <emphasis>user running the service manager instance</emphasis>.</entry>
697 <xi:include href="standard-specifiers.xml" xpointer="percent"/>
704 <title>History</title>
708 <term>systemd 252</term>
709 <listitem><para>Option <varname>DefaultBlockIOAccounting=</varname> was deprecated. Please switch
710 to the unified cgroup hierarchy.</para>
712 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
718 <title>See Also</title>
720 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
721 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
722 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
723 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
724 <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
725 <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>