1 <?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
2 <!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
4 <!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
6 <refentry id="systemd-tmpfiles"
7 xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
10 <title>systemd-tmpfiles</title>
11 <productname>systemd</productname>
15 <refentrytitle>systemd-tmpfiles</refentrytitle>
16 <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
20 <refname>systemd-tmpfiles</refname>
21 <refname>systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service</refname>
22 <refname>systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev-early.service</refname>
23 <refname>systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service</refname>
24 <refname>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service</refname>
25 <refname>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer</refname>
26 <refpurpose>Creates, deletes and cleans up volatile
27 and temporary files and directories</refpurpose>
32 <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command>
33 <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
34 <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>CONFIGFILE</replaceable></arg>
38 <literallayout><filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service</filename>
39 <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev-early.service</filename>
40 <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service</filename>
41 <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service</filename>
42 <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer</filename></literallayout></para>
45 <literallayout><filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service</filename>
46 <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service</filename>
47 <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer</filename></literallayout></para>
51 <title>Description</title>
53 <para><command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> creates, deletes, and cleans up files and directories, using
54 the configuration file format and location specified in
55 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. It must
56 be invoked with one or more options <option>--create</option>, <option>--remove</option>, and
57 <option>--clean</option>, to select the respective subset of operations.</para>
59 <para>By default, directives from all configuration files are applied. When invoked with
60 <option>--replace=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option>, arguments specified on the command line are
61 used instead of the configuration file <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>. Otherwise, if one or more
62 absolute filenames are passed on the command line, only the directives in these files are applied. If
63 <literal>-</literal> is specified instead of a filename, directives are read from standard input. If only
64 the basename of a configuration file is specified, all configuration directories as specified in
65 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> are
66 searched for a matching file and the file found that has the highest priority is executed.</para>
68 <para>System services (<filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service</filename>,
69 <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev-early.service</filename>,
70 <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service</filename>,
71 <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service</filename>) invoke <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> to create
72 system files and to perform system wide cleanup. Those services read administrator-controlled
73 configuration files in <filename>tmpfiles.d/</filename> directories. User services
74 (<filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service</filename>,
75 <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service</filename>) also invoke <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command>, but
76 it reads a separate set of files, which includes user-controlled files under
77 <filename>~/.config/user-tmpfiles.d/</filename> and <filename>~/.local/share/user-tmpfiles.d/</filename>,
78 and administrator-controlled files under <filename>/usr/share/user-tmpfiles.d/</filename>. Users may use
79 this to create and clean up files under their control, but the system instance performs global cleanup
80 and is not influenced by user configuration. Note that this means a time-based cleanup configured in the
81 system instance, such as the one typically configured for <filename>/tmp/</filename>, will thus also
82 affect files created by the user instance if they are placed in <filename>/tmp/</filename>, even if the
83 user instance's time-based cleanup is turned off.</para>
85 <para>To re-apply settings after configuration has been modified, simply restart
86 <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service</filename>, which will apply any settings which can be safely
87 executed at runtime. To debug <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command>, it may be useful to invoke it
88 directly from the command line with increased log level (see <varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL</varname>
93 <title>Options</title>
95 <para>The following options are understood:</para>
99 <term><option>--create</option></term>
100 <listitem><para>If this option is passed, all files and
101 directories marked with
102 <varname>f</varname>,
103 <varname>F</varname>,
104 <varname>w</varname>,
105 <varname>d</varname>,
106 <varname>D</varname>,
107 <varname>v</varname>,
108 <varname>p</varname>,
109 <varname>L</varname>,
110 <varname>c</varname>,
111 <varname>b</varname>,
113 in the configuration files are created or written to. Files
114 and directories marked with
115 <varname>z</varname>,
116 <varname>Z</varname>,
117 <varname>t</varname>,
118 <varname>T</varname>,
119 <varname>a</varname>, and
120 <varname>A</varname> have their ownership, access mode and
121 security labels set.</para></listitem>
125 <term><option>--clean</option></term>
126 <listitem><para>If this option is passed, all files and
127 directories with an age parameter configured will be cleaned
128 up.</para></listitem>
132 <term><option>--remove</option></term>
133 <listitem><para>If this option is passed, the contents of
134 directories marked with <varname>D</varname> or
135 <varname>R</varname>, and files or directories themselves
136 marked with <varname>r</varname> or <varname>R</varname> are
137 removed unless an exclusive or shared BSD lock is taken on them (see <citerefentry
138 project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>flock</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
143 <term><option>--user</option></term>
144 <listitem><para>Execute "user" configuration, i.e. <filename>tmpfiles.d</filename>
145 files in user configuration directories.</para>
147 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v236"/></listitem>
151 <term><option>--boot</option></term>
152 <listitem><para>Also execute lines with an exclamation mark. Lines that are not safe to be executed
153 on a running system may be marked in this way. <command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> is executed in
154 early boot with <option>--boot</option> specified and will execute those lines. When invoked again
155 later, it should be called without <option>--boot</option>.</para>
157 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
161 <term><option>--graceful</option></term>
162 <listitem><para>Ignore configuration lines pertaining to unknown users or groups. This option is
163 intended to be used in early boot before all users or groups have been created.</para>
165 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
169 <term><option>--prefix=<replaceable>path</replaceable></option></term>
170 <listitem><para>Only apply rules with paths that start with
171 the specified prefix. This option can be specified multiple
174 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v212"/></listitem>
178 <term><option>--exclude-prefix=<replaceable>path</replaceable></option></term>
179 <listitem><para>Ignore rules with paths that start with the
180 specified prefix. This option can be specified multiple
183 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v207"/></listitem>
187 <term><option>-E</option></term>
188 <listitem><para>A shortcut for <literal>--exclude-prefix=/dev --exclude-prefix=/proc
189 --exclude-prefix=/run --exclude-prefix=/sys</literal>, i.e. exclude the hierarchies typically backed
190 by virtual or memory file systems. This is useful in combination with <option>--root=</option>, if
191 the specified directory tree contains an OS tree without these virtual/memory file systems mounted
192 in, as it is typically not desirable to create any files and directories below these subdirectories
193 if they are supposed to be overmounted during runtime.</para>
195 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v247"/></listitem>
199 <term><option>--root=<replaceable>root</replaceable></option></term>
200 <listitem><para>Takes a directory path as an argument. All paths will be prefixed with the given alternate
201 <replaceable>root</replaceable> path, including config search paths.</para>
203 <para>When this option is used, the libc Name Service Switch (NSS) is bypassed for resolving users
204 and groups. Instead the files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>
205 inside the alternate root are read directly. This means that users/groups not listed in these files
206 will not be resolved, i.e. LDAP NIS and other complex databases are not considered.</para>
208 <para>Consider combining this with <option>-E</option> to ensure the invocation does not create files
209 or directories below mount points in the OS image operated on that are typically overmounted during
212 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v212"/></listitem>
216 <term><option>--image=<replaceable>image</replaceable></option></term>
218 <listitem><para>Takes a path to a disk image file or block device node. If specified all operations
219 are applied to file system in the indicated disk image. This is similar to <option>--root=</option>
220 but operates on file systems stored in disk images or block devices. The disk image should either
221 contain just a file system or a set of file systems within a GPT partition table, following the
222 <ulink url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/discoverable_partitions_specification">Discoverable Partitions
223 Specification</ulink>. For further information on supported disk images, see
224 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
225 switch of the same name.</para>
227 <para>Implies <option>-E</option>.</para>
229 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v247"/></listitem>
232 <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="image-policy-open" />
235 <term><option>--replace=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>
236 <listitem><para>When this option is given, one or more positional arguments
237 must be specified. All configuration files found in the directories listed in
238 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
239 will be read, and the configuration given on the command line will be
240 handled instead of and with the same priority as the configuration file
241 <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>.</para>
243 <para>This option is intended to be used when package installation scripts
244 are running and files belonging to that package are not yet available on
245 disk, so their contents must be given on the command line, but the admin
246 configuration might already exist and should be given higher priority.
249 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/></listitem>
252 <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="cat-config" />
253 <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="tldr" />
254 <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
255 <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
256 <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
259 <para>It is possible to combine <option>--create</option>, <option>--clean</option>, and <option>--remove</option>
260 in one invocation (in which case removal and cleanup are executed before creation of new files). For example,
261 during boot the following command line is executed to ensure that all temporary and volatile directories are
262 removed and created according to the configuration file:</para>
264 <programlisting>systemd-tmpfiles --remove --create</programlisting>
268 <title>Credentials</title>
270 <para><command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> supports the service credentials logic as implemented by
271 <varname>ImportCredential=</varname>/<varname>LoadCredential=</varname>/<varname>SetCredential=</varname>
272 (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
273 details). The following credentials are used when passed in:</para>
275 <variablelist class='system-credentials'>
277 <term><varname>tmpfiles.extra</varname></term>
279 <listitem><para> The contents of this credential may contain additional lines to operate on. The
280 credential contents should follow the same format as any other <filename>tmpfiles.d/</filename>
281 drop-in configuration file. If this credential is passed it is processed after all of the drop-in
282 files read from the file system. The lines in the credential can hence augment existing lines of the
283 OS, but not override them.</para>
285 <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
289 <para>Note that by default the <filename>systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service</filename> unit file (and related
290 unit files) is set up to inherit the <literal>tmpfiles.extra</literal> credential from the service
295 <title>Environment</title>
297 <variablelist class='environment-variables'>
298 <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-level" />
299 <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-color" />
300 <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-time" />
301 <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-location" />
302 <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-target" />
303 <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="pager" />
304 <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="less" />
305 <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="lesscharset" />
306 <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="lesssecure" />
307 <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="colors" />
308 <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="urlify" />
313 <title>Unprivileged --cleanup operation</title>
315 <para><command>systemd-tmpfiles</command> tries to avoid changing
316 the access and modification times on the directories it accesses,
317 which requires <constant>CAP_FOWNER</constant> privileges. When
318 running as non-root, directories which are checked for files to
319 clean up will have their access time bumped, which might prevent
325 <title>Exit status</title>
327 <para>On success, 0 is returned. If the configuration was syntactically invalid (syntax errors, missing
328 arguments, …), so some lines had to be ignored, but no other errors occurred, <constant>65</constant> is
329 returned (<constant>EX_DATAERR</constant> from <filename>/usr/include/sysexits.h</filename>). If the
330 configuration was syntactically valid, but could not be executed (lack of permissions, creation of files
331 in missing directories, invalid contents when writing to <filename>/sys/</filename> values, …),
332 <constant>73</constant> is returned (<constant>EX_CANTCREAT</constant> from
333 <filename>/usr/include/sysexits.h</filename>). Otherwise, <constant>1</constant> is returned
334 (<constant>EXIT_FAILURE</constant> from <filename>/usr/include/stdlib.h</filename>).</para>
336 <para>Note: when creating items, if the target already exists, but is of the wrong type or otherwise does
337 not match the requested state, and forced operation has not been requested with <literal>+</literal>,
338 a message is emitted, but the failure is otherwise ignored.</para>
342 <title>See Also</title>
344 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
345 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>