1 [[!meta title="MAC address spoofing"]]
8 Every network interface — wired or Wi-Fi — has a [[!wikipedia MAC address]] which is
9 a serial number defined for each interface from factory by its vendor. MAC addresses
10 are used on the local network to identify the communications of each network
13 While your IP address identifies where you are on the Internet, your MAC address
14 identifies which device you are using on the local network. MAC addresses are
15 only useful on the local network and are not sent over the Internet.
17 Having such a unique identifier used on the local network can harm your privacy.
18 Here are two examples:
20 1. If you use your laptop to connect to several Wi-Fi networks, the
21 same MAC address of your Wi-Fi interface is used on all those local networks. Someone
22 observing those networks can recognize your MAC address and **track your
23 geographical location**.
25 2. As explained in our documentation on [[network
26 fingerprint|about/fingerprint]], someone observing the traffic coming out of
27 your computer on the local network can probably see that you are using Tails. In
28 that case, your MAC address can **identify you as a Tails user**.
30 What is MAC address spoofing?
31 =============================
33 Tails can temporarily change the MAC address of your network interfaces to random
34 values for the time of a working session. This is what we call "MAC address
35 spoofing". MAC address spoofing in Tails hides the serial number of your network interface,
36 and so to some extend, who you are, to the local network.
38 MAC address spoofing is enabled by default in Tails because it is usually
39 beneficial. But in some situations it might also lead to connectivity problems
40 or make your network activity look suspicious. This documentation explains
41 whether to use MAC spoofing or not, depending on your situation.
43 When to keep MAC address spoofing enabled
44 =========================================
46 **MAC address spoofing is enabled by default for all network interfaces.** This is
47 usually beneficial, even if you don't want to hide your geographical location.
49 Here are a few examples:
51 * **Using your own computer on an public network without registration**, for
52 example a free Wi-Fi service in a restaurant where you don't need to register with your
53 identity. In this case, MAC address spoofing hides the fact that your computer
54 is connected to this network.
56 * **Using your own computer on a network that you use frequently**, for example
57 at a friend's place, at work, at university, etc. You already have a strong
58 relationship with this place but MAC address spoofing hides the fact that your
59 computer is connected to this network *at a particular time*. It also hides
60 the fact that *you* are running Tails on this network.
62 When to disable MAC address spoofing
63 ====================================
65 In some situations MAC address spoofing is not useful but can instead be
66 problematic. In such cases, you might want to [[disable MAC address
67 spoofing|mac_spoofing#disable]].
69 Note that even if MAC spoofing is disabled, your anonymity on the Internet is
72 - An adversary on the local network can only see encrypted connections to the
74 - Your MAC address is not sent over the Internet to the websites that you are
77 However, disabling MAC address spoofing makes it possible again for the local
78 network to track your geographical location. If this is problematic, consider
79 using a different network device or moving to another network.
81 Here are a few examples:
83 - **Using a public computer**, for example in an Internet café or a library.
84 This computer is regularly used on this local network, and its MAC address is
85 not associated with your identity. In this case, MAC address spoofing can make
86 it impossible to connect. It can even **look suspicious** to the network
87 administrators to see an unknown MAC address being used on that network.
89 - On some network interfaces, **MAC address spoofing is impossible** due to
90 limitations in the hardware or in Linux. Tails temporarily disables such
91 network interfaces. You might disable MAC address spoofing to be able to use them.
93 - Some networks **only allow connections from a list of authorized MAC
94 addresses**. In this case, MAC address spoofing makes it impossible to connect
95 to such networks. If you were granted access to such network in the past, then
96 MAC address spoofing might prevent you from connecting.
98 - **Using your own computer at home**. Your identity and the MAC address of your
99 computer are already associated to this local network, so MAC address spoofing
100 is probably useless. But if access to your local network is restricted based
101 on MAC addresses it might be impossible to connect with a spoofed MAC address.
105 Disable MAC address spoofing
106 ============================
108 You can disable MAC address spoofing from [[<span class="application">Tails
109 Greeter</span>|startup_options#tails_greeter]]:
111 1. When <span class="application">Tails Greeter</span> appears, in the
112 <span class="guilabel">Welcome to Tails</span> window, click on the
113 <span class="button">Yes</span> button. Then click on the
114 <span class="button">Forward</span> button.
116 2. In the <span class="guilabel">MAC address spoofing</span> section, deselect
117 the <span class="guilabel">Spoof all MAC addresses</span> option.
122 - Other means of surveillance can reveal your geographical location: video
123 surveillance, mobile phone activity, credit card transactions, social
126 - While using Wi-Fi, anybody within range of your Wi-Fi interface can
127 see your MAC address, even without being connected to the same Wi-Fi
130 - When using mobile phone connectivity, such as 3G or GSM, the identifier of
131 your SIM card (IMSI) and the serial number of your phone (IMEI) are always
132 revealed to the mobile phone operator.
134 - Some [[!wikipedia captive portals]] might send your MAC address over the
135 Internet to their authentication servers. This should not affect your decision
136 regarding MAC address spoofing. If you decide to disable MAC address spoofing
137 your computer can already be identified by your ISP.