5 pkcs8 - PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool
28 The B<pkcs8> command processes private keys in PKCS#8 format. It can handle
29 both unencrypted PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo format and EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
30 format with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms.
32 =head1 COMMAND OPTIONS
38 Normally a PKCS#8 private key is expected on input and a traditional format
39 private key will be written. With the B<-topk8> option the situation is
40 reversed: it reads a traditional format private key and writes a PKCS#8
43 =item B<-inform DER|PEM>
45 This specifies the input format. If a PKCS#8 format key is expected on input
46 then either a B<DER> or B<PEM> encoded version of a PKCS#8 key will be
47 expected. Otherwise the B<DER> or B<PEM> format of the traditional format
50 =item B<-outform DER|PEM>
52 This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the
57 This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
58 option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
63 the input file password source. For more information about the format of B<arg>
64 see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>.
66 =item B<-out filename>
68 This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by
69 default. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be
70 prompted for. The output filename should B<not> be the same as the input
75 the output file password source. For more information about the format of B<arg>
76 see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>.
80 PKCS#8 keys generated or input are normally PKCS#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
81 structures using an appropriate password based encryption algorithm. With
82 this option an unencrypted PrivateKeyInfo structure is expected or output.
83 This option does not encrypt private keys at all and should only be used
84 when absolutely necessary. Certain software such as some versions of Java
85 code signing software used unencrypted private keys.
89 This option generates RSA private keys in a broken format that some software
90 uses. Specifically the private key should be enclosed in a OCTET STRING
91 but some software just includes the structure itself without the
92 surrounding OCTET STRING.
96 This option generates DSA keys in a broken format. The DSA parameters are
97 embedded inside the PrivateKey structure. In this form the OCTET STRING
98 contains an ASN1 SEQUENCE consisting of two structures: a SEQUENCE containing
99 the parameters and an ASN1 INTEGER containing the private key.
103 This option generates DSA keys in a broken format compatible with Netscape
104 private key databases. The PrivateKey contains a SEQUENCE consisting of
105 the public and private keys respectively.
109 This option enables the use of PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms. Normally PKCS#8
110 private keys are encrypted with the password based encryption algorithm
111 called B<pbeWithMD5AndDES-CBC> this uses 56 bit DES encryption but it
112 was the strongest encryption algorithm supported in PKCS#5 v1.5. Using
113 the B<-v2> option PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms are used which can use any
114 encryption algorithm such as 168 bit triple DES or 128 bit RC2 however
115 not many implementations support PKCS#5 v2.0 yet. If you are just using
116 private keys with OpenSSL then this doesn't matter.
118 The B<alg> argument is the encryption algorithm to use, valid values include
119 B<des>, B<des3> and B<rc2>. It is recommended that B<des3> is used.
123 This option specifies a PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 algorithm to use. A complete
124 list of possible algorithms is included below.
128 specifying an engine (by its unique B<id> string) will cause B<pkcs8>
129 to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
130 thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
131 for all available algorithms.
137 The encrypted form of a PEM encode PKCS#8 files uses the following
140 -----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
141 -----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
143 The unencrypted form uses:
145 -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
146 -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
148 Private keys encrypted using PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms and high iteration
149 counts are more secure that those encrypted using the traditional
150 SSLeay compatible formats. So if additional security is considered
151 important the keys should be converted.
153 The default encryption is only 56 bits because this is the encryption
154 that most current implementations of PKCS#8 will support.
156 Some software may use PKCS#12 password based encryption algorithms
157 with PKCS#8 format private keys: these are handled automatically
158 but there is no option to produce them.
160 It is possible to write out DER encoded encrypted private keys in
161 PKCS#8 format because the encryption details are included at an ASN1
162 level whereas the traditional format includes them at a PEM level.
164 =head1 PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12 algorithms.
166 Various algorithms can be used with the B<-v1> command line option,
167 including PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12. These are described in more detail
172 =item B<PBE-MD2-DES PBE-MD5-DES>
174 These algorithms were included in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification.
175 They only offer 56 bits of protection since they both use DES.
177 =item B<PBE-SHA1-RC2-64 PBE-MD2-RC2-64 PBE-MD5-RC2-64 PBE-SHA1-DES>
179 These algorithms are not mentioned in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification
180 but they use the same key derivation algorithm and are supported by some
181 software. They are mentioned in PKCS#5 v2.0. They use either 64 bit RC2 or
184 =item B<PBE-SHA1-RC4-128 PBE-SHA1-RC4-40 PBE-SHA1-3DES PBE-SHA1-2DES PBE-SHA1-RC2-128 PBE-SHA1-RC2-40>
186 These algorithms use the PKCS#12 password based encryption algorithm and
187 allow strong encryption algorithms like triple DES or 128 bit RC2 to be used.
193 Convert a private from traditional to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using triple
196 openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 des3 -out enckey.pem
198 Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#5 1.5 compatible algorithm
201 openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem
203 Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#12 compatible algorithm
206 openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem -v1 PBE-SHA1-3DES
208 Read a DER unencrypted PKCS#8 format private key:
210 openssl pkcs8 -inform DER -nocrypt -in key.der -out key.pem
212 Convert a private key from any PKCS#8 format to traditional format:
214 openssl pkcs8 -in pk8.pem -out key.pem
218 Test vectors from this PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation were posted to the
219 pkcs-tng mailing list using triple DES, DES and RC2 with high iteration
220 counts, several people confirmed that they could decrypt the private
221 keys produced and Therefore it can be assumed that the PKCS#5 v2.0
222 implementation is reasonably accurate at least as far as these
223 algorithms are concerned.
225 The format of PKCS#8 DSA (and other) private keys is not well documented:
226 it is hidden away in PKCS#11 v2.01, section 11.9. OpenSSL's default DSA
227 PKCS#8 private key format complies with this standard.
231 There should be an option that prints out the encryption algorithm
232 in use and other details such as the iteration count.
234 PKCS#8 using triple DES and PKCS#5 v2.0 should be the default private
235 key format for OpenSSL: for compatibility several of the utilities use
236 the old format at present.
240 L<dsa(1)|dsa(1)>, L<rsa(1)|rsa(1)>, L<genrsa(1)|genrsa(1)>,
241 L<gendsa(1)|gendsa(1)>