5 rand - pseudo-random number generator
9 #include <openssl/rand.h>
11 int RAND_set_rand_engine(ENGINE *engine);
13 int RAND_bytes(unsigned char *buf, int num);
14 int RAND_pseudo_bytes(unsigned char *buf, int num);
16 void RAND_seed(const void *buf, int num);
17 void RAND_add(const void *buf, int num, int entropy);
18 int RAND_status(void);
20 int RAND_load_file(const char *file, long max_bytes);
21 int RAND_write_file(const char *file);
22 const char *RAND_file_name(char *file, size_t num);
24 int RAND_egd(const char *path);
26 void RAND_set_rand_method(const RAND_METHOD *meth);
27 const RAND_METHOD *RAND_get_rand_method(void);
28 RAND_METHOD *RAND_SSLeay(void);
30 void RAND_cleanup(void);
33 void RAND_screen(void);
34 int RAND_event(UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
38 Since the introduction of the ENGINE API, the recommended way of controlling
39 default implementations is by using the ENGINE API functions. The default
40 B<RAND_METHOD>, as set by RAND_set_rand_method() and returned by
41 RAND_get_rand_method(), is only used if no ENGINE has been set as the default
42 "rand" implementation. Hence, these two functions are no longer the recommened
43 way to control defaults.
45 If an alternative B<RAND_METHOD> implementation is being used (either set
46 directly or as provided by an ENGINE module), then it is entirely responsible
47 for the generation and management of a cryptographically secure PRNG stream. The
48 mechanisms described below relate solely to the software PRNG implementation
49 built in to OpenSSL and used by default.
51 These functions implement a cryptographically secure pseudo-random
52 number generator (PRNG). It is used by other library functions for
53 example to generate random keys, and applications can use it when they
56 A cryptographic PRNG must be seeded with unpredictable data such as
57 mouse movements or keys pressed at random by the user. This is
58 described in L<RAND_add(3)|RAND_add(3)>. Its state can be saved in a seed file
59 (see L<RAND_load_file(3)|RAND_load_file(3)>) to avoid having to go through the
60 seeding process whenever the application is started.
62 L<RAND_bytes(3)|RAND_bytes(3)> describes how to obtain random data from the
67 The RAND_SSLeay() method implements a PRNG based on a cryptographic
70 The following description of its design is based on the SSLeay
73 First up I will state the things I believe I need for a good RNG.
79 A good hashing algorithm to mix things up and to convert the RNG 'state'
84 An initial source of random 'state'.
88 The state should be very large. If the RNG is being used to generate
89 4096 bit RSA keys, 2 2048 bit random strings are required (at a minimum).
90 If your RNG state only has 128 bits, you are obviously limiting the
91 search space to 128 bits, not 2048. I'm probably getting a little
92 carried away on this last point but it does indicate that it may not be
93 a bad idea to keep quite a lot of RNG state. It should be easier to
94 break a cipher than guess the RNG seed data.
98 Any RNG seed data should influence all subsequent random numbers
99 generated. This implies that any random seed data entered will have
100 an influence on all subsequent random numbers generated.
104 When using data to seed the RNG state, the data used should not be
105 extractable from the RNG state. I believe this should be a
106 requirement because one possible source of 'secret' semi random
107 data would be a private key or a password. This data must
108 not be disclosed by either subsequent random numbers or a
109 'core' dump left by a program crash.
113 Given the same initial 'state', 2 systems should deviate in their RNG state
114 (and hence the random numbers generated) over time if at all possible.
118 Given the random number output stream, it should not be possible to determine
119 the RNG state or the next random number.
123 The algorithm is as follows.
125 There is global state made up of a 1023 byte buffer (the 'state'), a
126 working hash value ('md'), and a counter ('count').
128 Whenever seed data is added, it is inserted into the 'state' as
131 The input is chopped up into units of 20 bytes (or less for
132 the last block). Each of these blocks is run through the hash
133 function as follows: The data passed to the hash function
134 is the current 'md', the same number of bytes from the 'state'
135 (the location determined by in incremented looping index) as
136 the current 'block', the new key data 'block', and 'count'
137 (which is incremented after each use).
138 The result of this is kept in 'md' and also xored into the
139 'state' at the same locations that were used as input into the
141 believe this system addresses points 1 (hash function; currently
142 SHA-1), 3 (the 'state'), 4 (via the 'md'), 5 (by the use of a hash
145 When bytes are extracted from the RNG, the following process is used.
146 For each group of 10 bytes (or less), we do the following:
148 Input into the hash function the local 'md' (which is initialized from
149 the global 'md' before any bytes are generated), the bytes that are to
150 be overwritten by the random bytes, and bytes from the 'state'
151 (incrementing looping index). From this digest output (which is kept
152 in 'md'), the top (up to) 10 bytes are returned to the caller and the
153 bottom 10 bytes are xored into the 'state'.
155 Finally, after we have finished 'num' random bytes for the caller,
156 'count' (which is incremented) and the local and global 'md' are fed
157 into the hash function and the results are kept in the global 'md'.
159 I believe the above addressed points 1 (use of SHA-1), 6 (by hashing
160 into the 'state' the 'old' data from the caller that is about to be
161 overwritten) and 7 (by not using the 10 bytes given to the caller to
162 update the 'state', but they are used to update 'md').
164 So of the points raised, only 2 is not addressed (but see
165 L<RAND_add(3)|RAND_add(3)>).
169 L<BN_rand(3)|BN_rand(3)>, L<RAND_add(3)|RAND_add(3)>,
170 L<RAND_load_file(3)|RAND_load_file(3)>, L<RAND_egd(3)|RAND_egd(3)>,
171 L<RAND_bytes(3)|RAND_bytes(3)>,
172 L<RAND_set_rand_method(3)|RAND_set_rand_method(3)>,
173 L<RAND_cleanup(3)|RAND_cleanup(3)>