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28 Why 32-bit libelf is not Large File Aware
29 -----------------------------------------
31 The ELF format uses unsigned 32-bit integers for offsets, so the
32 theoretical limit on a 32-bit ELF object is 4GB. However, libelf
33 imposes a 2GB limit on the objects it can create. The Solaris
34 link-editor and related tools are all based on libelf, so the
35 32-bit version of the link-editor also has a 2GB limit, despite
36 the theoretical limit of 4GB.
38 Large file support (LFS) is a half step between the 32 and 64-bit
39 worlds, in which an otherwise 32-bit limited process is allowed to
40 read and write data to a file that can be larger than 2GB (the extent
41 of a signed 32-bit integer, as represented by the system type off_t).
42 LFS is useful if the program only needs to access a small subset of
43 the file data at any given time (e.g. /usr/bin/cat). It is less useful
44 if the program needs to access a large amount of data at once --- having
45 been freed from the file limit, the program will simply hit the virtual
48 In particular, the link-editor generally requires twice as much
49 memory as the size of the output object, half to hold the input
50 objects, and half to hold the result. This means that a 32-bit
51 link-editor process will hit the 2GB file size limit and the 4GB
52 address space limit at roughly the same time. As a result, a
53 large file aware 32-bit version of libelf has no significant value.
54 Despite this, the question of what it would take to make libelf
55 large file aware comes up from time to time.
57 The first step would be to provide alternative versions of
58 all public data structures that involve the off_t data type.
59 These structs, found in /usr/include/libelf.h, are:
62 * Archive member header
82 off_t d_off; /* offset into section */
83 size_t d_align; /* alignment in section */
84 unsigned d_version; /* elf version */
87 As off_t is a signed type, these alternative versions would have to use
88 an off64_t type instead.
90 In addition to providing alternative large file aware Elf_Arhdr and
91 Elf_Data types, it would be necessary to implement large file aware
92 versions of the public functions that use them, also found in
93 /usr/include/libelf.h:
96 * Function declarations
98 unsigned elf_flagdata(Elf_Data *, Elf_Cmd, unsigned);
99 Elf_Arhdr *elf_getarhdr(Elf *);
100 off_t elf_getbase(Elf *);
101 Elf_Data *elf_getdata(Elf_Scn *, Elf_Data *);
102 Elf_Data *elf_newdata(Elf_Scn *);
103 Elf_Data *elf_rawdata(Elf_Scn *, Elf_Data *);
104 off_t elf_update(Elf *, Elf_Cmd);
105 Elf_Data *elf32_xlatetof(Elf_Data *, const Elf_Data *, unsigned);
106 Elf_Data *elf32_xlatetom(Elf_Data *, const Elf_Data *, unsigned);
107 Elf_Data *elf64_xlatetof(Elf_Data *, const Elf_Data *, unsigned);
108 Elf_Data *elf64_xlatetom(Elf_Data *, const Elf_Data *, unsigned);
110 It is important to note that these new versions cannot replace the
111 original definitions. Those must continue to be available to support
112 non-large-file-aware programs. These new types and functions would be in
113 addition to the pre-existing versions.
115 When you make code like this large file aware, it is necessary to undertake
116 a careful analysis of the code to ensure that all the surrounding code uses
117 variable types large enough to handle the increased range. Hence, this work
118 is more complicated than simply supplying variants that use a bigger
119 off_t and rebuilding --- that is just the first step.
121 There are two standard preprocessor definitions used to control
127 These preprocessor definitions would be used to determine whether
128 a given program linked against libelf would see the regular, or
129 the large file aware versions of the above types and routines.
130 This is the same approach used in other large file capable software,
133 Finally, all the applications that rely on libelf would need to be made
134 large file aware. As with libelf itself, there is more to such an effort
135 than recompiling with preprocessor macros set. The code in these
136 applications would need to be examined carefully. Some of these programs
137 are very old, and were not originally written with such type portability
138 in mind. Such code can be difficult to transition.
140 To work around the 2GB limit in 32-bit libelf:
142 - The fundamental limits of a 32-bit address space mean
143 that a program this large should be 64-bit. Only a 64-bit
144 address space has enough room for that much code, plus the
145 stack and heap needed to do useful work with it.
147 - The 64-bit version of libelf is also able to process
148 32-bit objects, and does not have a 2GB file size limit.
149 Therefore, the 64-bit link-editor can be used to build a 32-bit
150 executable which is >2GB. The resulting program will consume over
151 half the available address space just to start running. However,
152 there may be enough address space left for it to do useful work.
154 Note that the 32-bit limit for sharable objects remains at
155 2GB --- imposed by the runtime linker, which is also not large