| blob | 1edabba9a07b66d631ee6351d962e4a964c4fa19 |
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13 .TH HISTORY 1 "Nov 2, 2007"
14 .SH NAME
15 history, fc, hist \- process command history list
16 .SH SYNOPSIS
17 .LP
18 .nf
19 \fB/usr/bin/fc\fR [\fB-r\fR] [\fB-e\fR \fIeditor\fR] [\fIfirst\fR [\fIlast\fR]]
20 .fi
22 .LP
23 .nf
24 \fB/usr/bin/fc\fR \fB-l\fR [\fB-nr\fR] [\fIfirst\fR [\fIlast\fR]]
25 .fi
27 .LP
28 .nf
29 \fB/usr/bin/fc\fR \fB-s\fR [\fIold\fR=\fInew\fR] [\fIfirst\fR]
30 .fi
32 .SS "csh"
33 .LP
34 .nf
35 \fBhistory\fR [\fB-hr\fR] [\fIn\fR]
36 .fi
38 .SS "ksh"
39 .LP
40 .nf
41 \fBfc\fR \fB-e\fR \fB-\fR [\fIold\fR=\fInew\fR] [\fIcommand\fR]
42 .fi
44 .LP
45 .nf
46 \fBfc\fR \fB-s\fR [\fIold\fR = \fInew\fR] [\fIcommand\fR]
47 .fi
49 .LP
50 .nf
51 \fBfc\fR [\fB-e\fR \fIename\fR] [\fB-nlr\fR] [\fIfirst\fR [\fIlast\fR]]
52 .fi
54 .SS "ksh93"
55 .LP
56 .nf
57 \fBhist\fR [\fB-lnprs\fR] [\fB-e\fR \fIeditor\fR][\fB-N\fR \fInum\fR][\fIfirst\fR[\fIlast\fR]]
58 .fi
60 .SH DESCRIPTION
61 .SS "/usr/bin/fc"
62 .sp
63 .LP
64 The \fBfc\fR utility lists or edits and reexecutes, commands previously entered
65 to an interactive \fBsh\fR.
66 .sp
67 .LP
68 The command history list references commands by number. The first number in the
69 list is selected arbitrarily. The relationship of a number to its command does
70 not change except when the user logs in and no other process is accessing the
71 list, at which time the system can reset the numbering to start the oldest
72 retained command at another number (usually 1). When the number reaches the
73 value in \fBHISTSIZE\fR or \fB32767\fR (whichever is greater), the shell can
74 wrap the numbers, starting the next command with a lower number (usually 1).
75 However, despite this optional wrapping of numbers, \fBfc\fR maintains the
76 time-ordering sequence of the commands. For example, if four commands in
77 sequence are given the numbers 32 766, 32 767, 1 (wrapped), and 2 as they are
78 executed, command 32 767 is considered the command previous to 1, even though
79 its number is higher.
80 .sp
81 .LP
82 When commands are edited (when the \fB-l\fR option is not specified), the
83 resulting lines is entered at the end of the history list and then reexecuted
84 by \fBsh\fR. The \fBfc\fR command that caused the editing is not entered into
85 the history list. If the editor returns a non-zero exit status, this suppresses
86 the entry into the history list and the command reexecution. Any command-line
87 variable assignments or redirection operators used with \fBfc\fR affects both
88 the \fBfc\fR command itself as well as the command that results, for example:
89 .sp
90 .in +2
91 .nf
92 \fBfc -s -- -1 2>/dev/null\fR
93 .fi
94 .in -2
95 .sp
97 .sp
98 .LP
99 reinvokes the previous command, suppressing standard error for both \fBfc\fR
100 and the previous command.
101 .SS "csh"
102 .sp
103 .LP
104 Display the history list. If \fIn\fR is given, display only the \fIn\fR most
105 recent events.
106 .sp
107 .ne 2
108 .na
109 \fB\fB-r\fR\fR
110 .ad
111 .RS 6n
112 Reverse the order of printout to be most recent first rather than oldest first.
113 .RE
115 .sp
116 .ne 2
117 .na
118 \fB\fB-h\fR\fR
119 .ad
120 .RS 6n
121 Display the history list without leading numbers. This is used to produce files
122 suitable for sourcing using the \fB-h\fR option to the \fBcsh\fR built-in
123 command, \fBsource\fR(1).
124 .RE
126 .SS "History Substitution:"
127 .sp
128 .LP
129 History substitution allows you to use words from previous command lines in the
130 command line you are typing. This simplifies spelling corrections and the
131 repetition of complicated commands or arguments. Command lines are saved in the
132 history list, the size of which is controlled by the \fBhistory\fR variable.
133 The \fBhistory\fR shell variable can be set to the maximum number of command
134 lines that is saved in the history file, that is:
135 .sp
136 .in +2
137 .nf
138 set history = 200
139 .fi
140 .in -2
142 .sp
143 .LP
144 allows the history list to keep track of the most recent 200 command lines. If
145 not set, the C shell saves only the most recent command.
146 .sp
147 .LP
148 A history substitution begins with a \fB!\fR (although you can change this with
149 the \fBhistchars\fR variable) and can occur anywhere on the command line;
150 history substitutions do not nest. The \fB!\fR can be escaped with \fB\e\fR to
151 suppress its special meaning.
152 .sp
153 .LP
154 Input lines containing history substitutions are echoed on the terminal after
155 being expanded, but before any other substitutions take place or the command
156 gets executed.
157 .SS "Event Designators:"
158 .sp
159 .LP
160 An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history list.
161 .sp
162 .ne 2
163 .na
164 \fB\fB!\fR\fR
165 .ad
166 .sp .6
167 .RS 4n
168 Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space character, tab,
169 newline, \fB=\fR or \fB(\fR.
170 .RE
172 .sp
173 .ne 2
174 .na
175 \fB\fB!!\fR\fR
176 .ad
177 .sp .6
178 .RS 4n
179 Refer to the previous command. By itself, this substitution repeats the
180 previous command.
181 .RE
183 .sp
184 .ne 2
185 .na
186 \fB\fB!\fR\fIn\fR\fR
187 .ad
188 .sp .6
189 .RS 4n
190 Refer to command line \fIn\fR.
191 .RE
193 .sp
194 .ne 2
195 .na
196 \fB\fB!\fR\fB-n\fR\fR
197 .ad
198 .sp .6
199 .RS 4n
200 Refer to the current command line minus \fIn\fR.
201 .RE
203 .sp
204 .ne 2
205 .na
206 \fB\fB!\fR\fIstr\fR\fR
207 .ad
208 .sp .6
209 .RS 4n
210 Refer to the most recent command starting with \fIstr\fR.
211 .RE
213 .sp
214 .ne 2
215 .na
216 \fB\fB!?\fR\fIstr\fR\fB?\fR\fR
217 .ad
218 .sp .6
219 .RS 4n
220 Refer to the most recent command containing \fIstr\fR.
221 .RE
223 .sp
224 .ne 2
225 .na
226 \fB\fB!?\fR\fIstr\fR\fB?\fR \fIadditional\fR\fR
227 .ad
228 .sp .6
229 .RS 4n
230 Refer to the most recent command containing \fIstr\fR and append
231 \fIadditional\fR to that referenced command.
232 .RE
234 .sp
235 .ne 2
236 .na
237 \fB\fB!{\fR\fBcommand\fR\fB}\fR \fIadditional\fR\fR
238 .ad
239 .sp .6
240 .RS 4n
241 Refer to the most recent command beginning with \fBcommand\fR and append
242 \fIadditional\fR to that referenced command.
243 .RE
245 .sp
246 .ne 2
247 .na
248 \fB\fB^\fR\fIprevious_word\fR\fB^\fR\fIreplacement\fR\fB^\fR\fR
249 .ad
250 .sp .6
251 .RS 4n
252 Repeat the previous command line replacing the string \fIprevious_word\fR with
253 the string \fIreplacement\fR. This is equivalent to the history substitution:
254 .sp
255 Repeat the previous command line replacing the string \fIprevious_word\fR with
256 the string \fIreplacement\fR. This is equivalent to the history substitution:
257 .sp
258 .in +2
259 .nf
260 \fB!:s/\fR\fIprevious_word\fR\fB/\fR\fIreplacement\fR\fB/\fR.
261 .fi
262 .in -2
264 To re-execute a specific previous command \fBand\fR make such a substitution,
265 say, re-executing command #6:
266 .sp
267 .in +2
268 .nf
269 \fB!:6s/\fR\fIprevious_word\fR\fB/\fR\fIreplacement\fR\fB/\fR.
270 .fi
271 .in -2
273 .RE
275 .SS "Word Designators:"
276 .sp
277 .LP
278 A `\fB:\fR' (colon) separates the event specification from the word designator.
279 2It can be omitted if the word designator begins with a \fB^\fR, \fB$\fR,
280 \fB*\fR, \fB\(mi\fR or \fB%\fR. If the word is to be selected from the previous
281 command, the second \fB!\fR character can be omitted from the event
282 specification. For instance, \fB!!:1\fR and \fB!:1\fR both refer to the first
283 word of the previous command, while \fB!!$\fR and \fB!$\fR both refer to the
284 last word in the previous command. Word designators include:
285 .sp
286 .ne 2
287 .na
288 \fB\fB#\fR\fR
289 .ad
290 .RS 10n
291 The entire command line typed so far.
292 .RE
294 .sp
295 .ne 2
296 .na
297 \fB\fB0\fR\fR
298 .ad
299 .RS 10n
300 The first input word (command).
301 .RE
303 .sp
304 .ne 2
305 .na
306 \fB\fIn\fR\fR
307 .ad
308 .RS 10n
309 The \fIn\fR'th argument.
310 .RE
312 .sp
313 .ne 2
314 .na
315 \fB\fB^\fR\fR
316 .ad
317 .RS 10n
318 The first argument, that is, \fB1\fR.
319 .RE
321 .sp
322 .ne 2
323 .na
324 \fB\fB$\fR\fR
325 .ad
326 .RS 10n
327 The last argument.
328 .RE
330 .sp
331 .ne 2
332 .na
333 \fB\fB%\fR\fR
334 .ad
335 .RS 10n
336 The word matched by (the most recent) \fB?\fR\fIs\fR search.
337 .RE
339 .sp
340 .ne 2
341 .na
342 \fB\fIx\fR\fB\(mi\fR\fIy\fR\fR
343 .ad
344 .RS 10n
345 A range of words; \fB\(mi\fR\fIy\fR abbreviates \fB0\(mi\fR\fIy\fR.
346 .RE
348 .sp
349 .ne 2
350 .na
351 \fB\fB*\fR\fR
352 .ad
353 .RS 10n
354 All the arguments, or a null value if there is just one word in the event.
355 .RE
357 .sp
358 .ne 2
359 .na
360 \fB\fIx\fR\fB*\fR\fR
361 .ad
362 .RS 10n
363 Abbreviates \fIx\fR\fB\(mi$\fR\fI\&.\fR
364 .RE
366 .sp
367 .ne 2
368 .na
369 \fB\fIx\fR\fB\(mi\fR\fR
370 .ad
371 .RS 10n
372 Like \fIx\fR\fB*\fR but omitting word \fB$\fR.
373 .RE
375 .SS "Modifiers:"
376 .sp
377 .LP
378 After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more of
379 the following modifiers, each preceded by a \fB:\fR.
380 .sp
381 .ne 2
382 .na
383 \fB\fBh\fR\fR
384 .ad
385 .RS 28n
386 Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving the head.
387 .RE
389 .sp
390 .ne 2
391 .na
392 \fB\fBr\fR\fR
393 .ad
394 .RS 28n
395 Remove a trailing suffix of the form `\fB\&.\fR\fIxxx\fR', leaving the
396 basename.
397 .RE
399 .sp
400 .ne 2
401 .na
402 \fB\fBe\fR\fR
403 .ad
404 .RS 28n
405 Remove all but the suffix, leaving the extension.
406 .RE
408 .sp
409 .ne 2
410 .na
411 \fB\fBs/\fR\fIoldchars\fR\fB/\fR\fIreplacements\fR\fB/\fR\fR
412 .ad
413 .RS 28n
414 Substitute \fIreplacements\fR for \fIoldchars\fR. \fIoldchars\fR is a string
415 that can contain embedded blank spaces, whereas \fIprevious_word\fR in the
416 event designator can not.
417 .sp
418 .in +2
419 .nf
420 \fB^\fR\fIoldchars\fR\fB^\fR\fIreplacements\fR\fB^\fR
421 .fi
422 .in -2
424 .RE
426 .sp
427 .ne 2
428 .na
429 \fB\fBt\fR\fR
430 .ad
431 .RS 28n
432 Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
433 .RE
435 .sp
436 .ne 2
437 .na
438 \fB\fB&\fR\fR
439 .ad
440 .RS 28n
441 Repeat the previous substitution.
442 .RE
444 .sp
445 .ne 2
446 .na
447 \fB\fBg\fR\fR
448 .ad
449 .RS 28n
450 Apply the change to the first occurrence of a match in each word, by prefixing
451 the above (for example, \fBg&\fR).
452 .RE
454 .sp
455 .ne 2
456 .na
457 \fB\fBp\fR\fR
458 .ad
459 .RS 28n
460 Print the new command but do not execute it.
461 .RE
463 .sp
464 .ne 2
465 .na
466 \fB\fBq\fR\fR
467 .ad
468 .RS 28n
469 Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
470 .RE
472 .sp
473 .ne 2
474 .na
475 \fB\fBx\fR\fR
476 .ad
477 .RS 28n
478 Like \fBq\fR, but break into words at each space character, tab or newline.
479 .RE
481 .sp
482 .LP
483 Unless preceded by a \fBg\fR, the modification is applied only to the first
484 string that matches \fIoldchars\fR. An error results if no string matches.
485 .sp
486 .LP
487 The left-hand side of substitutions are not regular expressions, but character
488 strings. Any character can be used as the delimiter in place of \fB/\fR. A
489 backslash quotes the delimiter character. The character \fB&\fR, in the right
490 hand side, is replaced by the text from the left-hand-side. The \fB&\fR can be
491 quoted with a backslash. A null \fIoldchars\fR uses the previous string either
492 from a \fIoldchars\fR or from a contextual scan string \fIs\fR from
493 \fB!?\fR\fIs\fR. You can omit the rightmost delimiter if a newline immediately
494 follows \fIreplacements\fR; the rightmost \fB?\fR in a context scan can
495 similarly be omitted.
496 .sp
497 .LP
498 Without an event specification, a history reference refers either to the
499 previous command, or to a previous history reference on the command line (if
500 any).
501 .SS "ksh"
502 .sp
503 .LP
504 Using \fBfc\fR, in the form of
505 .sp
506 .in +2
507 .nf
508 \fBfc -e \(mi [\fIold\fR=\fInew\fR] [\fIcommand\fR],\fR
509 .fi
510 .in -2
511 .sp
513 .sp
514 .LP
515 or
516 .sp
517 .in +2
518 .nf
519 \fBfc -s [\fIold\fR=\fInew\fR] [\fIcommand\fR],\fR
520 .fi
521 .in -2
522 .sp
524 .sp
525 .LP
526 the \fIcommand\fR is re-executed after the substitution
527 \fIold\fR\fB=\fR\fInew\fR is performed. If there is not a \fIcommand\fR
528 argument, the most recent command typed at this terminal is executed.
529 .sp
530 .LP
531 Using \fBfc\fR in the form of
532 .sp
533 .in +2
534 .nf
535 \fBfc [-e \fIename\fR] [-nlr ] [\fIfirst\fR [\fIlast\fR]],\fR
536 .fi
537 .in -2
538 .sp
540 .sp
541 .LP
542 a range of commands from \fIfirst\fR to \fIlast\fR is selected from the last
543 \fBHISTSIZE\fR commands that were typed at the terminal. The arguments
544 \fIfirst\fR and \fIlast\fR can be specified as a number or as a string. A
545 string is used to locate the most recent command starting with the given
546 string. A negative number is used as an offset to the current command number.
547 If the \fB-l\fR flag is selected, the commands are listed on standard output.
548 Otherwise, the editor program \fB-e\fR \fIname\fR is invoked on a file
549 containing these keyboard commands. If \fIename\fR is not supplied, then the
550 value of the variable \fBFCEDIT\fR (default \fB/bin/ed\fR) is used as the
551 editor. When editing is complete, the edited command(s) is executed. If
552 \fBlast\fR is not specified, it is set to \fIfirst\fR. If \fIfirst\fR is not
553 specified, the default is the previous command for editing and \(mi16 for
554 listing. The flag \fB-r\fR reverses the order of the commands and the flag
555 \fB-n\fR suppresses command numbers when listing. (See \fBksh\fR(1) for more
556 about command line editing.)
557 .sp
558 .ne 2
559 .na
560 \fB\fBHISTFILE\fR\fR
561 .ad
562 .RS 12n
563 If this variable is set when the shell is invoked, then the value is the
564 pathname of the file that is used to store the command history.
565 .RE
567 .sp
568 .ne 2
569 .na
570 \fB\fBHISTSIZE\fR\fR
571 .ad
572 .RS 12n
573 If this variable is set when the shell is invoked, then the number of
574 previously entered commands that are accessible by this shell is greater than
575 or equal to this number. The default is \fB128\fR.
576 .RE
578 .SS "Command Re-entry:"
579 .sp
580 .LP
581 The text of the last \fBHISTSIZE\fR (default 128) commands entered from a
582 terminal device is saved in a \fBhistory\fR file. The file
583 \fB$HOME/.sh_history\fR is used if the \fBHISTFILE\fR variable is not set or if
584 the file it names is not writable. A shell can access the commands of all
585 \fIinteractive\fR shells which use the same named \fBHISTFILE\fR. The special
586 command \fBfc\fR is used to list or edit a portion of this file. The portion of
587 the file to be edited or listed can be selected by number or by giving the
588 first character or characters of the command. A single command or range of
589 commands can be specified. If you do not specify an editor program as an
590 argument to \fBfc\fR then the value of the variable \fBFCEDIT\fR is used. If
591 \fBFCEDIT\fR is not defined then \fB/bin/ed\fR is used. The edited command(s)
592 is printed and re-executed upon leaving the editor. The editor name \fB\(mi\fR
593 is used to skip the editing phase and to re-execute the command. In this case a
594 substitution parameter of the form \fIold\fR\fB=\fR\fInew\fR can be used to
595 modify the command before execution. For example, if \fBr\fR is aliased to
596 \fBa\'fc\fR \fB-e\fR \fB\(mi a\'\fR then typing \fB`r\fR \fBbad=good\fR
597 \fBc'\fR re-executes the most recent command which starts with the letter
598 \fBc\fR, replacing the first occurrence of the string \fBbad\fR with the string
599 \fBgood\fR.
600 .sp
601 .LP
602 Using the \fBfc\fR built-in command within a compound command causes the whole
603 command to disappear from the history file.
604 .SS "ksh93"
605 .sp
606 .LP
607 \fBhist\fR lists, edits, or re-executes commands previously entered into the
608 current shell environment.
609 .sp
610 .LP
611 The command history list references commands by number. The first number in the
612 list is selected arbitrarily. The relationship of a number to its command does
613 not change during a login session. When the number reaches \fB32767\fR the
614 number wraps around to \fB1\fR but maintains the ordering.
615 .sp
616 .LP
617 When the \fBl\fR option is not specified, and commands are edited, the
618 resulting lines are entered at the end of the history list and then re-executed
619 by the current shell. The \fBhist\fR command that caused the editing is not
620 entered into the history list. If the editor returns a \fBnon-zero\fR exit
621 status, this suppresses the entry into the history list and the command
622 re-execution. Command line variable assignments and redirections affect both
623 the \fBhist\fR command and the commands that are re-executed.
624 .sp
625 .LP
626 \fIfirst\fR and \fIlast\fR define the range of commands. Specify \fIfirst\fR
627 and \fIlast\fR as one of the following:
628 .sp
629 .ne 2
630 .na
631 \fB\fInumber\fR\fR
632 .ad
633 .RS 11n
634 A positive number representing a command number. A \fB+\fR sign can precede
635 \fInumber\fR.
636 .RE
638 .sp
639 .ne 2
640 .na
641 \fB\fB-\fR\fInumber\fR\fR
642 .ad
643 .RS 11n
644 A negative number representing a command that was executed \fInumber\fR
645 commands previously. For example, \fB-1\fR is the previous command.
646 .RE
648 .sp
649 .ne 2
650 .na
651 \fB\fIstring\fR\fR
652 .ad
653 .RS 11n
654 \fIstring\fR indicates the most recently entered command that begins with
655 \fIstring\fR. \fIstring\fR should not contain an \fB=\fR.
656 .RE
658 .sp
659 .LP
660 If \fIfirst\fR is omitted, the previous command is used, unless \fB-l\fR is
661 specified, in which case it defaults to \fB-16\fR and last defaults to
662 \fB-1\fR.
663 .sp
664 .LP
665 If \fIfirst\fR is specified and \fIlast\fR is omitted, then \fIlast\fR defaults
666 to \fIfirst\fR unless \fB-l\fR is specified in which case it defaults to
667 \fB-1\fR.
668 .sp
669 .LP
670 If no editor is specified, then the editor specified by the \fBHISTEDIT\fR
671 variable is used if set, or the \fBFCEDIT\fR variable is used if set,
672 otherwise, \fBed\fR is used.
673 .SH OPTIONS
674 .sp
675 .LP
676 The following options are supported:
677 .sp
678 .ne 2
679 .na
680 \fB\fB\fR\fB-e\fR \fIeditor\fR\fR
681 .ad
682 .RS 13n
683 Uses the editor named by \fIeditor\fR to edit the commands. The \fIeditor\fR
684 string is a utility name, subject to search via the \fBPATH\fR variable. The
685 value in the \fBFCEDIT\fR variable is used as a default when \fB-e\fR is not
686 specified. If \fBFCEDIT\fR is null or unset, \fBed\fR is used as the editor.
687 .RE
689 .sp
690 .ne 2
691 .na
692 \fB\fB-l\fR\fR
693 .ad
694 .RS 13n
695 (The letter ell.) Lists the commands rather than invoking an editor on them.
696 The commands is written in the sequence indicated by the \fIfirst\fR and
697 \fIlast\fR operands, as affected by \fB-r\fR, with each command preceded by the
698 command number.
699 .RE
701 .sp
702 .ne 2
703 .na
704 \fB\fB-n\fR\fR
705 .ad
706 .RS 13n
707 Suppresses command numbers when listing with \fB-l\fR.
708 .RE
710 .sp
711 .ne 2
712 .na
713 \fB\fB-r\fR\fR
714 .ad
715 .RS 13n
716 Reverses the order of the commands listed (with \fB-l\fR \fB)\fR or edited
717 (with neither \fB-l\fR nor \fB-s\fR).
718 .RE
720 .sp
721 .ne 2
722 .na
723 \fB\fB-s\fR\fR
724 .ad
725 .RS 13n
726 Re-executes the command without invoking an editor.
727 .RE
729 .SS "ksh93"
730 .sp
731 .LP
732 \fBksh93\fR supports the following options:
733 .sp
734 .ne 2
735 .na
736 \fB\fB-e\fR \fIeditor\fR\fR
737 .ad
738 .RS 13n
739 Specify the editor to use to edit the history command. A value of \fB-\fR for
740 \fIeditor\fR is equivalent to specifying the \fB-s\fR option.
741 .RE
743 .sp
744 .ne 2
745 .na
746 \fB\fB-l\fR\fR
747 .ad
748 .RS 13n
749 List the commands rather than editing and re-executing them.
750 .RE
752 .sp
753 .ne 2
754 .na
755 \fB\fB-N\fR \fInum\fR\fR
756 .ad
757 .RS 13n
758 Start at \fInum\fR commands back.
759 .RE
761 .sp
762 .ne 2
763 .na
764 \fB\fB-n\fR\fR
765 .ad
766 .RS 13n
767 Suppress the command numbers when the commands are listed.
768 .RE
770 .sp
771 .ne 2
772 .na
773 \fB\fB-p\fR\fR
774 .ad
775 .RS 13n
776 Write the result of history expansion for each operand to standard output. All
777 other options are ignored.
778 .RE
780 .sp
781 .ne 2
782 .na
783 \fB\fB-r\fR\fR
784 .ad
785 .RS 13n
786 Reverse the order of the commands.
787 .RE
789 .sp
790 .ne 2
791 .na
792 \fB\fB-s\fR\fR
793 .ad
794 .RS 13n
795 Re-execute the command without invoking an editor. In this case an operand of
796 the form \fIold=new\fR can be specified to change the first occurrence of the
797 string \fIold\fR in the command to \fInew\fR before re-executing the command.
798 .RE
800 .SH OPERANDS
801 .sp
802 .LP
803 The following operands are supported:
804 .sp
805 .ne 2
806 .na
807 \fB\fIfirst\fR\fR
808 .ad
809 .br
810 .na
811 \fB\fIlast\fR\fR
812 .ad
813 .RS 9n
814 Selects the commands to list or edit. The number of previous commands that can
815 be accessed is determined by the value of the \fBHISTSIZE\fR variable. The
816 value of \fIfirst\fR or \fIlast\fR or both is one of the following:
817 .sp
818 .ne 2
819 .na
820 \fB[\fB+\fR]\fInumber\fR\fR
821 .ad
822 .RS 14n
823 A positive number representing a command number. Command numbers can be
824 displayed with the \fB-l\fR option.
825 .RE
827 .sp
828 .ne 2
829 .na
830 \fB\fB\(mi\fR\fInumber\fR\fR
831 .ad
832 .RS 14n
833 A negative decimal number representing the command that was executed
834 \fInumber\fR of commands previously. For example, \fB\(mi1\fR is the
835 immediately previous command.
836 .RE
838 .sp
839 .ne 2
840 .na
841 \fB\fIstring\fR\fR
842 .ad
843 .RS 14n
844 A string indicating the most recently entered command that begins with that
845 string. If the \fIold=new\fR operand is not also specified with \fB-s\fR, the
846 string form of the \fIfirst\fR operand cannot contain an embedded equal sign.
847 .sp
848 When the synopsis form with \fB-s\fR is used, if \fIfirst\fR is omitted, the
849 previous command is used.
850 .sp
851 For the synopsis forms without \fB-s\fR \fB:\fR
852 .RS +4
853 .TP
854 .ie t \(bu
855 .el o
856 If \fIlast\fR is omitted, \fIlast\fR defaults to the previous command when
857 \fB-l\fR is specified; otherwise, it defaults to \fIfirst\fR.
858 .RE
859 .RS +4
860 .TP
861 .ie t \(bu
862 .el o
863 If \fIfirst\fR and \fIlast\fR are both omitted, the previous 16 commands is
864 listed or the previous single command is edited (based on the \fB-l\fR option).
865 .RE
866 .RS +4
867 .TP
868 .ie t \(bu
869 .el o
870 If \fIfirst\fR and \fIlast\fR are both present, all of the commands from
871 \fIfirst\fR to \fIlast\fR is edited (without \fB-l\fR \fB)\fR or listed (with
872 \fB-l\fR). Editing multiple commands is accomplished by presenting to the
873 editor all of the commands at one time, each command starting on a new line. If
874 \fIfirst\fR represents a newer command than \fIlast\fR, the commands is listed
875 or edited in reverse sequence, equivalent to using \fB-r\fR. For example, the
876 following commands on the first line are equivalent to the corresponding
877 commands on the second:
878 .sp
879 .in +2
880 .nf
881 fc -r 10 20 fc 30 40
882 fc 20 10 fc -r 40 30
883 .fi
884 .in -2
886 .RE
887 .RS +4
888 .TP
889 .ie t \(bu
890 .el o
891 When a range of commands is used, it is not be an error to specify \fIfirst\fR
892 or \fIlast\fR values that are not in the history list. \fBfc\fR substitutes the
893 value representing the oldest or newest command in the list, as appropriate.
894 For example, if there are only ten commands in the history list, numbered 1 to
895 10:
896 .sp
897 .in +2
898 .nf
899 fc -l
900 fc 1 99
901 .fi
902 .in -2
904 lists and edits, respectively, all ten commands.
905 .RE
906 .RE
908 .sp
909 .ne 2
910 .na
911 \fB\fIold=new\fR\fR
912 .ad
913 .RS 14n
914 Replace the first occurrence of string \fIold\fR in the commands to be
915 reexecuted by the string \fInew\fR.
916 .RE
918 .RE
920 .SH OUTPUT
921 .sp
922 .LP
923 When the \fB-l\fR option is used to list commands, the format of each command
924 in the list is as follows:
925 .sp
926 .in +2
927 .nf
928 \fB"%d\et%s\en", <\fR\fIline number\fR\fB>, <\fR\fIcommand\fR\fB>\fR
929 .fi
930 .in -2
932 .sp
933 .LP
934 If both the \fB-l\fR and \fB-n\fR options are specified, the format of each
935 command is:
936 .sp
937 .in +2
938 .nf
939 \fB"\et%s\en", <\fR\fIcommand\fR\fB>\fR
940 .fi
941 .in -2
943 .sp
944 .LP
945 If the \fIcommand\fR\fIcommand\fR consists of more than one line, the lines
946 after the first are displayed as:
947 .sp
948 .in +2
949 .nf
950 \fB"\et%s\en", <\fR\fIcontinued-command\fR\fB>\fR
951 .fi
952 .in -2
954 .SH EXAMPLES
955 .LP
956 \fBExample 1 \fRUsing history and fc
957 .sp
958 .in +2
959 .nf
960 csh ksh
962 % history $ fc -l
963 1 cd /etc 1 cd /etc
964 2 vi passwd 2 vi passwd
965 3 date 3 date
966 4 cd 4 cd
967 5 du . 5 du .
968 6 ls -t 6 ls -t
969 7 history 7 fc -l
971 % !d $ fc -e - d
972 du . du .
973 262 ./SCCS 262 ./SCCS
974 336 . 336 .
976 % !da $ fc -e - da
977 Thu Jul 21 17:29:56 PDT 1994 Thu Jul 21 17:29:56 PDT 1994
979 % $ alias \e!='fc -e -'
981 % !! $ !
982 date alias ='fc -e -'
983 Thu Jul 21 17:29:56 PDT 1994
984 .fi
985 .in -2
987 .SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
988 .sp
989 .LP
990 See \fBenviron\fR(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables
991 that affect the execution of \fBfc\fR: \fBLC_CTYPE\fR, \fBLC_MESSAGES\fR, and
992 \fBNLSPATH\fR.
993 .sp
994 .ne 2
995 .na
996 \fB\fBFCEDIT\fR\fR
997 .ad
998 .RS 12n
999 This variable, when expanded by the shell, determines the default value for the
1000 \fB-e\fR \fIeditor\fR option's \fIeditor\fR option-argument. If \fBFCEDIT\fR is
1001 null or unset, \fBed\fR(1) is used as the editor.
1002 .RE
1004 .sp
1005 .ne 2
1006 .na
1007 \fB\fBHISTFILE\fR\fR
1008 .ad
1009 .RS 12n
1010 Determine a pathname naming a command history file. If the \fBHISTFILE\fR
1011 variable is not set, the shell can attempt to access or create a file
1012 \fB\&.sh_history\fR in the user's home directory. If the shell cannot obtain
1013 both read and write access to, or create, the history file, it uses an
1014 unspecified mechanism that allows the history to operate properly. (References
1015 to history ``file'' in this section are understood to mean this unspecified
1016 mechanism in such cases.) \fBfc\fR can choose to access this variable only when
1017 initializing the history file; this initialization occurs when \fBfc\fR or
1018 \fBsh\fR first attempt to retrieve entries from, or add entries to, the file,
1019 as the result of commands issued by the user, the file named by the \fBENV\fR
1020 variable, or a system startup file such as \fB/etc/profile\fR. (The
1021 initialization process for the history file can be dependent on the system
1022 startup files, in that they can contain commands that effectively preempts the
1023 user's settings of \fBHISTFILE\fR and \fBHISTSIZE\fR. For example, function
1024 definition commands are recorded in the history file, unless the \fBset\fR
1025 \fB-o\fR \fBnolog\fR option is set. If the system administrator includes
1026 function definitions in some system startup file called before the \fBENV\fR
1027 file, the history file is initialized before the user gets a chance to
1028 influence its characteristics.) The variable \fBHISTFILE\fR is accessed
1029 initially when the shell is invoked. Any changes to \fBHISTFILE\fR does not
1030 take effect until another shell is invoked.
1031 .RE
1033 .sp
1034 .ne 2
1035 .na
1036 \fB\fBHISTSIZE\fR\fR
1037 .ad
1038 .RS 12n
1039 Determine a decimal number representing the limit to the number of previous
1040 commands that are accessible. If this variable is unset, an unspecified default
1041 greater than or equal to 128 are used. The variable \fBHISTSIZE\fR is accessed
1042 initially when the shell is invoked. Any changes to \fBHISTSIZE\fR does not
1043 take effect until another shell is invoked.
1044 .RE
1046 .SH EXIT STATUS
1047 .sp
1048 .LP
1049 The following exit values are returned:
1050 .sp
1051 .ne 2
1052 .na
1053 \fB\fB0\fR\fR
1054 .ad
1055 .RS 6n
1056 Successful completion of the listing.
1057 .RE
1059 .sp
1060 .ne 2
1061 .na
1062 \fB\fB>0\fR\fR
1063 .ad
1064 .RS 6n
1065 An error occurred.
1066 .RE
1068 .sp
1069 .LP
1070 Otherwise, the exit status is that of the commands executed by \fBfc\fR or
1071 \fBhist\fR.
1072 .SH SEE ALSO
1073 .sp
1074 .LP
1075 \fBcsh\fR(1), \fBed\fR(1), \fBksh\fR(1), \fBksh93\fR(1), \fBset\fR(1),
1076 \fBset\fR(1F), \fBsh\fR(1), \fBsource\fR(1), \fBattributes\fR(5),
1077 \fBenviron\fR(5)