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10 .TH TAIL 1 "Jul 13, 2005"
12 tail \- deliver the last part of a file
16 \fB/usr/bin/tail\fR [\(+-s \fInumber\fR [lbcr]] [\fIfile\fR]
21 \fB/usr/bin/tail\fR [\fB-lbcr\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
26 \fB/usr/bin/tail\fR [\(+- \fInumber\fR [lbcfF]] [\fIfile\fR]
31 \fB/usr/bin/tail\fR [\fB-lbcfF\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
36 \fB/usr/xpg4/bin/tail\fR [\fB-f\fR | \fB-r\fR] [\fB-c\fR \fInumber\fR | \fB-n\fR \fInumber\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
41 \fB/usr/xpg4/bin/tail\fR [\(+- \fInumber\fR [l | b | c] [f]] [\fIfile\fR]
46 \fB/usr/xpg4/bin/tail\fR [\(+- \fInumber\fR [l] [f | r]] [\fIfile\fR]
52 The \fBtail\fR utility copies the named file to the standard output beginning
53 at a designated place. If no file is named, the standard input is used.
56 Copying begins at a point in the file indicated by the \fB-c\fR\fInumber\fR,
57 \fB-n\fR\fInumber\fR, or \fB\(+-\fR\fInumber\fR options (if \fB+\fR\fInumber\fR
58 is specified, begins at distance number from the beginning; if
59 \fB-\fR\fInumber\fR is specified, from the end of the input; if \fInumber\fR is
60 \fINULL\fR, the value \fB10\fR is assumed). \fInumber\fR is counted in units of
61 lines or byte according to the \fB-c\fR \fB or \fR \fB-n\fR options, or lines,
62 blocks, or bytes, according to the appended option \fBl\fR, \fBb\fR, or
63 \fBc\fR. When no units are specified, counting is by lines.
67 The following options are supported for both \fB/usr/bin/tail\fR and
68 \fB/usr/xpg4/bin/tail\fR. The \fB-r\fR and \fB-f\fR options are mutually
69 exclusive. If both are specified on the command line, the \fB-f\fR option is
95 Follow. If the input-file is not a pipe, \fBtail\fR does not terminate after
96 the last line of the input-file has been copied, but enters an endless loop,
97 wherein it watches the file for modifications and attempts to read and copy
98 further records from the input-file. Thus it can be used to monitor the growth
99 of a file that is being written by some other process. If the watched file is
100 truncated \fBtail\fR will begin reading records from the start of the file.
109 Follow named file. Operates as with \fB-f\fR, except that if the file is moved
110 (e.g. if a watched log file is rotated) \fBtail\fR will close the original file
111 and begin reading records from the start of the file with the specified name
112 if and when that file is recreated.
130 Reverse. Copies lines from the specified starting point in the file in reverse
131 order. The default for \fBr\fR is to print the entire file in reverse order.
134 .SS "/usr/xpg4/bin/tail"
137 The following options are supported for \fB/usr/xpg4/bin/tail\fR only:
141 \fB\fB-c\fR \fInumber\fR \fR
144 The \fInumber\fR option-argument must be a decimal integer whose sign affects
145 the location in the file, measured in bytes, to begin the copying:
152 Copying starts relative to the beginning of the file.
161 Copying starts relative to the end of the file.
170 Copying starts relative to the end of the file.
173 The origin for counting is 1; that is, \fB\fR\fB-c\fR\fB+1\fR represents the
174 first byte of the file, \fB\fR\fB-c\fR\fB\(mi1\fR the last.
180 \fB\fB-n\fR \fInumber\fR \fR
183 Equivalent to \fB-c\fR\fInumber,\fR except the starting location in the file is
184 measured in lines instead of bytes. The origin for counting is \fB1\fR. That
185 is, \fB-n\fR\fB+1\fR represents the first line of the file, \fB-n\fR\fB\(mi1\fR
192 The following operand is supported:
199 A path name of an input file. If no \fIfile\fR operands are specified, the
200 standard input is used.
206 See \fBlargefile\fR(5) for the description of the behavior of \fBtail\fR when
207 encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).
210 \fBExample 1 \fRUsing the tail Command
213 The following command prints the last ten lines of the file \fBfred\fR,
214 followed by any lines that are appended to \fBfred\fR between the time
215 \fBtail\fR is initiated and killed.
220 example% \fBtail -f fred\fR
227 The next command prints the last 15 bytes of the file \fBfred\fR, followed by
228 any lines that are appended to \fBfred\fR between the time \fBtail\fR is
229 initiated and killed:
234 example% \fBtail -15cf fred\fR
239 .SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
242 See \fBenviron\fR(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables
243 that affect the execution of \fBtail\fR: \fBLANG\fR, \fBLC_ALL\fR,
244 \fBLC_CTYPE\fR, \fBLC_MESSAGES\fR, and \fBNLSPATH\fR.
248 The following exit values are returned:
255 Successful completion.
270 See \fBattributes\fR(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
279 ATTRIBUTE TYPE ATTRIBUTE VALUE
284 .SS "/usr/xpg4/bin/tail"
292 ATTRIBUTE TYPE ATTRIBUTE VALUE
296 Interface Stability Standard
302 \fBcat\fR(1), \fBhead\fR(1), \fBmore\fR(1), \fBpg\fR(1), \fBdd\fR(1M),
303 \fBattributes\fR(5), \fBenviron\fR(5), \fBlargefile\fR(5), \fBstandards\fR(5)
307 Piped tails relative to the end of the file are stored in a buffer, and thus
308 are limited in length. Various kinds of anomalous behavior can happen with
309 character special files.