| blob | 558b9f168f36e542b49d12ce1b791cc29cc14de5 |
1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
9 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
10 #
11 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
15 #
16 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
17 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
18 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
20 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
21 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
22 #
23 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
24 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
25 #
26 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
27 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
28 #
29 # Other sources occasionally used include:
30 #
31 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
32 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
33 # which I found in the UCLA library.
34 #
35 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
36 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
37 # [PDF] (1914-03)
38 #
39 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
40 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
41 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
42 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
43 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
44 #
45 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
46 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
47 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
48 # The full Russian citation is:
49 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
50 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
51 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
52 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
53 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
54 #
55 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
56 # History of Summer Time
57 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
58 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
59 #
60 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
61 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
62 # or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome!
63 # std dst 2dst
64 # LMT Local Mean Time
65 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
66 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
67 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
68 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
69 # 0:19:32.13 AMT* NST* Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
70 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
71 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
72 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)
73 # 1:36:34 RMT* LST* Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
74 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
75 # 3:00 MSK MSD MDST* Moscow
77 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
78 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
79 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
80 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
81 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
82 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
83 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
84 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
85 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
86 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
87 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
88 # ...
89 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
90 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
91 # ...
92 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
93 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
94 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
95 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
96 # in the Directive.
99 ###############################################################################
101 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
103 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
104 #
105 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
106 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
107 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
108 # of the text said:
109 #
110 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
111 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
112 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
113 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
114 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
115 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
116 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
117 #
118 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
119 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
120 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
121 #
122 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
124 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
125 #
126 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
127 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
128 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
129 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
130 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
131 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
132 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
133 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
134 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
135 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
136 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
137 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
138 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
139 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
140 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
141 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
142 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
143 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
144 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
145 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
146 #
147 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
148 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
149 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
151 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
152 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
153 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
154 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
155 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
156 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
157 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
158 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
159 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
160 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
161 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
162 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
163 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
164 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
165 #
166 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
167 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
168 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
169 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
170 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
171 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
172 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
173 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
174 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
175 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
176 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
177 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
178 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
179 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
180 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
182 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
183 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
184 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
185 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
186 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
187 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
188 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
189 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
190 # http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
192 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
193 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
194 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
195 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
196 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
197 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
198 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
199 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
201 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
202 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
203 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
205 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
206 # From: Jonathan Leffler
207 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
208 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
209 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
211 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
212 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
213 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
214 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
215 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
217 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
218 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
219 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
220 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
222 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
223 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
224 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
225 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
226 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
227 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
228 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
229 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
231 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
232 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
233 # which is to be introduced in May....
234 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
235 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
237 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
238 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
239 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
240 # so we use 'BDST'.
242 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
243 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
244 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
245 # and extending this list, which can be found in
246 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
248 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
249 #
250 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
251 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
252 # http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
253 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
255 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
256 #
257 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
258 #
259 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
260 # are incorrect:
261 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
262 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
263 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
264 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
265 # It actually just had one transition.
266 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
267 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
268 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
269 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
270 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
271 #
272 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
273 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
274 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
275 # conform with Great Britain.
276 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
277 #
278 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
279 # we'll ignore it for now.
280 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
281 #
282 #
283 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
284 # Shanks & Pottenger.
285 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
286 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
287 # to London. For example:
288 #
289 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
290 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
292 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
293 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
294 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
295 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
296 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
297 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
298 # http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
300 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
301 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
302 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
303 #
304 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
305 #
306 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
307 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
308 #
309 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
310 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
311 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
312 #
313 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
314 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
315 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
316 #
317 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
318 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
319 #
320 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
321 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
322 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
323 #
324 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
325 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
326 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
327 # being GMT+1.)
329 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
330 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
331 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
332 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
333 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
334 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
335 # and Frethun run in CT.
336 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
337 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
338 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
339 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
340 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
341 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
343 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
344 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
345 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
346 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
347 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
348 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
349 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
351 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
352 # Summer Time Act, 1916
353 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
354 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
355 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
356 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
357 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
358 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
359 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
360 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
361 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
362 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
363 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
364 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
365 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
366 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
367 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
368 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
369 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
370 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
371 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
372 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
374 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
375 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
377 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
378 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
380 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
381 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
382 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
383 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
385 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
388 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
390 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
392 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
393 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
394 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
396 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
397 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
398 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
399 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
400 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
401 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
402 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
403 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
404 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
405 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
406 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
407 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
408 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
409 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
411 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
412 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
413 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
414 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
416 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
417 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
418 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
419 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
420 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
421 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
422 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
423 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
424 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
425 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
426 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
427 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
428 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
429 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
430 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
431 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
432 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
433 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
434 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
435 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
436 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
437 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
438 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
439 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
440 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
441 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
442 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
443 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
444 # (no summer time)
445 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
446 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
447 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
448 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
449 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
450 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
451 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
452 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
453 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
454 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
455 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
456 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
457 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
458 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
459 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
460 #
461 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
463 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
464 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
465 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
466 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
467 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
468 0:00 EU GMT/BST
469 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
470 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
471 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
473 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
474 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
475 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
476 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
477 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
478 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
479 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
480 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
481 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
482 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
483 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
484 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
485 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
486 0:00 EU GMT/IST
488 ###############################################################################
490 # Europe
492 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
493 # Common Market, etc.
495 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
496 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
497 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
498 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
499 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
500 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
501 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
502 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
503 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
504 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
505 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
507 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
508 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
509 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
510 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
511 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
512 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
513 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
515 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
516 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
517 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
518 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
519 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
520 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
521 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
522 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
523 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
524 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
525 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
526 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
527 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
528 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
529 #
530 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
531 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
532 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
533 # tz database itself, as seen below:
534 #
535 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
536 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
537 #
538 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
539 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
540 #
541 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
542 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
543 #
544 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
545 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
546 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
547 #
548 # The rule line to be changed is:
549 #
550 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
551 #
552 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
553 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
554 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
555 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
556 # CET and MET:
557 #
558 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
559 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
560 #
561 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
562 #
563 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
564 #
565 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
566 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
567 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
568 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
569 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
570 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
571 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
572 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
574 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
575 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
576 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
577 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
578 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
579 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
580 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
583 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
584 #
585 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
587 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
588 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
589 #
590 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
591 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
592 #
593 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
594 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
595 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
596 #
597 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
598 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
599 #
600 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
601 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
602 #
603 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
604 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
605 #
606 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
607 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
608 #
609 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
610 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
611 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
612 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
613 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
614 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
615 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
616 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
617 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
618 #
619 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
620 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
622 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
623 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
624 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
625 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
626 #
627 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
628 # title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
629 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
630 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
631 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
632 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
633 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
634 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
635 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
636 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
637 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
638 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
639 # rules (Moscow time)
640 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
642 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
643 # Unamended version of the act of the
644 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
645 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
646 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
647 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
648 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
650 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
651 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
652 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
653 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
654 #
655 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
656 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
657 #
658 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
659 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
661 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
662 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
663 # to be standard.
665 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
667 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
668 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
669 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
670 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
671 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
673 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
674 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
676 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
677 # The official German names ... are
678 #
679 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
680 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
681 #
682 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
683 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
684 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
685 #
686 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
687 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
688 # Postfach 3345
689 # D-38023 Braunschweig
690 # phone: +49 531 592-0
691 #
692 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
693 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
694 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
695 #
696 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
697 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
700 # Albania
701 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
702 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
703 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
704 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
705 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
706 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
707 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
708 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
709 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
710 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
711 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
712 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
713 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
714 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
715 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
716 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
717 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
718 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
719 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
720 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
721 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
722 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
723 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
724 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
725 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
726 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
727 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
728 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
729 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
730 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
731 1:00 EU CE%sT
733 # Andorra
734 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
735 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
736 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
737 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
738 1:00 EU CE%sT
740 # Austria
742 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
744 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
745 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
746 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
747 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
748 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
749 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
751 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
752 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
753 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
754 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
755 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
756 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
757 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
758 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
759 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
760 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
761 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
762 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
763 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
764 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
765 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
766 1:00 - CET 1946
767 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
768 1:00 EU CE%sT
770 # Belarus
771 #
772 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
773 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
774 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
775 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
776 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
777 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
778 #
779 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
780 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
781 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
782 #
783 # Sources (Russian language):
784 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
785 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
786 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
787 #
788 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
789 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
790 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
791 #
792 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
793 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
794 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
795 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
796 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
797 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
798 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
799 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
800 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
801 3:00 - +03
803 # Belgium
804 #
805 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
806 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
807 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
808 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
809 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
810 # pp 8-9.
811 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
812 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
813 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
814 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
815 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
816 #
817 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
818 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
819 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
820 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
821 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
822 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
823 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
824 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
825 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
826 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
827 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
828 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
829 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
830 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
831 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
832 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
833 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
834 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
835 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
836 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
837 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
838 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
839 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
840 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
841 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
842 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
844 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
845 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
846 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
847 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
848 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
849 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
850 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
851 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
852 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
853 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
854 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
855 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
856 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
857 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
858 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
859 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
860 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
861 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
862 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
863 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
864 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
865 1:00 EU CE%sT
867 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
868 # See Europe/Belgrade.
870 # Bulgaria
871 #
872 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
873 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
874 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
875 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
876 #
877 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
878 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
879 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
880 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
881 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
882 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
883 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
884 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
885 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
886 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
887 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
888 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
889 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
890 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
891 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
892 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
893 2:00 EU EE%sT
895 # Croatia
896 # See Europe/Belgrade.
898 # Cyprus
899 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
901 # Czech Republic / Czechia
902 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
903 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
904 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
905 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
906 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
907 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
908 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
909 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
910 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
911 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
912 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
913 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
914 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
915 1:00 EU CE%sT
916 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
918 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
920 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
921 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
922 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
923 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
924 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
925 #
926 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
927 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
928 #
929 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
930 # in subsequent decrees with the law
931 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
932 #
933 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
934 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
935 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
936 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
937 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
938 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
939 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
940 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
941 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
942 # was suspended on that night):
943 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
945 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
946 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
947 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
949 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
950 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
951 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
953 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
954 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
955 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
956 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
957 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
958 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
959 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
960 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
961 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
962 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
963 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
964 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
965 #
966 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
967 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
968 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
969 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
970 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
971 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
972 1:00 EU CE%sT
973 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
974 0:00 - WET 1981
975 0:00 EU WE%sT
976 #
977 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
978 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
979 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
980 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
981 #
982 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
983 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
984 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
985 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
986 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
987 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
989 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
990 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
991 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
992 #
993 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
994 # is according to the following time line:
995 #
996 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
997 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
998 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
999 # Danmarkshavn UTC
1000 #
1001 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1002 # introduced.
1004 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1005 #
1006 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1007 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1008 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1009 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1010 #
1011 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1012 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1013 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1014 #
1015 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1016 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1017 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1018 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1019 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1020 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1021 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1022 #
1023 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1024 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1025 #
1026 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1027 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1028 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1029 #
1030 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1031 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1032 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1033 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1034 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1036 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1037 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1038 # there at 2:00 AM.
1040 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1041 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1042 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1043 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1044 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1045 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1046 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1048 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1049 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1050 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1051 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1052 # It is their only National Park.
1053 #
1054 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1055 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1056 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1057 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1058 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1059 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1060 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1061 #
1062 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1063 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1064 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1065 -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
1066 0:00 - GMT
1067 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1068 -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1069 -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
1070 -1:00 EU -01/+00
1071 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1072 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1073 -3:00 EU -03/-02
1074 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1075 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1077 # Estonia
1078 #
1079 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1080 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1081 #
1082 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1083 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1084 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1085 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1086 #
1087 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1088 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1089 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1090 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1091 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1092 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1093 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1094 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1095 # summer time next spring."
1097 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1098 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1099 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1100 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1101 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1102 #
1103 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1104 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1105 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1107 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1108 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1109 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1110 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1111 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1112 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1113 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1114 # after that.
1116 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1117 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1118 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1119 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1121 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1122 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1123 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1124 #
1125 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1126 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1128 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1129 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1130 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1131 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1132 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1133 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1134 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1135 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1136 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1137 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1138 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1139 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1140 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1141 2:00 EU EE%sT
1143 # Finland
1145 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1146 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1147 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1149 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1150 #
1151 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1152 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1153 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1154 # according to the central European standards.
1155 #
1156 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1157 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1158 # Finnish) at
1159 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1160 #
1161 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1162 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1163 #
1164 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1165 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1166 #
1167 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1168 # exist tonight."
1170 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1171 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1172 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1173 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1174 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1175 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1176 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1177 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1178 #
1179 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1180 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1182 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1183 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1184 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1185 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1186 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1188 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1189 # round to nearest.
1191 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1192 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1193 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1194 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1195 2:00 EU EE%sT
1197 # Åland Is
1198 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1201 # France
1203 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1204 #
1205 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1206 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1207 #
1208 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1209 # Paris, 1991
1210 #
1211 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1212 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1215 #
1216 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1217 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1218 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1219 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1220 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1221 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1222 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1223 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1224 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1225 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1226 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1227 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1228 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1229 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1230 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1231 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1232 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1233 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1234 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1235 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1236 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1237 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1238 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1239 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1240 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1241 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1242 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1243 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1244 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1245 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1246 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1247 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1248 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1249 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1250 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1251 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1252 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1253 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1254 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1255 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1256 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1257 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1258 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1259 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1260 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1261 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1262 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1263 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1264 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1265 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1266 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1267 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1268 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1269 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1270 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1271 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1272 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1273 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1274 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1275 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1276 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1277 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1278 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1279 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1280 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1281 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1282 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1283 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1284 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1285 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1286 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1287 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1288 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1289 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1290 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1291 1:00 EU CE%sT
1293 # Germany
1295 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1296 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1297 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1298 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1300 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1301 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1302 # http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1303 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1305 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1306 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1307 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1308 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1309 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1312 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1313 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1314 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1315 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1316 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1317 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1318 # Go with the PTB.
1319 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1320 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1321 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1322 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1323 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1325 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1326 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1327 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1329 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1330 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1331 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1332 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1333 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1334 1:00 EU CE%sT
1336 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1337 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1338 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1339 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1340 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1341 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1342 #
1343 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1344 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1346 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1347 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1349 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1351 # Georgia
1352 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1353 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1354 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1356 # Gibraltar
1357 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1358 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1359 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1360 1:00 - CET 1982
1361 1:00 EU CE%sT
1363 # Greece
1364 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1365 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1366 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1367 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1368 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1369 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1370 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1371 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1372 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1373 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1374 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1375 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1376 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1377 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1378 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1379 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1380 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1381 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1382 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1383 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1384 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1385 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1386 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1387 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1388 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1389 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1390 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1391 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1392 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1393 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1394 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1395 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1396 2:00 EU EE%sT
1398 # Hungary
1399 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1400 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1401 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1402 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1403 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1404 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1405 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1406 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1407 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1408 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1409 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1410 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1411 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1412 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1413 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1414 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1415 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1416 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1417 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1418 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1419 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1420 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1421 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1422 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1423 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1424 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1425 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1426 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1427 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1428 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1429 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1430 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1431 1:00 EU CE%sT
1433 # Iceland
1434 #
1435 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1436 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1437 #
1438 # (1993-12-05):
1439 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1440 # Iceland Almanak.
1441 #
1442 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1443 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1444 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1445 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1446 #
1447 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1448 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1449 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1450 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1451 #
1452 # (1993-12-10):
1453 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1454 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1455 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1456 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1457 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1458 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1459 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1460 # might mean something else (???).
1461 #
1462 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1463 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1464 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1465 #
1466 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1467 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1468 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1469 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1470 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 S
1471 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1472 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1473 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1474 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1475 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1476 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 S
1477 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1478 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1479 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1480 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1481 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1482 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1483 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1484 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1485 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1486 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1487 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1488 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1489 0:00 - GMT
1491 # Italy
1492 #
1493 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1494 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1495 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1496 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1497 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1498 # so record only the time in Rome.
1499 #
1500 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1501 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1502 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1503 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1504 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1505 #
1506 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1507 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1508 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1509 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1510 # (2016-10-24):
1511 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1512 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1513 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1514 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1515 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1516 #
1517 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1518 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1519 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1520 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1521 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1522 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1523 #
1524 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1525 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1526 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1527 # Model Rome's occupation by using using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1528 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1529 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1530 #
1531 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1532 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1533 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1534 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1535 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1536 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1537 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1538 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1539 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1540 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1541 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1542 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1543 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1544 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1545 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1546 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1547 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1548 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 -
1549 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1550 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1551 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1552 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1553 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1554 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1555 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1556 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1557 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1558 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1559 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1560 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1561 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1562 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1563 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1564 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1565 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1566 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1567 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1568 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1569 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1570 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1571 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1572 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1573 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1574 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1575 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1576 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1577 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1578 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1579 1:00 EU CE%sT
1581 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1582 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1584 # Latvia
1586 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1588 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1589 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1590 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1591 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1592 #
1593 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1594 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1595 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1596 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1597 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1598 #
1599 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1600 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1601 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1602 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1603 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1604 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1605 #
1606 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1607 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1608 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1609 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1610 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1611 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1612 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1613 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1614 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1615 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1616 #
1617 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1618 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1619 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1621 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1622 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1623 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1624 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1625 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1627 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1628 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1629 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1630 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1631 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1632 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1633 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1634 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1635 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1636 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1637 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1638 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1639 # appears that they will not do so....
1641 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1642 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1643 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1645 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1646 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1647 # Go with Byalokoz.
1649 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1650 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1651 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1652 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1653 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1654 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1655 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1656 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1657 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1658 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1659 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1660 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1661 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1662 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1663 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1664 2:00 EU EE%sT
1666 # Liechtenstein
1668 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1669 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1671 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1672 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1673 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1674 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1675 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1676 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1677 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1678 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1679 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1681 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1684 # Lithuania
1686 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1687 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1689 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1690 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1691 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1693 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1694 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1695 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1697 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1698 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1699 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1700 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1701 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1702 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1703 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1704 # already done by Estonia.
1706 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1707 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1708 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1710 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1711 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1712 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1713 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1714 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1715 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1716 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1719 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1720 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1721 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1722 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1723 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1724 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1725 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1726 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1727 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1728 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1729 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1730 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1731 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1732 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1733 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1734 2:00 EU EE%sT
1736 # Luxembourg
1737 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1738 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1739 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1740 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1741 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1742 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1743 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1744 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1745 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1746 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1747 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1748 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1749 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1750 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1751 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1752 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1753 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1754 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1755 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1756 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1757 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1758 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1759 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1760 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1761 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1762 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1763 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1764 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1765 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1766 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1767 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1768 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1769 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1770 1:00 EU CE%sT
1772 # Macedonia
1773 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1775 # Malta
1776 #
1777 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1778 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1779 #
1780 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1781 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1782 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1783 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1784 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1785 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1786 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1787 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1788 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1789 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1790 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1791 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1792 1:00 EU CE%sT
1794 # Moldova
1796 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1797 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1798 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1799 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1800 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1801 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1802 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1803 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1804 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1806 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1807 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1808 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1809 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1810 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1811 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1812 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1813 # But [two people] separately reported via
1814 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1815 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1816 #
1817 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1818 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1819 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1820 # to the Winter Time).
1821 #
1822 # News (in Russian):
1823 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1824 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1825 #
1826 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1827 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1828 #
1829 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1830 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1831 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1832 #
1833 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1834 #
1835 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1836 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1837 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1838 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1839 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1840 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1841 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1842 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1844 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1845 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1846 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1847 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1848 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1849 # http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1850 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1851 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1853 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1854 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1855 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1857 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1858 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1859 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1860 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1861 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1862 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1863 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1864 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1865 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1866 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1867 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1868 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1870 # Monaco
1871 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1872 # more precise 0:09:21.
1873 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1874 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1875 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1876 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1877 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1878 1:00 EU CE%sT
1880 # Montenegro
1881 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1883 # Netherlands
1885 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1886 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1888 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1889 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1890 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1891 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1892 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1893 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1894 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1895 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1896 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1897 #
1898 # (2001-04-08):
1899 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1900 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1901 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1902 #
1903 # (2001-04-09):
1904 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1905 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1906 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1907 # actually followed.
1908 #
1909 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1910 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1911 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1912 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1913 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1914 #
1915 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1916 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1917 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1918 # Amsterdam mean time.
1920 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1921 # http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1923 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1924 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1925 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1926 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1927 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1928 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1929 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1930 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1931 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1932 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1933 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1934 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1935 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1936 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1937 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1938 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1939 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1940 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1941 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1942 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1943 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1944 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1945 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1946 #
1947 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1948 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1949 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1950 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1951 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1952 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
1953 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1954 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1955 1:00 EU CE%sT
1957 # Norway
1958 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1959 # Pottenger.
1960 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1961 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1962 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1963 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1964 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1965 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1966 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1967 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1968 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1969 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1970 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1971 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1972 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1973 1:00 EU CE%sT
1975 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1977 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1978 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1979 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1980 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1981 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1982 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1983 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1984 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1985 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1986 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1987 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1988 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1989 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1990 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1991 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1992 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1993 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1994 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1996 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1997 #
1998 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1999 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2000 # keeping Berlin time.
2001 #
2002 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2003 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2004 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2005 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2006 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2007 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2008 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2009 #
2010 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2011 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2012 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2013 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2014 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2015 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2016 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2017 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2018 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2019 #
2020 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2021 # for these regions.
2022 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2024 # Poland
2026 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2027 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2029 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2030 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2031 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2032 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2033 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2034 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2035 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2036 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2037 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2038 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2039 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2040 # http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2041 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2042 # He also gives these further references:
2043 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2044 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2045 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2046 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2047 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2048 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2049 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2050 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2051 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2052 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2053 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2054 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2055 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2056 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2057 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2058 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2059 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2060 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2061 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2062 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2063 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2064 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2065 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2066 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2067 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2068 1:00 EU CE%sT
2070 # Portugal
2071 #
2072 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2073 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2074 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2075 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2076 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2077 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2078 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2079 #
2080 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2081 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2082 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2083 #
2084 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2085 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2086 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2087 #
2088 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2089 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2090 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2091 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2092 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2093 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2094 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2095 #
2096 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2097 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2098 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2099 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2100 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2101 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2102 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2103 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2104 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2105 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2106 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2107 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2108 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2109 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2110 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2111 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2112 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2113 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2114 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2115 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2116 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2117 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2118 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2119 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2120 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2121 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2122 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2123 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2124 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2125 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2126 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2127 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2128 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2129 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2130 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2131 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2132 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2133 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2134 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2135 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2136 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2137 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2138 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2139 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2140 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2141 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2142 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2143 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2144 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2145 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2146 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2147 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2148 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2149 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2150 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2151 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2152 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2153 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2154 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2155 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2156 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2157 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2158 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2159 #
2160 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2161 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2162 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2163 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2164 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2165 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2166 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2167 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2168 0:00 EU WE%sT
2169 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2170 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2171 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2172 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2173 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2174 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2175 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2176 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2177 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2178 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2179 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2180 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2181 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2182 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2183 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2184 -1:00 EU -01/+00
2185 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2186 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2187 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2188 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2189 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2190 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2191 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2192 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2193 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2194 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2195 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2196 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2197 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2198 0:00 EU WE%sT
2200 # Romania
2201 #
2202 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2203 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2204 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2205 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2206 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2207 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2208 #
2209 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2210 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2211 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2212 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2213 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2214 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2215 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2216 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2217 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2218 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2219 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2220 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2221 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2222 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2223 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2224 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2225 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2226 2:00 EU EE%sT
2229 # Russia
2231 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2232 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2233 # (Government document
2234 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2235 # in Russian)
2236 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2237 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2238 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2239 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2241 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2242 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2243 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2244 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2246 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2247 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2248 # changed in September 2011:
2249 #
2250 # One source is
2251 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2252 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2253 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2254 #
2255 # Another source is
2256 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2257 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2258 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2259 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2260 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2261 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2262 #
2263 # Another source is
2264 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2265 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2266 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2267 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2268 #
2269 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2270 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2271 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2272 #
2273 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2274 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2275 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2276 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2277 # Conradi notes).
2278 #
2279 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2280 #
2281 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2283 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2284 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2285 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2286 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2287 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2288 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2289 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2290 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2291 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2292 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2293 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2294 #
2295 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2296 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2297 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2298 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2299 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2300 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2301 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2303 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2304 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2305 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2306 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2307 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2308 #
2309 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2310 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2311 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2312 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2313 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2314 #
2315 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2316 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2317 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2318 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2319 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2320 #
2321 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2322 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2323 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2324 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2325 #
2326 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2327 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2328 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2329 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2330 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2331 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2332 #
2333 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2334 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2335 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2336 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2337 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2338 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2339 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2340 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2342 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2343 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2344 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2345 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2346 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2347 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2348 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2349 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2350 # divisions where available.
2352 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2355 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2356 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2357 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2359 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2360 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2362 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2363 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2364 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2365 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2366 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2367 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2368 # ...
2369 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2370 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2371 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2372 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2374 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2375 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2376 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2377 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2378 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2379 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2380 2:00 - EET
2383 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2384 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2385 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2386 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2387 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2388 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2389 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2390 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2391 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2392 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2393 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2394 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2395 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2396 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2397 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2398 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2399 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2400 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2401 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2402 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2403 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2404 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2405 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2406 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2407 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2408 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2409 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2410 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2411 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2412 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2413 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2414 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2415 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2416 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2417 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2418 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2419 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2420 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2421 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2422 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2423 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2424 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2425 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2426 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2427 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2428 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2429 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2430 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2432 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2433 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
2434 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2435 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2436 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2437 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2438 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2439 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2440 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2442 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2443 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2444 # Wikipedia refers to
2445 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2446 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2447 #
2448 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2449 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2450 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2451 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2452 # time belt changes map).
2453 #
2454 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2455 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2456 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2457 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2458 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2459 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2460 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2461 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2462 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2463 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2464 # is also provided.
2465 #
2466 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2467 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2468 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2469 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2470 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2471 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2472 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2473 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2474 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2475 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2476 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2477 # time.
2478 #
2479 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2480 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2481 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2482 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2483 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
2484 #
2485 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2486 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2487 #
2488 # 12. Udmurtia
2489 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2490 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2491 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2492 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2493 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2494 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2495 #
2496 # ...
2497 #
2498 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2499 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2500 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2501 #
2502 # There were some exceptions, though.
2503 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2504 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2505 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2506 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2507 #
2508 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2509 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2510 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2511 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2512 # http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2513 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2514 # 2 days before the switch.
2515 #
2516 #
2517 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2518 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2519 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2520 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2521 # time in Moscow.
2523 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2524 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2525 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2526 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2527 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2528 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2529 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2530 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2531 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2532 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2533 # 2:31:19 ...
2534 #
2535 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2536 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2537 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2538 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2539 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2541 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2542 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2543 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2544 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2545 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2546 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2547 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2548 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2549 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2550 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2551 3:00 - MSK
2554 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2555 # Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
2557 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2558 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2559 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2560 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2561 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2562 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2563 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2564 2:00 - EET 1992
2565 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2566 #
2567 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2568 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2569 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2570 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2571 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2572 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2573 # changed in May.
2574 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2575 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2576 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2577 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2578 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2579 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2580 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2581 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2582 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2583 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2584 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2585 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2586 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2587 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2588 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2589 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2590 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2591 3:00 - MSK
2594 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2595 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2596 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2597 #
2598 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2600 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2601 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2602 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2603 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2604 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2605 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2607 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2608 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2609 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2610 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2611 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2612 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2613 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2614 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2615 4:00 - +04
2617 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2618 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2619 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2620 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2622 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2623 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2624 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
2625 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2626 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2627 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2628 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2629 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2630 3:00 - +03
2632 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2633 # Europe/Saratov covers:
2634 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2636 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2637 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2638 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2639 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2640 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2641 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2643 Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2644 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2645 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2646 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2647 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2648 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2649 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2650 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s
2651 4:00 - +04
2653 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2654 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2655 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2656 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2657 #
2658 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2659 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2660 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2661 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2662 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2663 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2664 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2665 3:00 - +03
2667 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2668 # Europe/Samara covers...
2669 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2670 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2672 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2673 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2674 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2676 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2677 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2678 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
2679 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2680 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2681 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2682 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2683 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2684 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2685 4:00 - +04
2687 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2688 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2689 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2691 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2693 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2694 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2695 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2696 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2697 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2698 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2700 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2701 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2702 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2703 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2704 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2705 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2706 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2707 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2708 4:00 - +04
2710 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2711 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2712 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2713 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2714 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2715 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2716 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2717 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2718 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2719 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2720 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2721 #
2722 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2723 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2725 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2726 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2727 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2728 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2730 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2731 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2732 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2733 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2734 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2735 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2736 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2737 5:00 - +05
2740 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2741 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2742 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2744 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2746 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2747 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2748 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2749 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2750 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2751 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2752 6:00 - +06
2754 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2755 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2756 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2757 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2759 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2761 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2762 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2763 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2764 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2765 # 1995-05-28.
2766 #
2767 # http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2768 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2769 # before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
2770 # after 1957: UTC+7
2771 # since 1995: UTC+6
2772 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2773 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2775 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2776 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2777 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2778 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2779 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2780 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2781 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2782 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2784 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2785 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2786 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2787 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2788 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2789 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2790 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2791 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2792 7:00 - +07
2794 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2795 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2796 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2798 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2799 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2800 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2801 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2802 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2803 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2805 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2806 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2807 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2808 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2809 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2810 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2811 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2812 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
2813 7:00 - +07
2815 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2816 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2817 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2819 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2820 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2822 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2823 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2825 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2826 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2827 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2828 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2829 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2830 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2831 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2832 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2833 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2835 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2836 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2837 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
2838 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2839 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2840 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2841 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2842 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2843 # recent changes).
2844 #
2845 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2846 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2847 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2848 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2849 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2850 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2851 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2852 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2854 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2855 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2857 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
2858 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2859 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2860 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2861 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
2862 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2863 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2864 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
2865 7:00 - +07
2868 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2869 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2870 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2872 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2873 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2874 # March 28, 2010:
2875 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2876 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2877 #
2878 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2879 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2880 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2881 #
2882 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2883 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2884 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2885 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2886 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2887 #
2888 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2889 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2891 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2892 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2893 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2895 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2896 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2897 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2898 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2899 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2900 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2901 7:00 - +07
2903 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2904 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2905 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2906 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2907 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2908 #
2909 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2910 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2912 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2914 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2915 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2916 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2917 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2918 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2919 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2920 7:00 - +07
2923 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2924 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2925 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2926 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2927 #
2928 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2929 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2931 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2932 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2933 # Go with Byalokoz.
2935 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2936 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2937 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
2938 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2939 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2940 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2941 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2942 8:00 - +08
2945 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2946 # Asia/Chita covers...
2947 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2948 #
2949 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2950 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2952 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
2953 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
2954 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
2955 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
2956 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
2958 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2959 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
2960 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2961 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2962 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2963 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2964 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
2965 9:00 - +09
2968 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2969 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2970 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2971 #
2972 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2973 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2974 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2975 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2976 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2977 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2978 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2979 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
2980 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2981 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2982 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
2983 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2984 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2985 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
2986 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2987 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2988 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2989 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
2990 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
2991 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
2992 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
2993 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
2994 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
2995 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2997 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2998 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2999 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
3000 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
3002 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
3004 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3005 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3006 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3007 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3008 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3009 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3010 9:00 - +09
3013 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3014 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3015 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
3016 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
3017 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3018 #
3019 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3020 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
3021 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
3023 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3024 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3025 # Go with Byalokoz.
3027 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
3028 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
3029 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3030 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3031 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3032 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3033 10:00 - +10
3036 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3037 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3038 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
3039 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
3041 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3042 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3043 # in 2011.
3045 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3046 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3047 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3048 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3050 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3051 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3052 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3053 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3054 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
3055 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3056 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3057 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3058 9:00 - +09
3061 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3062 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3063 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3064 # ...with the exception of:
3065 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3067 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3068 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3069 # (2016-03-09):
3070 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3072 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3073 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3074 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
3075 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3076 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3077 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3078 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3079 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3080 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3081 11:00 - +11
3084 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3085 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3086 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3088 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3089 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3090 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3091 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3092 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3093 # need their own zone.
3095 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3096 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3097 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3098 #
3099 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3100 # ... signed by the President today ...
3101 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3103 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3104 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3105 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3106 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3107 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3108 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3109 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3110 11:00 - +11
3113 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3114 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3115 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3116 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3117 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3118 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3119 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3120 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3121 #
3122 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3123 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3125 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3126 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3127 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3128 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3129 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3130 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3132 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3133 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3134 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3135 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3136 #
3137 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3138 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3139 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3140 # each! (Yikes!)
3141 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3142 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3143 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3144 #
3145 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3146 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3147 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3148 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3149 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3150 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3151 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3152 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3154 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3155 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3156 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3157 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3158 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3159 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3160 11:00 - +11
3163 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3164 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3165 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3167 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3168 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3169 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3170 #
3171 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3172 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3173 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3174 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3175 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3177 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3178 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3179 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
3180 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3181 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3182 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3183 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3184 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3185 10:00 - +10
3188 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3189 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3190 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3191 #
3192 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3193 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3195 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3196 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3197 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3198 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
3199 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3200 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3201 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3202 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3203 12:00 - +12
3206 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3207 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3208 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3210 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3211 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3212 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3213 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3214 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3215 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3216 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3217 12:00 - +12
3220 # San Marino
3221 # See Europe/Rome.
3223 # Serbia
3224 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3225 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3226 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3227 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3228 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3229 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3230 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3231 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3232 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3233 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3234 1:00 EU CE%sT
3235 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3236 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3237 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3238 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
3239 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3241 # Slovakia
3242 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3244 # Slovenia
3245 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3247 # Spain
3248 #
3249 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
3250 #
3251 # The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
3252 # Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
3253 # Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
3254 # http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
3255 # As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
3256 # and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
3257 #
3258 # In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
3259 # the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
3260 # the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
3261 # with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
3262 # the next day's 00:00. Our data format cannot represent this
3263 # directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
3264 # fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
3266 # From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
3267 # The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
3268 # https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
3269 # says in its article 5 (my translation):
3270 # These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
3271 # instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
3272 # the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
3274 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3275 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3276 Rule Spain 1918 1919 - Oct 6 24:00s 0 -
3277 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 6 23:00 1:00 S
3278 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00 1:00 S
3279 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 24:00s 0 -
3280 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
3281 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3282 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
3283 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
3284 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
3285 # Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
3286 Rule Spain 1937 only - Jun 16 23:00 1:00 S
3287 Rule Spain 1937 only - Oct 2 24:00s 0 -
3288 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3289 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 30 23:00 2:00 M
3290 Rule Spain 1938 only - Oct 2 24:00 1:00 S
3291 # The following rules are for unified Spain again.
3292 #
3293 # Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
3294 # 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
3295 # 1939-04-15. For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
3296 # change during that period.
3297 #
3298 # The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
3299 #Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3300 Rule Spain 1939 only - Oct 7 24:00s 0 -
3301 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 23:00 1:00 S
3302 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 1:00 0 -
3303 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3304 Rule Spain 1943 1944 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3305 Rule Spain 1945 1946 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3306 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3307 Rule Spain 1949 only - Oct 2 1:00 0 -
3308 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=12 23:00 1:00 S
3309 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3310 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3311 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3312 Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3313 Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
3314 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
3315 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3316 #Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
3317 #Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3318 #Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
3319 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
3320 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3321 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3322 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3323 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3324 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3325 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3326 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3327 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3328 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3329 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3330 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
3331 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
3332 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3333 1:00 EU CE%sT
3334 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
3335 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3336 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3337 0:00 - WET 1924
3338 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3339 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3340 1:00 - CET 1986
3341 1:00 EU CE%sT
3342 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3343 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3344 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3345 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3346 0:00 EU WE%sT
3347 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3348 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3350 # Sweden
3352 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3353 #
3354 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3355 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3356 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3357 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3358 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3359 #
3360 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
3361 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3362 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3363 #
3364 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3365 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3366 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3367 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3368 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3369 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3370 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3371 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3372 #
3373 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3374 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3375 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3376 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3377 #
3378 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3379 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3380 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3381 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3382 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3383 # the Sök-button).
3384 #
3385 # (2001-05-13):
3386 #
3387 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3388 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3389 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3390 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3391 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3392 # hour before the event took place.
3393 #
3394 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3396 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3397 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3398 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3399 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3400 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3401 1:00 - CET 1980
3402 1:00 EU CE%sT
3404 # Switzerland
3405 # From Howse:
3406 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3407 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3408 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3409 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3410 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3411 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3412 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3413 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3414 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3415 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3417 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3418 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3419 #
3420 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3421 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3422 #
3423 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3424 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3425 # federal law collection)...
3426 #
3427 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3428 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3429 #
3430 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3431 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3432 #
3433 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3434 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3435 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3436 # other years are made.
3437 #
3438 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3439 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3440 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3441 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3442 #
3443 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3444 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3445 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3446 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3447 #
3448 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3449 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3450 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3451 #
3452 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3453 #
3454 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3455 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3456 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3457 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3458 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3459 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3460 #
3461 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3462 # The Federal regulations say
3463 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3464 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3465 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3467 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3468 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3469 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3470 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3471 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3472 # hour before the beginning of service.
3474 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3475 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3476 #
3477 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3478 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3479 #
3480 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3481 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3482 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3483 #
3484 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3485 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3486 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3487 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3488 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3489 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3490 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3491 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3492 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3493 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3494 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3496 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3497 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3498 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3499 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3500 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3501 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3502 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3503 1:00 EU CE%sT
3505 # Turkey
3507 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3508 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3509 # no exceptions.
3510 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3511 # Here are official papers:
3512 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
3513 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
3514 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
3515 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
3516 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3517 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3518 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
3519 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3520 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3521 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3522 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3523 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3524 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3526 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3527 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3528 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3529 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3530 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3531 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3532 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3533 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3534 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3536 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3537 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3538 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3539 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3540 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3541 # Turkish:
3542 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3544 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3545 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3546 # Turkish Local election....
3547 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3548 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3549 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3550 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3551 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3552 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3553 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3554 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3555 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3556 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3557 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3558 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3560 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3561 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3562 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3563 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3564 #
3565 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3566 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3567 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3568 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3569 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3571 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3572 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3573 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3574 #
3575 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3576 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3577 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3579 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3580 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3581 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3582 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3583 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3584 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3585 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3586 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3587 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3588 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3589 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3590 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3591 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3592 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3593 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3594 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3595 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3596 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3597 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3598 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3599 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3600 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3601 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3602 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3603 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3604 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3605 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3606 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3607 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3608 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3609 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3610 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3611 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3612 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3613 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3614 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3615 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3616 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3617 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3618 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3619 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3620 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3621 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3622 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3623 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3624 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3625 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3626 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3627 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3628 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3629 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3630 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3631 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3632 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3633 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3634 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3635 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3636 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3637 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3638 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3639 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3640 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3641 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3642 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3643 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3644 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3645 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3646 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3647 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3648 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3649 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3650 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3651 3:00 - +03
3652 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3654 # Ukraine
3655 #
3656 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3657 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3658 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3659 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3660 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3661 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3662 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3664 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3665 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3666 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3667 #
3668 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3669 # approval from 266 deputies.
3670 #
3671 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3672 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3673 #
3674 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3675 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3676 #
3677 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3678 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3679 #
3680 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3681 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3682 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3683 # time this year after all.
3684 #
3685 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3686 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3687 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3688 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3689 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3690 #
3691 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3692 # The law documents themselves are at
3693 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3695 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3696 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3697 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3698 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3699 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3700 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3701 #
3702 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3703 # "summer time" was still in action):
3704 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3705 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3706 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3707 #
3708 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3709 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3710 #
3711 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3712 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3713 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3714 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3715 # This is an answer.
3716 #
3717 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3718 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3719 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3720 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3721 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3723 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3724 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3725 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3726 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3727 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3728 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3729 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3730 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3731 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3732 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3733 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3734 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3735 2:00 EU EE%sT
3736 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3737 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3738 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3739 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3740 1:00 - CET 1940
3741 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3742 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3743 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3744 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3745 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3746 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3747 2:00 - EET 1992
3748 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3749 2:00 EU EE%sT
3750 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3751 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3752 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3753 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3754 # portable Posix file names.
3755 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3756 2:20 - +0220 1924 May 2
3757 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3758 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3759 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3760 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3761 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3762 2:00 EU EE%sT
3764 # Vatican City
3765 # See Europe/Rome.
3767 ###############################################################################
3769 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3770 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3771 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3772 #
3773 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3774 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3775 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3776 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3777 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3778 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3780 # ...
3781 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3782 # From: Tom Hofmann
3783 # ...
3784 #
3785 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3786 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3787 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3788 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3789 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3790 # years...
3791 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3792 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3793 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3794 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3795 #
3796 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3797 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3798 #
3799 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3800 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3801 # ...
3803 # ...
3804 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3805 # From: Dik T. Winter
3806 # ...
3807 #
3808 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3809 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3810 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3811 #
3812 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3813 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3814 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3815 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3816 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3817 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3818 # dates...
3819 #
3820 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3821 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3822 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3823 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3824 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3825 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3826 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3827 # in advance of normal time.
3828 #
3829 # ...
3830 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3831 # ...
3833 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3834 # ...
3835 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3836 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3837 # ...
3838 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3839 # ...