cachegrind/cg_branchpred.c

   1
   2 /*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
   3 /*--- Branch predictor simulation                  cg_branchpred.c ---*/
   4 /*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
   5
   6 /*
   7    This file is part of Cachegrind, a Valgrind tool for cache
   8    profiling programs.
   9
  10    Copyright (C) 2002-2013 Nicholas Nethercote
  11       njn@valgrind.org
  12
  13    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
  14    modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
  15    published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
  16    License, or (at your option) any later version.
  17
  18    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  19    WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  20    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  21    General Public License for more details.
  22
  23    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  24    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  25    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
  26    02111-1307, USA.
  27
  28    The GNU General Public License is contained in the file COPYING.
  29 */
  30
  31
  32 /* This file contains the actual branch predictor simulator and its
  33    associated state.  As with cg_sim.c it is #included directly into
  34    cg_main.c.  It provides:
  35
  36    - a taken/not-taken predictor for conditional branches
  37    - a branch target address predictor for indirect branches
  38
  39    Function return-address prediction is not modelled, on the basis
  40    that return stack predictors almost always predict correctly, and
  41    also that it is difficult for Valgrind to robustly identify
  42    function calls and returns.
  43 */
  44
  45 /* How many bits at the bottom of an instruction address are
  46    guaranteed to be zero? */
  47 #if defined(VGA_ppc32) || defined(VGA_ppc64be)  || defined(VGA_ppc64le) \
  48     || defined(VGA_mips32) || defined(VGA_mips64) || defined(VGA_arm64)
  49 #  define N_IADDR_LO_ZERO_BITS 2
  50 #elif defined(VGA_x86) || defined(VGA_amd64)
  51 #  define N_IADDR_LO_ZERO_BITS 0
  52 #elif defined(VGA_s390x) || defined(VGA_arm)
  53 #  define N_IADDR_LO_ZERO_BITS 1
  54 #else
  55 #  error "Unsupported architecture"
  56 #endif
  57
  58
  59 /* Get a taken/not-taken prediction for the instruction (presumably a
  60    conditional branch) at instr_addr.  Once that's done, update the
  61    predictor state based on whether or not it was actually taken, as
  62    indicated by 'taken'.  Finally, return 1 for a mispredict and 0 for
  63    a successful predict.
  64
  65    The predictor is an array of 16k (== 2^14) 2-bit saturating
  66    counters.  Given the address of the branch instruction, the array
  67    index to use is computed both from the low order bits of the branch
  68    instruction's address, and the global history - that is, from the
  69    taken/not-taken behaviour of the most recent few branches.  This
  70    makes the predictor able to correlate this branch's behaviour with
  71    that of other branches.
  72
  73    TODO: use predictor written by someone who understands this stuff.
  74    Perhaps it would be better to move to a standard GShare predictor
  75    and/or tournament predictor.
  76 */
  77 /* The index is composed of N_HIST bits at the top and N_IADD bits at
  78    the bottom.  These numbers chosen somewhat arbitrarily, but note
  79    that making N_IADD_BITS too small (eg 4) can cause large amounts of
  80    aliasing, and hence misprediction, particularly if the history bits
  81    are mostly unchanging. */
  82 #define N_HIST_BITS 7
  83 #define N_IADD_BITS 7
  84
  85 #define N_BITS     (N_HIST_BITS + N_IADD_BITS)
  86 #define N_COUNTERS (1 << N_BITS)
  87
  88 static UWord shift_register = 0;   /* Contains global history */
  89 static UChar counters[N_COUNTERS]; /* Counter array; presumably auto-zeroed */
  90
  91
  92 static ULong do_cond_branch_predict ( Addr instr_addr, Word takenW )
  93 {
  94    UWord indx;
  95    Bool  predicted_taken, actually_taken, mispredict;
  96
  97    const UWord hist_mask = (1 << N_HIST_BITS) - 1;
  98    const UWord iadd_mask = (1 << N_IADD_BITS) - 1;
  99          UWord hist_bits = shift_register & hist_mask;
 100          UWord iadd_bits = (instr_addr >> N_IADDR_LO_ZERO_BITS)
 101                            & iadd_mask;
 102
 103    tl_assert(hist_bits <= hist_mask);
 104    tl_assert(iadd_bits <= iadd_mask);
 105    indx = (hist_bits << N_IADD_BITS) | iadd_bits;
 106    tl_assert(indx < N_COUNTERS);
 107    if (0) VG_(printf)("index = %d\n", (Int)indx);
 108
 109    tl_assert(takenW <= 1);
 110    predicted_taken = counters[ indx ] >= 2;
 111    actually_taken  = takenW > 0;
 112
 113    mispredict = (actually_taken && (!predicted_taken))
 114                 || ((!actually_taken) && predicted_taken);
 115
 116    shift_register <<= 1;
 117    shift_register |= (actually_taken ? 1 : 0);
 118
 119    if (actually_taken) {
 120       if (counters[indx] < 3)
 121          counters[indx]++;
 122    } else {
 123       if (counters[indx] > 0)
 124          counters[indx]--;
 125    }
 126
 127    tl_assert(counters[indx] <= 3);
 128
 129    return mispredict ? 1 : 0;
 130 }
 131
 132
 133 /* A very simple indirect branch predictor.  Use the branch's address
 134    to index a table which records the previous target address for this
 135    branch (or whatever aliased with it) and use that as the
 136    prediction. */
 137 #define N_BTAC_BITS 9
 138 #define N_BTAC      (1 << N_BTAC_BITS)
 139 static Addr btac[N_BTAC]; /* BTAC; presumably auto-zeroed */
 140
 141 static ULong do_ind_branch_predict ( Addr instr_addr, Addr actual )
 142 {
 143    Bool mispredict;
 144    const UWord mask = (1 << N_BTAC_BITS) - 1;
 145          UWord indx = (instr_addr >> N_IADDR_LO_ZERO_BITS)
 146                       & mask;
 147    tl_assert(indx < N_BTAC);
 148    mispredict = btac[indx] != actual;
 149    btac[indx] = actual;
 150    return mispredict ? 1 : 0;
 151 }
 152
 153
 154 /*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 155 /*--- end                                          cg_branchpred.c ---*/
 156 /*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 157