1 Video Usability Information (VUI) Guide
2 by Christian Heine ( sennindemokrit at gmx dot net )
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8 The Sample Aspect Ratio (SAR) (sometimes called Pixel Aspect Ratio or just
9 Pel Aspect Ratio) is defined as the ratio of the width of the sample to the
10 height of the sample. While pixels on a computer monitor generally are
11 "square" meaning that their SAR is 1:1, digitized video usually has rather
12 odd SARs. Playback of material with a particular SAR on a system with
13 a different SAR will result in a stretched/squashed image. A correction is
14 necessary that relies on the knowledge of both SARs.
17 You can derive the SAR of an image from the width, height and the
18 display aspect ratio (DAR) of the image as follows:
21 ----- = --------------
25 width x height = 704x576, DAR = 4:3 ==> SAR = 2304:2112 or 12:11
27 Please note that if your material is a digitized analog signal, you should
28 not use this equation to calculate the SAR. Refer to the manual of your
29 digitizing equipment or this link instead.
31 A Quick Guide to Digital Video Resolution and Aspect Ratio Conversions
32 http://www.iki.fi/znark/video/conversion/
34 * Should I use this option?
35 In one word: yes. Most decoders/ media players nowadays support automatic
36 correction of aspect ratios, and there are just few exceptions. You should
37 even use it, if the SAR of your material is 1:1, as the default of x264 is
44 The term overscan generally refers to all regions of an image that do
45 not contain information but are added to achieve a certain resolution or
46 aspect ratio. A "letterboxed" image therefore has overscan at the top and
47 the bottom. This is not the overscan this option refers to. Neither refers
48 it to the overscan that is added as part of the process of digitizing an
49 analog signal. Instead it refers to the "overscan" process on a display
50 that shows only a part of the image. What that part is depends on the
53 * How do I use this option?
54 As I'm not sure about what part of the image is shown when the display uses
55 an overscan process, I can't provide you with rules or examples. The safe
56 assumption would be "overscan=show" as this always shows the whole image.
57 Use "overscan=crop" only if you are sure about the consequences. You may
58 also use the default value ("undefined").
60 * Should I use this option?
61 Only if you know exactly what you are doing. Don't use it on video streams
62 that have general overscan. Instead try to to crop the borders before
63 encoding and benefit from the higher bitrate/ image quality.
65 Furthermore the H264 specification says that the setting "overscan=show"
66 must be respected, but "overscan=crop" may be ignored. In fact most
67 playback equipment ignores this setting and shows the whole image.
73 A purely informative setting, that explains what the type of your analog
74 video was, before you digitized it.
76 * How do I use this option?
77 Just set it to the desired value. ( e.g. NTSC, PAL )
78 If you transcode from MPEG2, you may find the value for this option in the
79 m2v bitstream. (see ITU-T Rec. H262 / ISO/IEC 13818-2 for details)
81 * Should I use this option?
82 That is entirely up to you. I have no idea how this information would ever
83 be relevant. I consider it to be informative only.
89 Another relic from digitizing analog video. When digitizing analog video
90 the digital representation of the luma and chroma levels is limited to lie
91 within 16..235 and 16..240 respectively. Playback equipment usually assumes
92 all digitized samples to be within this range. However most DVDs use the
93 full range of 0..255 for luma and chroma samples, possibly resulting in an
94 oversaturation when played back on that equipment. To avoid this a range
97 * How do I use this option?
98 If your source material is a digitized analog video/TV broadcast it is
99 quite possible that it is range limited. If you can make sure that it is
100 range limited you can safely set full range to off. If you are not sure
101 or want to make sure that your material is played back without
102 oversaturation, set if to on. Please note that the default for this option
103 in x264 is off, which is not a safe assumption.
105 * Should I use this option?
106 Yes, but there are few decoders/ media players that distinguish
107 between the two options.
109 5. Color Primaries, Transfer Characteristics, Matrix Coefficients
110 -------------------------------------------------------------------
113 A videophile setting. The average users won't ever need it.
114 Not all monitor models show all colors the same way. When comparing the
115 same image on two different monitor models you might find that one of them
116 "looks more blue", while the other "looks more green". Bottom line is, each
117 monitor model has a different color profile, which can be used to correct
118 colors in a way, that images look almost the same on all monitors. The same
119 goes for printers and film/ video digitizing equipment. If the color
120 profile of the digitizing equipment is known, it is possible to correct the
121 colors and gamma of the decoded h264 stream in a way that the video stream
122 looks the same, regardless of the digitizing equipment used.
124 * How do I use these options?
125 If you are able to find out which characteristics your digitizing equipment
126 uses, (see the equipment documentation or make reference measurements)
127 then find the most suitable characteristics in the list of available
128 characteristics (see H264 Annex E) and pass it to x264. Otherwise leave it
129 to the default (unspecified).
130 If you transcode from MPEG2, you may find the values for these options in
131 the m2v bitstream. (see ITU-T Rec. H262 / ISO/IEC 13818-2 for details)
133 * Should I use these options?
134 Only if you know exactly what you are doing. The default setting is better
135 than a wrong one. Use of this option is not a bad idea though.
136 Unfortunately I don't know any decoder/ media player that ever even
137 attempted color/gamma/color matrix correction.
139 6. Chroma Sample Location
140 --------------------------
143 A videophile setting. The average user won't ever notice a difference.
144 Due to a weakness of the eye, it is often economic to reduce the number of
145 chroma samples in a process called subsampling. In particular x264 uses
146 only one chroma sample of each chroma channel every block of 2x2 luma
147 samples. There are a number of possibilities on how this subsampling is
148 done, each resulting in another relative location of the chroma sample
149 towards the luma samples. The Chroma Sample Location matters when the
150 subsampling process is reversed, e.g. the number of chroma samples is
151 increased. This is most likely to happen at color space conversions. If it
152 is not done correctly the chroma values may appear shifted compared to the
153 luma samples by at most 1 pixel, or strangely blurred.
155 * How do I use this option?
156 Because x264 does no subsampling, since it only accepts already subsampled
157 input frames, you have to determine the method yourself.
159 If you transcode from MPEG1 with proper subsampled 4:2:0, and don't do any
160 color space conversion, you should set this option to 1.
161 If you transcode from MPEG2 with proper subsampled 4:2:0, and don't do any
162 color space conversion, you should set this option to 0.
163 If you transcode from MPEG4 with proper subsampled 4:2:0, and don't do any
164 color space conversion, you should set this option to 0.
166 If you do the color space conversion yourself this isn't that easy. If the
167 filter kernel of the subsampling is ( 0.5, 0.5 ) in one direction then the
168 chroma sample location in that direction is between the two luma samples.
169 If your filter kernel is ( 0.25, 0.5, 0.25 ) in one direction then the
170 chroma sample location in that direction is equal to one of the luma
171 samples. H264 Annex E contains images that tell you how to "transform" your
172 Chroma Sample Location into a value of 0 to 5 that you can pass to x264.
174 * Should I use this option?
175 Unless you are a perfectionist, don't bother. Media players ignore this
176 setting, and favor their own (fixed) assumed Chroma Sample Location.