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2 T H E /proc F I L E S Y S T E M
3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 /proc/sys Terrehon Bowden <terrehon@pacbell.net> October 7 1999
5 Bodo Bauer <bb@ricochet.net>
7 2.4.x update Jorge Nerin <comandante@zaralinux.com> November 14 2000
8 move /proc/sys Shen Feng <shen@cn.fujitsu.com> April 1 2009
9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Version 1.3 Kernel version 2.2.12
11 Kernel version 2.4.0-test11-pre4
12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13 fixes/update part 1.1 Stefani Seibold <stefani@seibold.net> June 9 2009
15 Table of Contents
16 -----------------
18 0 Preface
19 0.1 Introduction/Credits
20 0.2 Legal Stuff
22 1 Collecting System Information
23 1.1 Process-Specific Subdirectories
24 1.2 Kernel data
25 1.3 IDE devices in /proc/ide
26 1.4 Networking info in /proc/net
27 1.5 SCSI info
28 1.6 Parallel port info in /proc/parport
29 1.7 TTY info in /proc/tty
30 1.8 Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
31 1.9 Ext4 file system parameters
33 2 Modifying System Parameters
35 3 Per-Process Parameters
36 3.1 /proc/<pid>/oom_adj & /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj - Adjust the oom-killer
37 score
38 3.2 /proc/<pid>/oom_score - Display current oom-killer score
39 3.3 /proc/<pid>/io - Display the IO accounting fields
40 3.4 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter - Core dump filtering settings
41 3.5 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
42 3.6 /proc/<pid>/comm & /proc/<pid>/task/<tid>/comm
44 4 Configuring procfs
45 4.1 Mount options
47 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
48 Preface
49 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
51 0.1 Introduction/Credits
52 ------------------------
54 This documentation is part of a soon (or so we hope) to be released book on
55 the SuSE Linux distribution. As there is no complete documentation for the
56 /proc file system and we've used many freely available sources to write these
57 chapters, it seems only fair to give the work back to the Linux community.
58 This work is based on the 2.2.* kernel version and the upcoming 2.4.*. I'm
59 afraid it's still far from complete, but we hope it will be useful. As far as
60 we know, it is the first 'all-in-one' document about the /proc file system. It
61 is focused on the Intel x86 hardware, so if you are looking for PPC, ARM,
62 SPARC, AXP, etc., features, you probably won't find what you are looking for.
63 It also only covers IPv4 networking, not IPv6 nor other protocols - sorry. But
64 additions and patches are welcome and will be added to this document if you
65 mail them to Bodo.
67 We'd like to thank Alan Cox, Rik van Riel, and Alexey Kuznetsov and a lot of
68 other people for help compiling this documentation. We'd also like to extend a
69 special thank you to Andi Kleen for documentation, which we relied on heavily
70 to create this document, as well as the additional information he provided.
71 Thanks to everybody else who contributed source or docs to the Linux kernel
72 and helped create a great piece of software... :)
74 If you have any comments, corrections or additions, please don't hesitate to
75 contact Bodo Bauer at bb@ricochet.net. We'll be happy to add them to this
76 document.
78 The latest version of this document is available online at
79 http://tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/html/proc.html
81 If the above direction does not works for you, you could try the kernel
82 mailing list at linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org and/or try to reach me at
83 comandante@zaralinux.com.
85 0.2 Legal Stuff
86 ---------------
88 We don't guarantee the correctness of this document, and if you come to us
89 complaining about how you screwed up your system because of incorrect
90 documentation, we won't feel responsible...
92 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
93 CHAPTER 1: COLLECTING SYSTEM INFORMATION
94 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
96 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
97 In This Chapter
98 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99 * Investigating the properties of the pseudo file system /proc and its
100 ability to provide information on the running Linux system
101 * Examining /proc's structure
102 * Uncovering various information about the kernel and the processes running
103 on the system
104 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
107 The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures in the
108 kernel. It can be used to obtain information about the system and to change
109 certain kernel parameters at runtime (sysctl).
111 First, we'll take a look at the read-only parts of /proc. In Chapter 2, we
112 show you how you can use /proc/sys to change settings.
114 1.1 Process-Specific Subdirectories
115 -----------------------------------
117 The directory /proc contains (among other things) one subdirectory for each
118 process running on the system, which is named after the process ID (PID).
120 The link self points to the process reading the file system. Each process
121 subdirectory has the entries listed in Table 1-1.
124 Table 1-1: Process specific entries in /proc
125 ..............................................................................
126 File Content
127 clear_refs Clears page referenced bits shown in smaps output
128 cmdline Command line arguments
129 cpu Current and last cpu in which it was executed (2.4)(smp)
130 cwd Link to the current working directory
131 environ Values of environment variables
132 exe Link to the executable of this process
133 fd Directory, which contains all file descriptors
134 maps Memory maps to executables and library files (2.4)
135 mem Memory held by this process
136 root Link to the root directory of this process
137 stat Process status
138 statm Process memory status information
139 status Process status in human readable form
140 wchan If CONFIG_KALLSYMS is set, a pre-decoded wchan
141 pagemap Page table
142 stack Report full stack trace, enable via CONFIG_STACKTRACE
143 smaps a extension based on maps, showing the memory consumption of
144 each mapping
145 ..............................................................................
147 For example, to get the status information of a process, all you have to do is
148 read the file /proc/PID/status:
150 >cat /proc/self/status
151 Name: cat
152 State: R (running)
153 Tgid: 5452
154 Pid: 5452
155 PPid: 743
156 TracerPid: 0 (2.4)
157 Uid: 501 501 501 501
158 Gid: 100 100 100 100
159 FDSize: 256
160 Groups: 100 14 16
161 VmPeak: 5004 kB
162 VmSize: 5004 kB
163 VmLck: 0 kB
164 VmHWM: 476 kB
165 VmRSS: 476 kB
166 VmData: 156 kB
167 VmStk: 88 kB
168 VmExe: 68 kB
169 VmLib: 1412 kB
170 VmPTE: 20 kb
171 VmSwap: 0 kB
172 Threads: 1
173 SigQ: 0/28578
174 SigPnd: 0000000000000000
175 ShdPnd: 0000000000000000
176 SigBlk: 0000000000000000
177 SigIgn: 0000000000000000
178 SigCgt: 0000000000000000
179 CapInh: 00000000fffffeff
180 CapPrm: 0000000000000000
181 CapEff: 0000000000000000
182 CapBnd: ffffffffffffffff
183 voluntary_ctxt_switches: 0
184 nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches: 1
186 This shows you nearly the same information you would get if you viewed it with
187 the ps command. In fact, ps uses the proc file system to obtain its
188 information. But you get a more detailed view of the process by reading the
189 file /proc/PID/status. It fields are described in table 1-2.
191 The statm file contains more detailed information about the process
192 memory usage. Its seven fields are explained in Table 1-3. The stat file
193 contains details information about the process itself. Its fields are
194 explained in Table 1-4.
196 (for SMP CONFIG users)
197 For making accounting scalable, RSS related information are handled in
198 asynchronous manner and the vaule may not be very precise. To see a precise
199 snapshot of a moment, you can see /proc/<pid>/smaps file and scan page table.
200 It's slow but very precise.
202 Table 1-2: Contents of the status files (as of 2.6.30-rc7)
203 ..............................................................................
204 Field Content
205 Name filename of the executable
206 State state (R is running, S is sleeping, D is sleeping
207 in an uninterruptible wait, Z is zombie,
208 T is traced or stopped)
209 Tgid thread group ID
210 Pid process id
211 PPid process id of the parent process
212 TracerPid PID of process tracing this process (0 if not)
213 Uid Real, effective, saved set, and file system UIDs
214 Gid Real, effective, saved set, and file system GIDs
215 FDSize number of file descriptor slots currently allocated
216 Groups supplementary group list
217 VmPeak peak virtual memory size
218 VmSize total program size
219 VmLck locked memory size
220 VmHWM peak resident set size ("high water mark")
221 VmRSS size of memory portions
222 VmData size of data, stack, and text segments
223 VmStk size of data, stack, and text segments
224 VmExe size of text segment
225 VmLib size of shared library code
226 VmPTE size of page table entries
227 VmSwap size of swap usage (the number of referred swapents)
228 Threads number of threads
229 SigQ number of signals queued/max. number for queue
230 SigPnd bitmap of pending signals for the thread
231 ShdPnd bitmap of shared pending signals for the process
232 SigBlk bitmap of blocked signals
233 SigIgn bitmap of ignored signals
234 SigCgt bitmap of catched signals
235 CapInh bitmap of inheritable capabilities
236 CapPrm bitmap of permitted capabilities
237 CapEff bitmap of effective capabilities
238 CapBnd bitmap of capabilities bounding set
239 Cpus_allowed mask of CPUs on which this process may run
240 Cpus_allowed_list Same as previous, but in "list format"
241 Mems_allowed mask of memory nodes allowed to this process
242 Mems_allowed_list Same as previous, but in "list format"
243 voluntary_ctxt_switches number of voluntary context switches
244 nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches number of non voluntary context switches
245 ..............................................................................
247 Table 1-3: Contents of the statm files (as of 2.6.8-rc3)
248 ..............................................................................
249 Field Content
250 size total program size (pages) (same as VmSize in status)
251 resident size of memory portions (pages) (same as VmRSS in status)
252 shared number of pages that are shared (i.e. backed by a file)
253 trs number of pages that are 'code' (not including libs; broken,
254 includes data segment)
255 lrs number of pages of library (always 0 on 2.6)
256 drs number of pages of data/stack (including libs; broken,
257 includes library text)
258 dt number of dirty pages (always 0 on 2.6)
259 ..............................................................................
262 Table 1-4: Contents of the stat files (as of 2.6.30-rc7)
263 ..............................................................................
264 Field Content
265 pid process id
266 tcomm filename of the executable
267 state state (R is running, S is sleeping, D is sleeping in an
268 uninterruptible wait, Z is zombie, T is traced or stopped)
269 ppid process id of the parent process
270 pgrp pgrp of the process
271 sid session id
272 tty_nr tty the process uses
273 tty_pgrp pgrp of the tty
274 flags task flags
275 min_flt number of minor faults
276 cmin_flt number of minor faults with child's
277 maj_flt number of major faults
278 cmaj_flt number of major faults with child's
279 utime user mode jiffies
280 stime kernel mode jiffies
281 cutime user mode jiffies with child's
282 cstime kernel mode jiffies with child's
283 priority priority level
284 nice nice level
285 num_threads number of threads
286 it_real_value (obsolete, always 0)
287 start_time time the process started after system boot
288 vsize virtual memory size
289 rss resident set memory size
290 rsslim current limit in bytes on the rss
291 start_code address above which program text can run
292 end_code address below which program text can run
293 start_stack address of the start of the stack
294 esp current value of ESP
295 eip current value of EIP
296 pending bitmap of pending signals
297 blocked bitmap of blocked signals
298 sigign bitmap of ignored signals
299 sigcatch bitmap of catched signals
300 wchan address where process went to sleep
301 0 (place holder)
302 0 (place holder)
303 exit_signal signal to send to parent thread on exit
304 task_cpu which CPU the task is scheduled on
305 rt_priority realtime priority
306 policy scheduling policy (man sched_setscheduler)
307 blkio_ticks time spent waiting for block IO
308 gtime guest time of the task in jiffies
309 cgtime guest time of the task children in jiffies
310 start_data address above which program data+bss is placed
311 end_data address below which program data+bss is placed
312 start_brk address above which program heap can be expanded with brk()
313 ..............................................................................
315 The /proc/PID/maps file containing the currently mapped memory regions and
316 their access permissions.
318 The format is:
320 address perms offset dev inode pathname
322 08048000-08049000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 8312 /opt/test
323 08049000-0804a000 rw-p 00001000 03:00 8312 /opt/test
324 0804a000-0806b000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
325 a7cb1000-a7cb2000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
326 a7cb2000-a7eb2000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
327 a7eb2000-a7eb3000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
328 a7eb3000-a7ed5000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
329 a7ed5000-a8008000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
330 a8008000-a800a000 r--p 00133000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
331 a800a000-a800b000 rw-p 00135000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
332 a800b000-a800e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
333 a800e000-a8022000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
334 a8022000-a8023000 r--p 00013000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
335 a8023000-a8024000 rw-p 00014000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
336 a8024000-a8027000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
337 a8027000-a8043000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
338 a8043000-a8044000 r--p 0001b000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
339 a8044000-a8045000 rw-p 0001c000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
340 aff35000-aff4a000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
341 ffffe000-fffff000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
343 where "address" is the address space in the process that it occupies, "perms"
344 is a set of permissions:
346 r = read
347 w = write
348 x = execute
349 s = shared
350 p = private (copy on write)
352 "offset" is the offset into the mapping, "dev" is the device (major:minor), and
353 "inode" is the inode on that device. 0 indicates that no inode is associated
354 with the memory region, as the case would be with BSS (uninitialized data).
355 The "pathname" shows the name associated file for this mapping. If the mapping
356 is not associated with a file:
358 [heap] = the heap of the program
359 [stack] = the stack of the main process
360 [vdso] = the "virtual dynamic shared object",
361 the kernel system call handler
363 or if empty, the mapping is anonymous.
366 The /proc/PID/smaps is an extension based on maps, showing the memory
367 consumption for each of the process's mappings. For each of mappings there
368 is a series of lines such as the following:
370 08048000-080bc000 r-xp 00000000 03:02 13130 /bin/bash
371 Size: 1084 kB
372 Rss: 892 kB
373 Pss: 374 kB
374 Shared_Clean: 892 kB
375 Shared_Dirty: 0 kB
376 Private_Clean: 0 kB
377 Private_Dirty: 0 kB
378 Referenced: 892 kB
379 Anonymous: 0 kB
380 Swap: 0 kB
381 KernelPageSize: 4 kB
382 MMUPageSize: 4 kB
383 Locked: 374 kB
385 The first of these lines shows the same information as is displayed for the
386 mapping in /proc/PID/maps. The remaining lines show the size of the mapping
387 (size), the amount of the mapping that is currently resident in RAM (RSS), the
388 process' proportional share of this mapping (PSS), the number of clean and
389 dirty private pages in the mapping. Note that even a page which is part of a
390 MAP_SHARED mapping, but has only a single pte mapped, i.e. is currently used
391 by only one process, is accounted as private and not as shared. "Referenced"
392 indicates the amount of memory currently marked as referenced or accessed.
393 "Anonymous" shows the amount of memory that does not belong to any file. Even
394 a mapping associated with a file may contain anonymous pages: when MAP_PRIVATE
395 and a page is modified, the file page is replaced by a private anonymous copy.
396 "Swap" shows how much would-be-anonymous memory is also used, but out on
397 swap.
399 This file is only present if the CONFIG_MMU kernel configuration option is
400 enabled.
402 The /proc/PID/clear_refs is used to reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG
403 bits on both physical and virtual pages associated with a process.
404 To clear the bits for all the pages associated with the process
405 > echo 1 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
407 To clear the bits for the anonymous pages associated with the process
408 > echo 2 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
410 To clear the bits for the file mapped pages associated with the process
411 > echo 3 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
412 Any other value written to /proc/PID/clear_refs will have no effect.
414 The /proc/pid/pagemap gives the PFN, which can be used to find the pageflags
415 using /proc/kpageflags and number of times a page is mapped using
416 /proc/kpagecount. For detailed explanation, see Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt.
418 1.2 Kernel data
419 ---------------
421 Similar to the process entries, the kernel data files give information about
422 the running kernel. The files used to obtain this information are contained in
423 /proc and are listed in Table 1-5. Not all of these will be present in your
424 system. It depends on the kernel configuration and the loaded modules, which
425 files are there, and which are missing.
427 Table 1-5: Kernel info in /proc
428 ..............................................................................
429 File Content
430 apm Advanced power management info
431 buddyinfo Kernel memory allocator information (see text) (2.5)
432 bus Directory containing bus specific information
433 cmdline Kernel command line
434 cpuinfo Info about the CPU
435 devices Available devices (block and character)
436 dma Used DMS channels
437 filesystems Supported filesystems
438 driver Various drivers grouped here, currently rtc (2.4)
439 execdomains Execdomains, related to security (2.4)
440 fb Frame Buffer devices (2.4)
441 fs File system parameters, currently nfs/exports (2.4)
442 ide Directory containing info about the IDE subsystem
443 interrupts Interrupt usage
444 iomem Memory map (2.4)
445 ioports I/O port usage
446 irq Masks for irq to cpu affinity (2.4)(smp?)
447 isapnp ISA PnP (Plug&Play) Info (2.4)
448 kcore Kernel core image (can be ELF or A.OUT(deprecated in 2.4))
449 kmsg Kernel messages
450 ksyms Kernel symbol table
451 loadavg Load average of last 1, 5 & 15 minutes
452 locks Kernel locks
453 meminfo Memory info
454 misc Miscellaneous
455 modules List of loaded modules
456 mounts Mounted filesystems
457 net Networking info (see text)
458 pagetypeinfo Additional page allocator information (see text) (2.5)
459 partitions Table of partitions known to the system
460 pci Deprecated info of PCI bus (new way -> /proc/bus/pci/,
461 decoupled by lspci (2.4)
462 rtc Real time clock
463 scsi SCSI info (see text)
464 slabinfo Slab pool info
465 softirqs softirq usage
466 stat Overall statistics
467 swaps Swap space utilization
468 sys See chapter 2
469 sysvipc Info of SysVIPC Resources (msg, sem, shm) (2.4)
470 tty Info of tty drivers
471 uptime System uptime
472 version Kernel version
473 video bttv info of video resources (2.4)
474 vmallocinfo Show vmalloced areas
475 ..............................................................................
477 You can, for example, check which interrupts are currently in use and what
478 they are used for by looking in the file /proc/interrupts:
480 > cat /proc/interrupts
481 CPU0
482 0: 8728810 XT-PIC timer
483 1: 895 XT-PIC keyboard
484 2: 0 XT-PIC cascade
485 3: 531695 XT-PIC aha152x
486 4: 2014133 XT-PIC serial
487 5: 44401 XT-PIC pcnet_cs
488 8: 2 XT-PIC rtc
489 11: 8 XT-PIC i82365
490 12: 182918 XT-PIC PS/2 Mouse
491 13: 1 XT-PIC fpu
492 14: 1232265 XT-PIC ide0
493 15: 7 XT-PIC ide1
494 NMI: 0
496 In 2.4.* a couple of lines where added to this file LOC & ERR (this time is the
497 output of a SMP machine):
499 > cat /proc/interrupts
501 CPU0 CPU1
502 0: 1243498 1214548 IO-APIC-edge timer
503 1: 8949 8958 IO-APIC-edge keyboard
504 2: 0 0 XT-PIC cascade
505 5: 11286 10161 IO-APIC-edge soundblaster
506 8: 1 0 IO-APIC-edge rtc
507 9: 27422 27407 IO-APIC-edge 3c503
508 12: 113645 113873 IO-APIC-edge PS/2 Mouse
509 13: 0 0 XT-PIC fpu
510 14: 22491 24012 IO-APIC-edge ide0
511 15: 2183 2415 IO-APIC-edge ide1
512 17: 30564 30414 IO-APIC-level eth0
513 18: 177 164 IO-APIC-level bttv
514 NMI: 2457961 2457959
515 LOC: 2457882 2457881
516 ERR: 2155
518 NMI is incremented in this case because every timer interrupt generates a NMI
519 (Non Maskable Interrupt) which is used by the NMI Watchdog to detect lockups.
521 LOC is the local interrupt counter of the internal APIC of every CPU.
523 ERR is incremented in the case of errors in the IO-APIC bus (the bus that
524 connects the CPUs in a SMP system. This means that an error has been detected,
525 the IO-APIC automatically retry the transmission, so it should not be a big
526 problem, but you should read the SMP-FAQ.
528 In 2.6.2* /proc/interrupts was expanded again. This time the goal was for
529 /proc/interrupts to display every IRQ vector in use by the system, not
530 just those considered 'most important'. The new vectors are:
532 THR -- interrupt raised when a machine check threshold counter
533 (typically counting ECC corrected errors of memory or cache) exceeds
534 a configurable threshold. Only available on some systems.
536 TRM -- a thermal event interrupt occurs when a temperature threshold
537 has been exceeded for the CPU. This interrupt may also be generated
538 when the temperature drops back to normal.
540 SPU -- a spurious interrupt is some interrupt that was raised then lowered
541 by some IO device before it could be fully processed by the APIC. Hence
542 the APIC sees the interrupt but does not know what device it came from.
543 For this case the APIC will generate the interrupt with a IRQ vector
544 of 0xff. This might also be generated by chipset bugs.
546 RES, CAL, TLB -- rescheduling, call and TLB flush interrupts are
547 sent from one CPU to another per the needs of the OS. Typically,
548 their statistics are used by kernel developers and interested users to
549 determine the occurrence of interrupts of the given type.
551 The above IRQ vectors are displayed only when relevant. For example,
552 the threshold vector does not exist on x86_64 platforms. Others are
553 suppressed when the system is a uniprocessor. As of this writing, only
554 i386 and x86_64 platforms support the new IRQ vector displays.
556 Of some interest is the introduction of the /proc/irq directory to 2.4.
557 It could be used to set IRQ to CPU affinity, this means that you can "hook" an
558 IRQ to only one CPU, or to exclude a CPU of handling IRQs. The contents of the
559 irq subdir is one subdir for each IRQ, and two files; default_smp_affinity and
560 prof_cpu_mask.
562 For example
563 > ls /proc/irq/
564 0 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 prof_cpu_mask
565 1 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 default_smp_affinity
566 > ls /proc/irq/0/
567 smp_affinity
569 smp_affinity is a bitmask, in which you can specify which CPUs can handle the
570 IRQ, you can set it by doing:
572 > echo 1 > /proc/irq/10/smp_affinity
574 This means that only the first CPU will handle the IRQ, but you can also echo
575 5 which means that only the first and fourth CPU can handle the IRQ.
577 The contents of each smp_affinity file is the same by default:
579 > cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity
580 ffffffff
582 There is an alternate interface, smp_affinity_list which allows specifying
583 a cpu range instead of a bitmask:
585 > cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity_list
586 1024-1031
588 The default_smp_affinity mask applies to all non-active IRQs, which are the
589 IRQs which have not yet been allocated/activated, and hence which lack a
590 /proc/irq/[0-9]* directory.
592 The node file on an SMP system shows the node to which the device using the IRQ
593 reports itself as being attached. This hardware locality information does not
594 include information about any possible driver locality preference.
596 prof_cpu_mask specifies which CPUs are to be profiled by the system wide
597 profiler. Default value is ffffffff (all cpus if there are only 32 of them).
599 The way IRQs are routed is handled by the IO-APIC, and it's Round Robin
600 between all the CPUs which are allowed to handle it. As usual the kernel has
601 more info than you and does a better job than you, so the defaults are the
602 best choice for almost everyone. [Note this applies only to those IO-APIC's
603 that support "Round Robin" interrupt distribution.]
605 There are three more important subdirectories in /proc: net, scsi, and sys.
606 The general rule is that the contents, or even the existence of these
607 directories, depend on your kernel configuration. If SCSI is not enabled, the
608 directory scsi may not exist. The same is true with the net, which is there
609 only when networking support is present in the running kernel.
611 The slabinfo file gives information about memory usage at the slab level.
612 Linux uses slab pools for memory management above page level in version 2.2.
613 Commonly used objects have their own slab pool (such as network buffers,
614 directory cache, and so on).
616 ..............................................................................
618 > cat /proc/buddyinfo
620 Node 0, zone DMA 0 4 5 4 4 3 ...
621 Node 0, zone Normal 1 0 0 1 101 8 ...
622 Node 0, zone HighMem 2 0 0 1 1 0 ...
624 External fragmentation is a problem under some workloads, and buddyinfo is a
625 useful tool for helping diagnose these problems. Buddyinfo will give you a
626 clue as to how big an area you can safely allocate, or why a previous
627 allocation failed.
629 Each column represents the number of pages of a certain order which are
630 available. In this case, there are 0 chunks of 2^0*PAGE_SIZE available in
631 ZONE_DMA, 4 chunks of 2^1*PAGE_SIZE in ZONE_DMA, 101 chunks of 2^4*PAGE_SIZE
632 available in ZONE_NORMAL, etc...
634 More information relevant to external fragmentation can be found in
635 pagetypeinfo.
637 > cat /proc/pagetypeinfo
638 Page block order: 9
639 Pages per block: 512
641 Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
642 Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
643 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
644 Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 2
645 Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
646 Node 0, zone DMA, type Isolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
647 Node 0, zone DMA32, type Unmovable 103 54 77 1 1 1 11 8 7 1 9
648 Node 0, zone DMA32, type Reclaimable 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
649 Node 0, zone DMA32, type Movable 169 152 113 91 77 54 39 13 6 1 452
650 Node 0, zone DMA32, type Reserve 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 0
651 Node 0, zone DMA32, type Isolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
653 Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Isolate
654 Node 0, zone DMA 2 0 5 1 0
655 Node 0, zone DMA32 41 6 967 2 0
657 Fragmentation avoidance in the kernel works by grouping pages of different
658 migrate types into the same contiguous regions of memory called page blocks.
659 A page block is typically the size of the default hugepage size e.g. 2MB on
660 X86-64. By keeping pages grouped based on their ability to move, the kernel
661 can reclaim pages within a page block to satisfy a high-order allocation.
663 The pagetypinfo begins with information on the size of a page block. It
664 then gives the same type of information as buddyinfo except broken down
665 by migrate-type and finishes with details on how many page blocks of each
666 type exist.
668 If min_free_kbytes has been tuned correctly (recommendations made by hugeadm
669 from libhugetlbfs http://sourceforge.net/projects/libhugetlbfs/), one can
670 make an estimate of the likely number of huge pages that can be allocated
671 at a given point in time. All the "Movable" blocks should be allocatable
672 unless memory has been mlock()'d. Some of the Reclaimable blocks should
673 also be allocatable although a lot of filesystem metadata may have to be
674 reclaimed to achieve this.
676 ..............................................................................
678 meminfo:
680 Provides information about distribution and utilization of memory. This
681 varies by architecture and compile options. The following is from a
682 16GB PIII, which has highmem enabled. You may not have all of these fields.
684 > cat /proc/meminfo
686 The "Locked" indicates whether the mapping is locked in memory or not.
689 MemTotal: 16344972 kB
690 MemFree: 13634064 kB
691 Buffers: 3656 kB
692 Cached: 1195708 kB
693 SwapCached: 0 kB
694 Active: 891636 kB
695 Inactive: 1077224 kB
696 HighTotal: 15597528 kB
697 HighFree: 13629632 kB
698 LowTotal: 747444 kB
699 LowFree: 4432 kB
700 SwapTotal: 0 kB
701 SwapFree: 0 kB
702 Dirty: 968 kB
703 Writeback: 0 kB
704 AnonPages: 861800 kB
705 Mapped: 280372 kB
706 Slab: 284364 kB
707 SReclaimable: 159856 kB
708 SUnreclaim: 124508 kB
709 PageTables: 24448 kB
710 NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
711 Bounce: 0 kB
712 WritebackTmp: 0 kB
713 CommitLimit: 7669796 kB
714 Committed_AS: 100056 kB
715 VmallocTotal: 112216 kB
716 VmallocUsed: 428 kB
717 VmallocChunk: 111088 kB
719 MemTotal: Total usable ram (i.e. physical ram minus a few reserved
720 bits and the kernel binary code)
721 MemFree: The sum of LowFree+HighFree
722 Buffers: Relatively temporary storage for raw disk blocks
723 shouldn't get tremendously large (20MB or so)
724 Cached: in-memory cache for files read from the disk (the
725 pagecache). Doesn't include SwapCached
726 SwapCached: Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but
727 still also is in the swapfile (if memory is needed it
728 doesn't need to be swapped out AGAIN because it is already
729 in the swapfile. This saves I/O)
730 Active: Memory that has been used more recently and usually not
731 reclaimed unless absolutely necessary.
732 Inactive: Memory which has been less recently used. It is more
733 eligible to be reclaimed for other purposes
734 HighTotal:
735 HighFree: Highmem is all memory above ~860MB of physical memory
736 Highmem areas are for use by userspace programs, or
737 for the pagecache. The kernel must use tricks to access
738 this memory, making it slower to access than lowmem.
739 LowTotal:
740 LowFree: Lowmem is memory which can be used for everything that
741 highmem can be used for, but it is also available for the
742 kernel's use for its own data structures. Among many
743 other things, it is where everything from the Slab is
744 allocated. Bad things happen when you're out of lowmem.
745 SwapTotal: total amount of swap space available
746 SwapFree: Memory which has been evicted from RAM, and is temporarily
747 on the disk
748 Dirty: Memory which is waiting to get written back to the disk
749 Writeback: Memory which is actively being written back to the disk
750 AnonPages: Non-file backed pages mapped into userspace page tables
751 Mapped: files which have been mmaped, such as libraries
752 Slab: in-kernel data structures cache
753 SReclaimable: Part of Slab, that might be reclaimed, such as caches
754 SUnreclaim: Part of Slab, that cannot be reclaimed on memory pressure
755 PageTables: amount of memory dedicated to the lowest level of page
756 tables.
757 NFS_Unstable: NFS pages sent to the server, but not yet committed to stable
758 storage
759 Bounce: Memory used for block device "bounce buffers"
760 WritebackTmp: Memory used by FUSE for temporary writeback buffers
761 CommitLimit: Based on the overcommit ratio ('vm.overcommit_ratio'),
762 this is the total amount of memory currently available to
763 be allocated on the system. This limit is only adhered to
764 if strict overcommit accounting is enabled (mode 2 in
765 'vm.overcommit_memory').
766 The CommitLimit is calculated with the following formula:
767 CommitLimit = ('vm.overcommit_ratio' * Physical RAM) + Swap
768 For example, on a system with 1G of physical RAM and 7G
769 of swap with a `vm.overcommit_ratio` of 30 it would
770 yield a CommitLimit of 7.3G.
771 For more details, see the memory overcommit documentation
772 in vm/overcommit-accounting.
773 Committed_AS: The amount of memory presently allocated on the system.
774 The committed memory is a sum of all of the memory which
775 has been allocated by processes, even if it has not been
776 "used" by them as of yet. A process which malloc()'s 1G
777 of memory, but only touches 300M of it will only show up
778 as using 300M of memory even if it has the address space
779 allocated for the entire 1G. This 1G is memory which has
780 been "committed" to by the VM and can be used at any time
781 by the allocating application. With strict overcommit
782 enabled on the system (mode 2 in 'vm.overcommit_memory'),
783 allocations which would exceed the CommitLimit (detailed
784 above) will not be permitted. This is useful if one needs
785 to guarantee that processes will not fail due to lack of
786 memory once that memory has been successfully allocated.
787 VmallocTotal: total size of vmalloc memory area
788 VmallocUsed: amount of vmalloc area which is used
789 VmallocChunk: largest contiguous block of vmalloc area which is free
791 ..............................................................................
793 vmallocinfo:
795 Provides information about vmalloced/vmaped areas. One line per area,
796 containing the virtual address range of the area, size in bytes,
797 caller information of the creator, and optional information depending
798 on the kind of area :
800 pages=nr number of pages
801 phys=addr if a physical address was specified
802 ioremap I/O mapping (ioremap() and friends)
803 vmalloc vmalloc() area
804 vmap vmap()ed pages
805 user VM_USERMAP area
806 vpages buffer for pages pointers was vmalloced (huge area)
807 N<node>=nr (Only on NUMA kernels)
808 Number of pages allocated on memory node <node>
810 > cat /proc/vmallocinfo
811 0xffffc20000000000-0xffffc20000201000 2101248 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
812 /0x2c0 pages=512 vmalloc N0=128 N1=128 N2=128 N3=128
813 0xffffc20000201000-0xffffc20000302000 1052672 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
814 /0x2c0 pages=256 vmalloc N0=64 N1=64 N2=64 N3=64
815 0xffffc20000302000-0xffffc20000304000 8192 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
816 phys=7fee8000 ioremap
817 0xffffc20000304000-0xffffc20000307000 12288 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
818 phys=7fee7000 ioremap
819 0xffffc2000031d000-0xffffc2000031f000 8192 init_vdso_vars+0x112/0x210
820 0xffffc2000031f000-0xffffc2000032b000 49152 cramfs_uncompress_init+0x2e ...
821 /0x80 pages=11 vmalloc N0=3 N1=3 N2=2 N3=3
822 0xffffc2000033a000-0xffffc2000033d000 12288 sys_swapon+0x640/0xac0 ...
823 pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
824 0xffffc20000347000-0xffffc2000034c000 20480 xt_alloc_table_info+0xfe ...
825 /0x130 [x_tables] pages=4 vmalloc N0=4
826 0xffffffffa0000000-0xffffffffa000f000 61440 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
827 pages=14 vmalloc N2=14
828 0xffffffffa000f000-0xffffffffa0014000 20480 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
829 pages=4 vmalloc N1=4
830 0xffffffffa0014000-0xffffffffa0017000 12288 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
831 pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
832 0xffffffffa0017000-0xffffffffa0022000 45056 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
833 pages=10 vmalloc N0=10
835 ..............................................................................
837 softirqs:
839 Provides counts of softirq handlers serviced since boot time, for each cpu.
841 > cat /proc/softirqs
842 CPU0 CPU1 CPU2 CPU3
843 HI: 0 0 0 0
844 TIMER: 27166 27120 27097 27034
845 NET_TX: 0 0 0 17
846 NET_RX: 42 0 0 39
847 BLOCK: 0 0 107 1121
848 TASKLET: 0 0 0 290
849 SCHED: 27035 26983 26971 26746
850 HRTIMER: 0 0 0 0
851 RCU: 1678 1769 2178 2250
854 1.3 IDE devices in /proc/ide
855 ----------------------------
857 The subdirectory /proc/ide contains information about all IDE devices of which
858 the kernel is aware. There is one subdirectory for each IDE controller, the
859 file drivers and a link for each IDE device, pointing to the device directory
860 in the controller specific subtree.
862 The file drivers contains general information about the drivers used for the
863 IDE devices:
865 > cat /proc/ide/drivers
866 ide-cdrom version 4.53
867 ide-disk version 1.08
869 More detailed information can be found in the controller specific
870 subdirectories. These are named ide0, ide1 and so on. Each of these
871 directories contains the files shown in table 1-6.
874 Table 1-6: IDE controller info in /proc/ide/ide?
875 ..............................................................................
876 File Content
877 channel IDE channel (0 or 1)
878 config Configuration (only for PCI/IDE bridge)
879 mate Mate name
880 model Type/Chipset of IDE controller
881 ..............................................................................
883 Each device connected to a controller has a separate subdirectory in the
884 controllers directory. The files listed in table 1-7 are contained in these
885 directories.
888 Table 1-7: IDE device information
889 ..............................................................................
890 File Content
891 cache The cache
892 capacity Capacity of the medium (in 512Byte blocks)
893 driver driver and version
894 geometry physical and logical geometry
895 identify device identify block
896 media media type
897 model device identifier
898 settings device setup
899 smart_thresholds IDE disk management thresholds
900 smart_values IDE disk management values
901 ..............................................................................
903 The most interesting file is settings. This file contains a nice overview of
904 the drive parameters:
906 # cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/settings
907 name value min max mode
908 ---- ----- --- --- ----
909 bios_cyl 526 0 65535 rw
910 bios_head 255 0 255 rw
911 bios_sect 63 0 63 rw
912 breada_readahead 4 0 127 rw
913 bswap 0 0 1 r
914 file_readahead 72 0 2097151 rw
915 io_32bit 0 0 3 rw
916 keepsettings 0 0 1 rw
917 max_kb_per_request 122 1 127 rw
918 multcount 0 0 8 rw
919 nice1 1 0 1 rw
920 nowerr 0 0 1 rw
921 pio_mode write-only 0 255 w
922 slow 0 0 1 rw
923 unmaskirq 0 0 1 rw
924 using_dma 0 0 1 rw
927 1.4 Networking info in /proc/net
928 --------------------------------
930 The subdirectory /proc/net follows the usual pattern. Table 1-8 shows the
931 additional values you get for IP version 6 if you configure the kernel to
932 support this. Table 1-9 lists the files and their meaning.
935 Table 1-8: IPv6 info in /proc/net
936 ..............................................................................
937 File Content
938 udp6 UDP sockets (IPv6)
939 tcp6 TCP sockets (IPv6)
940 raw6 Raw device statistics (IPv6)
941 igmp6 IP multicast addresses, which this host joined (IPv6)
942 if_inet6 List of IPv6 interface addresses
943 ipv6_route Kernel routing table for IPv6
944 rt6_stats Global IPv6 routing tables statistics
945 sockstat6 Socket statistics (IPv6)
946 snmp6 Snmp data (IPv6)
947 ..............................................................................
950 Table 1-9: Network info in /proc/net
951 ..............................................................................
952 File Content
953 arp Kernel ARP table
954 dev network devices with statistics
955 dev_mcast the Layer2 multicast groups a device is listening too
956 (interface index, label, number of references, number of bound
957 addresses).
958 dev_stat network device status
959 ip_fwchains Firewall chain linkage
960 ip_fwnames Firewall chain names
961 ip_masq Directory containing the masquerading tables
962 ip_masquerade Major masquerading table
963 netstat Network statistics
964 raw raw device statistics
965 route Kernel routing table
966 rpc Directory containing rpc info
967 rt_cache Routing cache
968 snmp SNMP data
969 sockstat Socket statistics
970 tcp TCP sockets
971 tr_rif Token ring RIF routing table
972 udp UDP sockets
973 unix UNIX domain sockets
974 wireless Wireless interface data (Wavelan etc)
975 igmp IP multicast addresses, which this host joined
976 psched Global packet scheduler parameters.
977 netlink List of PF_NETLINK sockets
978 ip_mr_vifs List of multicast virtual interfaces
979 ip_mr_cache List of multicast routing cache
980 ..............................................................................
982 You can use this information to see which network devices are available in
983 your system and how much traffic was routed over those devices:
985 > cat /proc/net/dev
986 Inter-|Receive |[...
987 face |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|[...
988 lo: 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0 [...
989 ppp0:15475140 20721 410 0 0 410 0 0 [...
990 eth0: 614530 7085 0 0 0 0 0 1 [...
992 ...] Transmit
993 ...] bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
994 ...] 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0
995 ...] 1375103 17405 0 0 0 0 0 0
996 ...] 1703981 5535 0 0 0 3 0 0
998 In addition, each Channel Bond interface has its own directory. For
999 example, the bond0 device will have a directory called /proc/net/bond0/.
1000 It will contain information that is specific to that bond, such as the
1001 current slaves of the bond, the link status of the slaves, and how
1002 many times the slaves link has failed.
1004 1.5 SCSI info
1005 -------------
1007 If you have a SCSI host adapter in your system, you'll find a subdirectory
1008 named after the driver for this adapter in /proc/scsi. You'll also see a list
1009 of all recognized SCSI devices in /proc/scsi:
1011 >cat /proc/scsi/scsi
1012 Attached devices:
1013 Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
1014 Vendor: IBM Model: DGHS09U Rev: 03E0
1015 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03
1016 Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 06 Lun: 00
1017 Vendor: PIONEER Model: CD-ROM DR-U06S Rev: 1.04
1018 Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02
1021 The directory named after the driver has one file for each adapter found in
1022 the system. These files contain information about the controller, including
1023 the used IRQ and the IO address range. The amount of information shown is
1024 dependent on the adapter you use. The example shows the output for an Adaptec
1025 AHA-2940 SCSI adapter:
1027 > cat /proc/scsi/aic7xxx/0
1029 Adaptec AIC7xxx driver version: 5.1.19/3.2.4
1030 Compile Options:
1031 TCQ Enabled By Default : Disabled
1032 AIC7XXX_PROC_STATS : Disabled
1033 AIC7XXX_RESET_DELAY : 5
1034 Adapter Configuration:
1035 SCSI Adapter: Adaptec AHA-294X Ultra SCSI host adapter
1036 Ultra Wide Controller
1037 PCI MMAPed I/O Base: 0xeb001000
1038 Adapter SEEPROM Config: SEEPROM found and used.
1039 Adaptec SCSI BIOS: Enabled
1040 IRQ: 10
1041 SCBs: Active 0, Max Active 2,
1042 Allocated 15, HW 16, Page 255
1043 Interrupts: 160328
1044 BIOS Control Word: 0x18b6
1045 Adapter Control Word: 0x005b
1046 Extended Translation: Enabled
1047 Disconnect Enable Flags: 0xffff
1048 Ultra Enable Flags: 0x0001
1049 Tag Queue Enable Flags: 0x0000
1050 Ordered Queue Tag Flags: 0x0000
1051 Default Tag Queue Depth: 8
1052 Tagged Queue By Device array for aic7xxx host instance 0:
1053 {255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255}
1054 Actual queue depth per device for aic7xxx host instance 0:
1055 {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
1056 Statistics:
1057 (scsi0:0:0:0)
1058 Device using Wide/Sync transfers at 40.0 MByte/sec, offset 8
1059 Transinfo settings: current(12/8/1/0), goal(12/8/1/0), user(12/15/1/0)
1060 Total transfers 160151 (74577 reads and 85574 writes)
1061 (scsi0:0:6:0)
1062 Device using Narrow/Sync transfers at 5.0 MByte/sec, offset 15
1063 Transinfo settings: current(50/15/0/0), goal(50/15/0/0), user(50/15/0/0)
1064 Total transfers 0 (0 reads and 0 writes)
1067 1.6 Parallel port info in /proc/parport
1068 ---------------------------------------
1070 The directory /proc/parport contains information about the parallel ports of
1071 your system. It has one subdirectory for each port, named after the port
1072 number (0,1,2,...).
1074 These directories contain the four files shown in Table 1-10.
1077 Table 1-10: Files in /proc/parport
1078 ..............................................................................
1079 File Content
1080 autoprobe Any IEEE-1284 device ID information that has been acquired.
1081 devices list of the device drivers using that port. A + will appear by the
1082 name of the device currently using the port (it might not appear
1083 against any).
1084 hardware Parallel port's base address, IRQ line and DMA channel.
1085 irq IRQ that parport is using for that port. This is in a separate
1086 file to allow you to alter it by writing a new value in (IRQ
1087 number or none).
1088 ..............................................................................
1090 1.7 TTY info in /proc/tty
1091 -------------------------
1093 Information about the available and actually used tty's can be found in the
1094 directory /proc/tty.You'll find entries for drivers and line disciplines in
1095 this directory, as shown in Table 1-11.
1098 Table 1-11: Files in /proc/tty
1099 ..............................................................................
1100 File Content
1101 drivers list of drivers and their usage
1102 ldiscs registered line disciplines
1103 driver/serial usage statistic and status of single tty lines
1104 ..............................................................................
1106 To see which tty's are currently in use, you can simply look into the file
1107 /proc/tty/drivers:
1109 > cat /proc/tty/drivers
1110 pty_slave /dev/pts 136 0-255 pty:slave
1111 pty_master /dev/ptm 128 0-255 pty:master
1112 pty_slave /dev/ttyp 3 0-255 pty:slave
1113 pty_master /dev/pty 2 0-255 pty:master
1114 serial /dev/cua 5 64-67 serial:callout
1115 serial /dev/ttyS 4 64-67 serial
1116 /dev/tty0 /dev/tty0 4 0 system:vtmaster
1117 /dev/ptmx /dev/ptmx 5 2 system
1118 /dev/console /dev/console 5 1 system:console
1119 /dev/tty /dev/tty 5 0 system:/dev/tty
1120 unknown /dev/tty 4 1-63 console
1123 1.8 Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
1124 -------------------------------------------------
1126 Various pieces of information about kernel activity are available in the
1127 /proc/stat file. All of the numbers reported in this file are aggregates
1128 since the system first booted. For a quick look, simply cat the file:
1130 > cat /proc/stat
1131 cpu 2255 34 2290 22625563 6290 127 456 0 0
1132 cpu0 1132 34 1441 11311718 3675 127 438 0 0
1133 cpu1 1123 0 849 11313845 2614 0 18 0 0
1134 intr 114930548 113199788 3 0 5 263 0 4 [... lots more numbers ...]
1135 ctxt 1990473
1136 btime 1062191376
1137 processes 2915
1138 procs_running 1
1139 procs_blocked 0
1140 softirq 183433 0 21755 12 39 1137 231 21459 2263
1142 The very first "cpu" line aggregates the numbers in all of the other "cpuN"
1143 lines. These numbers identify the amount of time the CPU has spent performing
1144 different kinds of work. Time units are in USER_HZ (typically hundredths of a
1145 second). The meanings of the columns are as follows, from left to right:
1147 - user: normal processes executing in user mode
1148 - nice: niced processes executing in user mode
1149 - system: processes executing in kernel mode
1150 - idle: twiddling thumbs
1151 - iowait: waiting for I/O to complete
1152 - irq: servicing interrupts
1153 - softirq: servicing softirqs
1154 - steal: involuntary wait
1155 - guest: running a normal guest
1156 - guest_nice: running a niced guest
1158 The "intr" line gives counts of interrupts serviced since boot time, for each
1159 of the possible system interrupts. The first column is the total of all
1160 interrupts serviced; each subsequent column is the total for that particular
1161 interrupt.
1163 The "ctxt" line gives the total number of context switches across all CPUs.
1165 The "btime" line gives the time at which the system booted, in seconds since
1166 the Unix epoch.
1168 The "processes" line gives the number of processes and threads created, which
1169 includes (but is not limited to) those created by calls to the fork() and
1170 clone() system calls.
1172 The "procs_running" line gives the total number of threads that are
1173 running or ready to run (i.e., the total number of runnable threads).
1175 The "procs_blocked" line gives the number of processes currently blocked,
1176 waiting for I/O to complete.
1178 The "softirq" line gives counts of softirqs serviced since boot time, for each
1179 of the possible system softirqs. The first column is the total of all
1180 softirqs serviced; each subsequent column is the total for that particular
1181 softirq.
1184 1.9 Ext4 file system parameters
1185 ------------------------------
1187 Information about mounted ext4 file systems can be found in
1188 /proc/fs/ext4. Each mounted filesystem will have a directory in
1189 /proc/fs/ext4 based on its device name (i.e., /proc/fs/ext4/hdc or
1190 /proc/fs/ext4/dm-0). The files in each per-device directory are shown
1191 in Table 1-12, below.
1193 Table 1-12: Files in /proc/fs/ext4/<devname>
1194 ..............................................................................
1195 File Content
1196 mb_groups details of multiblock allocator buddy cache of free blocks
1197 ..............................................................................
1199 2.0 /proc/consoles
1200 ------------------
1201 Shows registered system console lines.
1203 To see which character device lines are currently used for the system console
1204 /dev/console, you may simply look into the file /proc/consoles:
1206 > cat /proc/consoles
1207 tty0 -WU (ECp) 4:7
1208 ttyS0 -W- (Ep) 4:64
1210 The columns are:
1212 device name of the device
1213 operations R = can do read operations
1214 W = can do write operations
1215 U = can do unblank
1216 flags E = it is enabled
1217 C = it is preferred console
1218 B = it is primary boot console
1219 p = it is used for printk buffer
1220 b = it is not a TTY but a Braille device
1221 a = it is safe to use when cpu is offline
1222 major:minor major and minor number of the device separated by a colon
1224 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1225 Summary
1226 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1227 The /proc file system serves information about the running system. It not only
1228 allows access to process data but also allows you to request the kernel status
1229 by reading files in the hierarchy.
1231 The directory structure of /proc reflects the types of information and makes
1232 it easy, if not obvious, where to look for specific data.
1233 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1235 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1236 CHAPTER 2: MODIFYING SYSTEM PARAMETERS
1237 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1239 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1240 In This Chapter
1241 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1242 * Modifying kernel parameters by writing into files found in /proc/sys
1243 * Exploring the files which modify certain parameters
1244 * Review of the /proc/sys file tree
1245 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1248 A very interesting part of /proc is the directory /proc/sys. This is not only
1249 a source of information, it also allows you to change parameters within the
1250 kernel. Be very careful when attempting this. You can optimize your system,
1251 but you can also cause it to crash. Never alter kernel parameters on a
1252 production system. Set up a development machine and test to make sure that
1253 everything works the way you want it to. You may have no alternative but to
1254 reboot the machine once an error has been made.
1256 To change a value, simply echo the new value into the file. An example is
1257 given below in the section on the file system data. You need to be root to do
1258 this. You can create your own boot script to perform this every time your
1259 system boots.
1261 The files in /proc/sys can be used to fine tune and monitor miscellaneous and
1262 general things in the operation of the Linux kernel. Since some of the files
1263 can inadvertently disrupt your system, it is advisable to read both
1264 documentation and source before actually making adjustments. In any case, be
1265 very careful when writing to any of these files. The entries in /proc may
1266 change slightly between the 2.1.* and the 2.2 kernel, so if there is any doubt
1267 review the kernel documentation in the directory /usr/src/linux/Documentation.
1268 This chapter is heavily based on the documentation included in the pre 2.2
1269 kernels, and became part of it in version 2.2.1 of the Linux kernel.
1271 Please see: Documentation/sysctl/ directory for descriptions of these
1272 entries.
1274 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1275 Summary
1276 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1277 Certain aspects of kernel behavior can be modified at runtime, without the
1278 need to recompile the kernel, or even to reboot the system. The files in the
1279 /proc/sys tree can not only be read, but also modified. You can use the echo
1280 command to write value into these files, thereby changing the default settings
1281 of the kernel.
1282 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1284 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1285 CHAPTER 3: PER-PROCESS PARAMETERS
1286 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1288 3.1 /proc/<pid>/oom_adj & /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj- Adjust the oom-killer score
1289 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1291 These file can be used to adjust the badness heuristic used to select which
1292 process gets killed in out of memory conditions.
1294 The badness heuristic assigns a value to each candidate task ranging from 0
1295 (never kill) to 1000 (always kill) to determine which process is targeted. The
1296 units are roughly a proportion along that range of allowed memory the process
1297 may allocate from based on an estimation of its current memory and swap use.
1298 For example, if a task is using all allowed memory, its badness score will be
1299 1000. If it is using half of its allowed memory, its score will be 500.
1301 There is an additional factor included in the badness score: root
1302 processes are given 3% extra memory over other tasks.
1304 The amount of "allowed" memory depends on the context in which the oom killer
1305 was called. If it is due to the memory assigned to the allocating task's cpuset
1306 being exhausted, the allowed memory represents the set of mems assigned to that
1307 cpuset. If it is due to a mempolicy's node(s) being exhausted, the allowed
1308 memory represents the set of mempolicy nodes. If it is due to a memory
1309 limit (or swap limit) being reached, the allowed memory is that configured
1310 limit. Finally, if it is due to the entire system being out of memory, the
1311 allowed memory represents all allocatable resources.
1313 The value of /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj is added to the badness score before it
1314 is used to determine which task to kill. Acceptable values range from -1000
1315 (OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN) to +1000 (OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX). This allows userspace to
1316 polarize the preference for oom killing either by always preferring a certain
1317 task or completely disabling it. The lowest possible value, -1000, is
1318 equivalent to disabling oom killing entirely for that task since it will always
1319 report a badness score of 0.
1321 Consequently, it is very simple for userspace to define the amount of memory to
1322 consider for each task. Setting a /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj value of +500, for
1323 example, is roughly equivalent to allowing the remainder of tasks sharing the
1324 same system, cpuset, mempolicy, or memory controller resources to use at least
1325 50% more memory. A value of -500, on the other hand, would be roughly
1326 equivalent to discounting 50% of the task's allowed memory from being considered
1327 as scoring against the task.
1329 For backwards compatibility with previous kernels, /proc/<pid>/oom_adj may also
1330 be used to tune the badness score. Its acceptable values range from -16
1331 (OOM_ADJUST_MIN) to +15 (OOM_ADJUST_MAX) and a special value of -17
1332 (OOM_DISABLE) to disable oom killing entirely for that task. Its value is
1333 scaled linearly with /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj.
1335 Writing to /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj or /proc/<pid>/oom_adj will change the
1336 other with its scaled value.
1338 The value of /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj may be reduced no lower than the last
1339 value set by a CAP_SYS_RESOURCE process. To reduce the value any lower
1340 requires CAP_SYS_RESOURCE.
1342 NOTICE: /proc/<pid>/oom_adj is deprecated and will be removed, please see
1343 Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt.
1345 Caveat: when a parent task is selected, the oom killer will sacrifice any first
1346 generation children with separate address spaces instead, if possible. This
1347 avoids servers and important system daemons from being killed and loses the
1348 minimal amount of work.
1351 3.2 /proc/<pid>/oom_score - Display current oom-killer score
1352 -------------------------------------------------------------
1354 This file can be used to check the current score used by the oom-killer is for
1355 any given <pid>. Use it together with /proc/<pid>/oom_adj to tune which
1356 process should be killed in an out-of-memory situation.
1359 3.3 /proc/<pid>/io - Display the IO accounting fields
1360 -------------------------------------------------------
1362 This file contains IO statistics for each running process
1364 Example
1365 -------
1367 test:/tmp # dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test.dat &
1368 [1] 3828
1370 test:/tmp # cat /proc/3828/io
1371 rchar: 323934931
1372 wchar: 323929600
1373 syscr: 632687
1374 syscw: 632675
1375 read_bytes: 0
1376 write_bytes: 323932160
1377 cancelled_write_bytes: 0
1380 Description
1381 -----------
1383 rchar
1384 -----
1386 I/O counter: chars read
1387 The number of bytes which this task has caused to be read from storage. This
1388 is simply the sum of bytes which this process passed to read() and pread().
1389 It includes things like tty IO and it is unaffected by whether or not actual
1390 physical disk IO was required (the read might have been satisfied from
1391 pagecache)
1394 wchar
1395 -----
1397 I/O counter: chars written
1398 The number of bytes which this task has caused, or shall cause to be written
1399 to disk. Similar caveats apply here as with rchar.
1402 syscr
1403 -----
1405 I/O counter: read syscalls
1406 Attempt to count the number of read I/O operations, i.e. syscalls like read()
1407 and pread().
1410 syscw
1411 -----
1413 I/O counter: write syscalls
1414 Attempt to count the number of write I/O operations, i.e. syscalls like
1415 write() and pwrite().
1418 read_bytes
1419 ----------
1421 I/O counter: bytes read
1422 Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process really did cause to
1423 be fetched from the storage layer. Done at the submit_bio() level, so it is
1424 accurate for block-backed filesystems. <please add status regarding NFS and
1425 CIFS at a later time>
1428 write_bytes
1429 -----------
1431 I/O counter: bytes written
1432 Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process caused to be sent to
1433 the storage layer. This is done at page-dirtying time.
1436 cancelled_write_bytes
1437 ---------------------
1439 The big inaccuracy here is truncate. If a process writes 1MB to a file and
1440 then deletes the file, it will in fact perform no writeout. But it will have
1441 been accounted as having caused 1MB of write.
1442 In other words: The number of bytes which this process caused to not happen,
1443 by truncating pagecache. A task can cause "negative" IO too. If this task
1444 truncates some dirty pagecache, some IO which another task has been accounted
1445 for (in its write_bytes) will not be happening. We _could_ just subtract that
1446 from the truncating task's write_bytes, but there is information loss in doing
1447 that.
1450 Note
1451 ----
1453 At its current implementation state, this is a bit racy on 32-bit machines: if
1454 process A reads process B's /proc/pid/io while process B is updating one of
1455 those 64-bit counters, process A could see an intermediate result.
1458 More information about this can be found within the taskstats documentation in
1459 Documentation/accounting.
1461 3.4 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter - Core dump filtering settings
1462 ---------------------------------------------------------------
1463 When a process is dumped, all anonymous memory is written to a core file as
1464 long as the size of the core file isn't limited. But sometimes we don't want
1465 to dump some memory segments, for example, huge shared memory. Conversely,
1466 sometimes we want to save file-backed memory segments into a core file, not
1467 only the individual files.
1469 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter allows you to customize which memory segments
1470 will be dumped when the <pid> process is dumped. coredump_filter is a bitmask
1471 of memory types. If a bit of the bitmask is set, memory segments of the
1472 corresponding memory type are dumped, otherwise they are not dumped.
1474 The following 7 memory types are supported:
1475 - (bit 0) anonymous private memory
1476 - (bit 1) anonymous shared memory
1477 - (bit 2) file-backed private memory
1478 - (bit 3) file-backed shared memory
1479 - (bit 4) ELF header pages in file-backed private memory areas (it is
1480 effective only if the bit 2 is cleared)
1481 - (bit 5) hugetlb private memory
1482 - (bit 6) hugetlb shared memory
1484 Note that MMIO pages such as frame buffer are never dumped and vDSO pages
1485 are always dumped regardless of the bitmask status.
1487 Note bit 0-4 doesn't effect any hugetlb memory. hugetlb memory are only
1488 effected by bit 5-6.
1490 Default value of coredump_filter is 0x23; this means all anonymous memory
1491 segments and hugetlb private memory are dumped.
1493 If you don't want to dump all shared memory segments attached to pid 1234,
1494 write 0x21 to the process's proc file.
1496 $ echo 0x21 > /proc/1234/coredump_filter
1498 When a new process is created, the process inherits the bitmask status from its
1499 parent. It is useful to set up coredump_filter before the program runs.
1500 For example:
1502 $ echo 0x7 > /proc/self/coredump_filter
1503 $ ./some_program
1505 3.5 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
1506 --------------------------------------------------------
1508 This file contains lines of the form:
1510 36 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 - ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue
1511 (1)(2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
1513 (1) mount ID: unique identifier of the mount (may be reused after umount)
1514 (2) parent ID: ID of parent (or of self for the top of the mount tree)
1515 (3) major:minor: value of st_dev for files on filesystem
1516 (4) root: root of the mount within the filesystem
1517 (5) mount point: mount point relative to the process's root
1518 (6) mount options: per mount options
1519 (7) optional fields: zero or more fields of the form "tag[:value]"
1520 (8) separator: marks the end of the optional fields
1521 (9) filesystem type: name of filesystem of the form "type[.subtype]"
1522 (10) mount source: filesystem specific information or "none"
1523 (11) super options: per super block options
1525 Parsers should ignore all unrecognised optional fields. Currently the
1526 possible optional fields are:
1528 shared:X mount is shared in peer group X
1529 master:X mount is slave to peer group X
1530 propagate_from:X mount is slave and receives propagation from peer group X (*)
1531 unbindable mount is unbindable
1533 (*) X is the closest dominant peer group under the process's root. If
1534 X is the immediate master of the mount, or if there's no dominant peer
1535 group under the same root, then only the "master:X" field is present
1536 and not the "propagate_from:X" field.
1538 For more information on mount propagation see:
1540 Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt
1543 3.6 /proc/<pid>/comm & /proc/<pid>/task/<tid>/comm
1544 --------------------------------------------------------
1545 These files provide a method to access a tasks comm value. It also allows for
1546 a task to set its own or one of its thread siblings comm value. The comm value
1547 is limited in size compared to the cmdline value, so writing anything longer
1548 then the kernel's TASK_COMM_LEN (currently 16 chars) will result in a truncated
1549 comm value.
1552 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1553 Configuring procfs
1554 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1556 4.1 Mount options
1557 ---------------------
1559 The following mount options are supported:
1561 hidepid= Set /proc/<pid>/ access mode.
1562 gid= Set the group authorized to learn processes information.
1564 hidepid=0 means classic mode - everybody may access all /proc/<pid>/ directories
1565 (default).
1567 hidepid=1 means users may not access any /proc/<pid>/ directories but their
1568 own. Sensitive files like cmdline, sched*, status are now protected against
1569 other users. This makes it impossible to learn whether any user runs
1570 specific program (given the program doesn't reveal itself by its behaviour).
1571 As an additional bonus, as /proc/<pid>/cmdline is unaccessible for other users,
1572 poorly written programs passing sensitive information via program arguments are
1573 now protected against local eavesdroppers.
1575 hidepid=2 means hidepid=1 plus all /proc/<pid>/ will be fully invisible to other
1576 users. It doesn't mean that it hides a fact whether a process with a specific
1577 pid value exists (it can be learned by other means, e.g. by "kill -0 $PID"),
1578 but it hides process' uid and gid, which may be learned by stat()'ing
1579 /proc/<pid>/ otherwise. It greatly complicates an intruder's task of gathering
1580 information about running processes, whether some daemon runs with elevated
1581 privileges, whether other user runs some sensitive program, whether other users
1582 run any program at all, etc.
1584 gid= defines a group authorized to learn processes information otherwise
1585 prohibited by hidepid=. If you use some daemon like identd which needs to learn
1586 information about processes information, just add identd to this group.