3 Pierre-Louis.Bossart <pierre-louis.bossart@linux.intel.com>
4 Vinod Koul <vinod.koul@linux.intel.com>
8 Since its early days, the ALSA API was defined with PCM support or
9 constant bitrates payloads such as IEC61937 in mind. Arguments and
10 returned values in frames are the norm, making it a challenge to
11 extend the existing API to compressed data streams.
13 In recent years, audio digital signal processors (DSP) were integrated
14 in system-on-chip designs, and DSPs are also integrated in audio
15 codecs. Processing compressed data on such DSPs results in a dramatic
16 reduction of power consumption compared to host-based
17 processing. Support for such hardware has not been very good in Linux,
18 mostly because of a lack of a generic API available in the mainline
21 Rather than requiring a compability break with an API change of the
22 ALSA PCM interface, a new 'Compressed Data' API is introduced to
23 provide a control and data-streaming interface for audio DSPs.
25 The design of this API was inspired by the 2-year experience with the
26 Intel Moorestown SOC, with many corrections required to upstream the
27 API in the mainline kernel instead of the staging tree and make it
32 The main requirements are:
34 - separation between byte counts and time. Compressed formats may have
35 a header per file, per frame, or no header at all. The payload size
36 may vary from frame-to-frame. As a result, it is not possible to
37 estimate reliably the duration of audio buffers when handling
38 compressed data. Dedicated mechanisms are required to allow for
39 reliable audio-video synchronization, which requires precise
40 reporting of the number of samples rendered at any given time.
42 - Handling of multiple formats. PCM data only requires a specification
43 of the sampling rate, number of channels and bits per sample. In
44 contrast, compressed data comes in a variety of formats. Audio DSPs
45 may also provide support for a limited number of audio encoders and
46 decoders embedded in firmware, or may support more choices through
47 dynamic download of libraries.
49 - Focus on main formats. This API provides support for the most
50 popular formats used for audio and video capture and playback. It is
51 likely that as audio compression technology advances, new formats
54 - Handling of multiple configurations. Even for a given format like
55 AAC, some implementations may support AAC multichannel but HE-AAC
56 stereo. Likewise WMA10 level M3 may require too much memory and cpu
57 cycles. The new API needs to provide a generic way of listing these
60 - Rendering/Grabbing only. This API does not provide any means of
61 hardware acceleration, where PCM samples are provided back to
62 user-space for additional processing. This API focuses instead on
63 streaming compressed data to a DSP, with the assumption that the
64 decoded samples are routed to a physical output or logical back-end.
66 - Complexity hiding. Existing user-space multimedia frameworks all
67 have existing enums/structures for each compressed format. This new
68 API assumes the existence of a platform-specific compatibility layer
69 to expose, translate and make use of the capabilities of the audio
70 DSP, eg. Android HAL or PulseAudio sinks. By construction, regular
71 applications are not supposed to make use of this API.
76 The new API shares a number of concepts with with the PCM API for flow
77 control. Start, pause, resume, drain and stop commands have the same
78 semantics no matter what the content is.
80 The concept of memory ring buffer divided in a set of fragments is
81 borrowed from the ALSA PCM API. However, only sizes in bytes can be
84 Seeks/trick modes are assumed to be handled by the host.
86 The notion of rewinds/forwards is not supported. Data committed to the
87 ring buffer cannot be invalidated, except when dropping all buffers.
89 The Compressed Data API does not make any assumptions on how the data
90 is transmitted to the audio DSP. DMA transfers from main memory to an
91 embedded audio cluster or to a SPI interface for external DSPs are
92 possible. As in the ALSA PCM case, a core set of routines is exposed;
93 each driver implementer will have to write support for a set of
94 mandatory routines and possibly make use of optional ones.
96 The main additions are
99 This routine returns the list of audio formats supported. Querying the
100 codecs on a capture stream will return encoders, decoders will be
101 listed for playback streams.
103 - get_codec_caps For each codec, this routine returns a list of
104 capabilities. The intent is to make sure all the capabilities
105 correspond to valid settings, and to minimize the risks of
106 configuration failures. For example, for a complex codec such as AAC,
107 the number of channels supported may depend on a specific profile. If
108 the capabilities were exposed with a single descriptor, it may happen
109 that a specific combination of profiles/channels/formats may not be
110 supported. Likewise, embedded DSPs have limited memory and cpu cycles,
111 it is likely that some implementations make the list of capabilities
112 dynamic and dependent on existing workloads. In addition to codec
113 settings, this routine returns the minimum buffer size handled by the
114 implementation. This information can be a function of the DMA buffer
115 sizes, the number of bytes required to synchronize, etc, and can be
116 used by userspace to define how much needs to be written in the ring
117 buffer before playback can start.
120 This routine sets the configuration chosen for a specific codec. The
121 most important field in the parameters is the codec type; in most
122 cases decoders will ignore other fields, while encoders will strictly
123 comply to the settings
126 This routines returns the actual settings used by the DSP. Changes to
127 the settings should remain the exception.
130 The timestamp becomes a multiple field structure. It lists the number
131 of bytes transferred, the number of samples processed and the number
132 of samples rendered/grabbed. All these values can be used to determine
133 the avarage bitrate, figure out if the ring buffer needs to be
134 refilled or the delay due to decoding/encoding/io on the DSP.
136 Note that the list of codecs/profiles/modes was derived from the
137 OpenMAX AL specification instead of reinventing the wheel.
138 Modifications include:
139 - Addition of FLAC and IEC formats
140 - Merge of encoder/decoder capabilities
141 - Profiles/modes listed as bitmasks to make descriptors more compact
142 - Addition of set_params for decoders (missing in OpenMAX AL)
143 - Addition of AMR/AMR-WB encoding modes (missing in OpenMAX AL)
144 - Addition of format information for WMA
145 - Addition of encoding options when required (derived from OpenMAX IL)
146 - Addition of rateControlSupported (missing in OpenMAX AL)
150 - Support for VoIP/circuit-switched calls is not the target of this
151 API. Support for dynamic bit-rate changes would require a tight
152 coupling between the DSP and the host stack, limiting power savings.
154 - Packet-loss concealment is not supported. This would require an
155 additional interface to let the decoder synthesize data when frames
156 are lost during transmission. This may be added in the future.
158 - Volume control/routing is not handled by this API. Devices exposing a
159 compressed data interface will be considered as regular ALSA devices;
160 volume changes and routing information will be provided with regular
163 - Embedded audio effects. Such effects should be enabled in the same
164 manner, no matter if the input was PCM or compressed.
166 - multichannel IEC encoding. Unclear if this is required.
168 - Encoding/decoding acceleration is not supported as mentioned
169 above. It is possible to route the output of a decoder to a capture
170 stream, or even implement transcoding capabilities. This routing
171 would be enabled with ALSA kcontrols.
173 - Audio policy/resource management. This API does not provide any
174 hooks to query the utilization of the audio DSP, nor any premption
177 - No notion of underun/overrun. Since the bytes written are compressed
178 in nature and data written/read doesn't translate directly to
179 rendered output in time, this does not deal with underrun/overun and
180 maybe dealt in user-library
183 - Mark Brown and Liam Girdwood for discussions on the need for this API
184 - Harsha Priya for her work on intel_sst compressed API
185 - Rakesh Ughreja for valuable feedback
186 - Sing Nallasellan, Sikkandar Madar and Prasanna Samaga for
187 demonstrating and quantifying the benefits of audio offload on a