1 <title>Video Overlay Interface</title>
2 <subtitle>Also known as Framebuffer Overlay or Previewing</subtitle>
4 <para>Video overlay devices have the ability to genlock (TV-)video
5 into the (VGA-)video signal of a graphics card, or to store captured
6 images directly in video memory of a graphics card, typically with
7 clipping. This can be considerable more efficient than capturing
8 images and displaying them by other means. In the old days when only
9 nuclear power plants needed cooling towers this used to be the only
10 way to put live video into a window.</para>
12 <para>Video overlay devices are accessed through the same character
13 special files as <link linkend="capture">video capture</link> devices.
14 Note the default function of a <filename>/dev/video</filename> device
15 is video capturing. The overlay function is only available after
16 calling the &VIDIOC-S-FMT; ioctl.</para>
18 <para>The driver may support simultaneous overlay and capturing
19 using the read/write and streaming I/O methods. If so, operation at
20 the nominal frame rate of the video standard is not guaranteed. Frames
21 may be directed away from overlay to capture, or one field may be used
22 for overlay and the other for capture if the capture parameters permit
25 <para>Applications should use different file descriptors for
26 capturing and overlay. This must be supported by all drivers capable
27 of simultaneous capturing and overlay. Optionally these drivers may
28 also permit capturing and overlay with a single file descriptor for
29 compatibility with V4L and earlier versions of V4L2.<footnote>
30 <para>A common application of two file descriptors is the
31 XFree86 <link linkend="xvideo">Xv/V4L</link> interface driver and
32 a V4L2 application. While the X server controls video overlay, the
33 application can take advantage of memory mapping and DMA.</para>
34 <para>In the opinion of the designers of this API, no driver
35 writer taking the efforts to support simultaneous capturing and
36 overlay will restrict this ability by requiring a single file
37 descriptor, as in V4L and earlier versions of V4L2. Making this
38 optional means applications depending on two file descriptors need
39 backup routines to be compatible with all drivers, which is
40 considerable more work than using two fds in applications which do
41 not. Also two fd's fit the general concept of one file descriptor for
42 each logical stream. Hence as a complexity trade-off drivers
43 <emphasis>must</emphasis> support two file descriptors and
44 <emphasis>may</emphasis> support single fd operation.</para>
48 <title>Querying Capabilities</title>
50 <para>Devices supporting the video overlay interface set the
51 <constant>V4L2_CAP_VIDEO_OVERLAY</constant> flag in the
52 <structfield>capabilities</structfield> field of &v4l2-capability;
53 returned by the &VIDIOC-QUERYCAP; ioctl. The overlay I/O method specified
54 below must be supported. Tuners and audio inputs are optional.</para>
58 <title>Supplemental Functions</title>
60 <para>Video overlay devices shall support <link
61 linkend="audio">audio input</link>, <link
62 linkend="tuner">tuner</link>, <link linkend="control">controls</link>,
63 <link linkend="crop">cropping and scaling</link> and <link
64 linkend="streaming-par">streaming parameter</link> ioctls as needed.
65 The <link linkend="video">video input</link> and <link
66 linkend="standard">video standard</link> ioctls must be supported by
67 all video overlay devices.</para>
73 <para>Before overlay can commence applications must program the
74 driver with frame buffer parameters, namely the address and size of
75 the frame buffer and the image format, for example RGB 5:6:5. The
76 &VIDIOC-G-FBUF; and &VIDIOC-S-FBUF; ioctls are available to get
77 and set these parameters, respectively. The
78 <constant>VIDIOC_S_FBUF</constant> ioctl is privileged because it
79 allows to set up DMA into physical memory, bypassing the memory
80 protection mechanisms of the kernel. Only the superuser can change the
81 frame buffer address and size. Users are not supposed to run TV
82 applications as root or with SUID bit set. A small helper application
83 with suitable privileges should query the graphics system and program
84 the V4L2 driver at the appropriate time.</para>
86 <para>Some devices add the video overlay to the output signal
87 of the graphics card. In this case the frame buffer is not modified by
88 the video device, and the frame buffer address and pixel format are
89 not needed by the driver. The <constant>VIDIOC_S_FBUF</constant> ioctl
90 is not privileged. An application can check for this type of device by
91 calling the <constant>VIDIOC_G_FBUF</constant> ioctl.</para>
93 <para>A driver may support any (or none) of five clipping/blending
96 <para>Chroma-keying displays the overlaid image only where
97 pixels in the primary graphics surface assume a certain color.</para>
100 <para>A bitmap can be specified where each bit corresponds
101 to a pixel in the overlaid image. When the bit is set, the
102 corresponding video pixel is displayed, otherwise a pixel of the
103 graphics surface.</para>
106 <para>A list of clipping rectangles can be specified. In
107 these regions <emphasis>no</emphasis> video is displayed, so the
108 graphics surface can be seen here.</para>
111 <para>The framebuffer has an alpha channel that can be used
112 to clip or blend the framebuffer with the video.</para>
115 <para>A global alpha value can be specified to blend the
116 framebuffer contents with video images.</para>
118 </orderedlist></para>
120 <para>When simultaneous capturing and overlay is supported and
121 the hardware prohibits different image and frame buffer formats, the
122 format requested first takes precedence. The attempt to capture
123 (&VIDIOC-S-FMT;) or overlay (&VIDIOC-S-FBUF;) may fail with an
124 &EBUSY; or return accordingly modified parameters..</para>
128 <title>Overlay Window</title>
130 <para>The overlaid image is determined by cropping and overlay
131 window parameters. The former select an area of the video picture to
132 capture, the latter how images are overlaid and clipped. Cropping
133 initialization at minimum requires to reset the parameters to
134 defaults. An example is given in <xref linkend="crop" />.</para>
136 <para>The overlay window is described by a &v4l2-window;. It
137 defines the size of the image, its position over the graphics surface
138 and the clipping to be applied. To get the current parameters
139 applications set the <structfield>type</structfield> field of a
140 &v4l2-format; to <constant>V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OVERLAY</constant> and
141 call the &VIDIOC-G-FMT; ioctl. The driver fills the
142 <structname>v4l2_window</structname> substructure named
143 <structfield>win</structfield>. It is not possible to retrieve a
144 previously programmed clipping list or bitmap.</para>
146 <para>To program the overlay window applications set the
147 <structfield>type</structfield> field of a &v4l2-format; to
148 <constant>V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VIDEO_OVERLAY</constant>, initialize the
149 <structfield>win</structfield> substructure and call the
150 &VIDIOC-S-FMT; ioctl. The driver adjusts the parameters against
151 hardware limits and returns the actual parameters as
152 <constant>VIDIOC_G_FMT</constant> does. Like
153 <constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant>, the &VIDIOC-TRY-FMT; ioctl can be
154 used to learn about driver capabilities without actually changing
155 driver state. Unlike <constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant> this also works
156 after the overlay has been enabled.</para>
158 <para>The scaling factor of the overlaid image is implied by the
159 width and height given in &v4l2-window; and the size of the cropping
160 rectangle. For more information see <xref linkend="crop" />.</para>
162 <para>When simultaneous capturing and overlay is supported and
163 the hardware prohibits different image and window sizes, the size
164 requested first takes precedence. The attempt to capture or overlay as
165 well (&VIDIOC-S-FMT;) may fail with an &EBUSY; or return accordingly
166 modified parameters.</para>
168 <table pgwide="1" frame="none" id="v4l2-window">
169 <title>struct <structname>v4l2_window</structname></title>
174 <entry>&v4l2-rect;</entry>
175 <entry><structfield>w</structfield></entry>
176 <entry>Size and position of the window relative to the
177 top, left corner of the frame buffer defined with &VIDIOC-S-FBUF;. The
178 window can extend the frame buffer width and height, the
179 <structfield>x</structfield> and <structfield>y</structfield>
180 coordinates can be negative, and it can lie completely outside the
181 frame buffer. The driver clips the window accordingly, or if that is
182 not possible, modifies its size and/or position.</entry>
185 <entry>&v4l2-field;</entry>
186 <entry><structfield>field</structfield></entry>
187 <entry>Applications set this field to determine which
188 video field shall be overlaid, typically one of
189 <constant>V4L2_FIELD_ANY</constant> (0),
190 <constant>V4L2_FIELD_TOP</constant>,
191 <constant>V4L2_FIELD_BOTTOM</constant> or
192 <constant>V4L2_FIELD_INTERLACED</constant>. Drivers may have to choose
193 a different field order and return the actual setting here.</entry>
197 <entry><structfield>chromakey</structfield></entry>
198 <entry>When chroma-keying has been negotiated with
199 &VIDIOC-S-FBUF; applications set this field to the desired pixel value
200 for the chroma key. The format is the same as the pixel format of the
201 framebuffer (&v4l2-framebuffer;
202 <structfield>fmt.pixelformat</structfield> field), with bytes in host
203 order. E. g. for <link
204 linkend="V4L2-PIX-FMT-BGR32"><constant>V4L2_PIX_FMT_BGR24</constant></link>
205 the value should be 0xRRGGBB on a little endian, 0xBBGGRR on a big
209 <entry>&v4l2-clip; *</entry>
210 <entry><structfield>clips</structfield></entry>
211 <entry>When chroma-keying has <emphasis>not</emphasis>
212 been negotiated and &VIDIOC-G-FBUF; indicated this capability,
213 applications can set this field to point to an array of
214 clipping rectangles.</entry>
219 <entry>Like the window coordinates
220 <structfield>w</structfield>, clipping rectangles are defined relative
221 to the top, left corner of the frame buffer. However clipping
222 rectangles must not extend the frame buffer width and height, and they
223 must not overlap. If possible applications should merge adjacent
224 rectangles. Whether this must create x-y or y-x bands, or the order of
225 rectangles, is not defined. When clip lists are not supported the
226 driver ignores this field. Its contents after calling &VIDIOC-S-FMT;
227 are undefined.</entry>
231 <entry><structfield>clipcount</structfield></entry>
232 <entry>When the application set the
233 <structfield>clips</structfield> field, this field must contain the
234 number of clipping rectangles in the list. When clip lists are not
235 supported the driver ignores this field, its contents after calling
236 <constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant> are undefined. When clip lists are
237 supported but no clipping is desired this field must be set to
241 <entry>void *</entry>
242 <entry><structfield>bitmap</structfield></entry>
243 <entry>When chroma-keying has
244 <emphasis>not</emphasis> been negotiated and &VIDIOC-G-FBUF; indicated
245 this capability, applications can set this field to point to a
246 clipping bit mask.</entry>
249 <entry spanname="hspan"><para>It must be of the same size
250 as the window, <structfield>w.width</structfield> and
251 <structfield>w.height</structfield>. Each bit corresponds to a pixel
252 in the overlaid image, which is displayed only when the bit is
253 <emphasis>set</emphasis>. Pixel coordinates translate to bits like:
255 ((__u8 *) <structfield>bitmap</structfield>)[<structfield>w.width</structfield> * y + x / 8] & (1 << (x & 7))</programlisting></para><para>where <structfield>0</structfield> ≤ x <
256 <structfield>w.width</structfield> and <structfield>0</structfield> ≤
257 y <<structfield>w.height</structfield>.<footnote>
258 <para>Should we require
259 <structfield>w.width</structfield> to be a multiple of
261 </footnote></para><para>When a clipping
262 bit mask is not supported the driver ignores this field, its contents
263 after calling &VIDIOC-S-FMT; are undefined. When a bit mask is supported
264 but no clipping is desired this field must be set to
265 <constant>NULL</constant>.</para><para>Applications need not create a
266 clip list or bit mask. When they pass both, or despite negotiating
267 chroma-keying, the results are undefined. Regardless of the chosen
268 method, the clipping abilities of the hardware may be limited in
269 quantity or quality. The results when these limits are exceeded are
271 <para>When the image is written into frame buffer
272 memory it will be undesirable if the driver clips out less pixels
273 than expected, because the application and graphics system are not
274 aware these regions need to be refreshed. The driver should clip out
275 more pixels or not write the image at all.</para>
276 </footnote></para></entry>
280 <entry><structfield>global_alpha</structfield></entry>
281 <entry>The global alpha value used to blend the
282 framebuffer with video images, if global alpha blending has been
283 negotiated (<constant>V4L2_FBUF_FLAG_GLOBAL_ALPHA</constant>, see
284 &VIDIOC-S-FBUF;, <xref linkend="framebuffer-flags" />).</entry>
289 <entry>Note this field was added in Linux 2.6.23, extending the structure. However
290 the <link linkend="vidioc-g-fmt">VIDIOC_G/S/TRY_FMT</link> ioctls,
291 which take a pointer to a <link
292 linkend="v4l2-format">v4l2_format</link> parent structure with padding
293 bytes at the end, are not affected.</entry>
299 <table pgwide="1" frame="none" id="v4l2-clip">
300 <title>struct <structname>v4l2_clip</structname><footnote>
301 <para>The X Window system defines "regions" which are
302 vectors of struct BoxRec { short x1, y1, x2, y2; } with width = x2 -
303 x1 and height = y2 - y1, so one cannot pass X11 clip lists
310 <entry>&v4l2-rect;</entry>
311 <entry><structfield>c</structfield></entry>
312 <entry>Coordinates of the clipping rectangle, relative to
313 the top, left corner of the frame buffer. Only window pixels
314 <emphasis>outside</emphasis> all clipping rectangles are
318 <entry>&v4l2-clip; *</entry>
319 <entry><structfield>next</structfield></entry>
320 <entry>Pointer to the next clipping rectangle, NULL when
321 this is the last rectangle. Drivers ignore this field, it cannot be
322 used to pass a linked list of clipping rectangles.</entry>
328 <!-- NB for easier reading this table is duplicated
329 in the vidioc-cropcap chapter.-->
331 <table pgwide="1" frame="none" id="v4l2-rect">
332 <title>struct <structname>v4l2_rect</structname></title>
338 <entry><structfield>left</structfield></entry>
339 <entry>Horizontal offset of the top, left corner of the
340 rectangle, in pixels.</entry>
344 <entry><structfield>top</structfield></entry>
345 <entry>Vertical offset of the top, left corner of the
346 rectangle, in pixels. Offsets increase to the right and down.</entry>
350 <entry><structfield>width</structfield></entry>
351 <entry>Width of the rectangle, in pixels.</entry>
355 <entry><structfield>height</structfield></entry>
356 <entry>Height of the rectangle, in pixels. Width and
357 height cannot be negative, the fields are signed for hysterical
358 reasons. <!-- video4linux-list@redhat.com on 22 Oct 2002 subject
359 "Re:[V4L][patches!] Re:v4l2/kernel-2.5" --></entry>
367 <title>Enabling Overlay</title>
369 <para>To start or stop the frame buffer overlay applications call
370 the &VIDIOC-OVERLAY; ioctl.</para>
376 sgml-parent-document: "v4l2.sgml"
377 indent-tabs-mode: nil