1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
3 <sect2 id="zend.oauth.introduction.getting-started">
4 <title>Getting Started</title>
7 With the OAuth protocol explained, let's show a simple example of it with
8 source code. Our new Consumer will be handling Twitter Status submissions.
9 To do so, it will need to be registered with Twitter in order to receive
10 an OAuth Consumer Key and Consumer Secret. This are utilised to obtain
11 an Access Token before we use the Twitter API to post a status message.
15 Assuming we have obtained a key and secret, we can start the OAuth workflow
16 by setting up a <classname>Zend_Oauth_Consumer</classname> instance as
17 follows passing it a configuration (either an array or <classname>
18 Zend_Config</classname> object).
21 <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
23 'callbackUrl' => 'http://example.com/callback.php',
24 'siteUrl' => 'http://twitter.com/oauth',
25 'consumerKey' => 'gg3DsFTW9OU9eWPnbuPzQ',
26 'consumerSecret' => 'tFB0fyWLSMf74lkEu9FTyoHXcazOWpbrAjTCCK48A'
28 $consumer = new Zend_Oauth_Consumer($config);
32 The callbackUrl is the URI we want Twitter to request from our server
33 when sending information. We'll look at this later. The siteUrl is the
34 base URI of Twitter's OAuth API endpoints. The full list of endpoints include
35 http://twitter.com/oauth/request_token, http://twitter.com/oauth/access_token,
36 and http://twitter.com/oauth/authorize. The base siteUrl utilises a convention
37 which maps to these three OAuth endpoints (as standard) for requesting a
38 request token, access token or authorization. If the actual endpoints of
39 any service differ from the standard set, these three URIs can be separately
40 set using the methods <methodname>setRequestTokenUrl()</methodname>,
41 <methodname>setAccessTokenUrl()</methodname>,
42 and <methodname>setAuthorizeUrl()</methodname> or the configuration fields requestTokenUrl,
43 accessTokenUrl and authorizeUrl.
47 The consumerKey and consumerSecret are retrieved from Twitter when your
48 application is registered for OAuth access. These also apply to any OAuth
49 enabled service, so each one will provide a key and secret for your
54 All of these configuration options may be set using method calls simply
55 by converting from, e.g. callbackUrl to setCallbackUrl().
59 In addition, you should note several other configuration values not
60 explicitly used: requestMethod and requestScheme. By default, <classname>
61 Zend_Oauth_Consumer</classname> sends requests as POST (except for a
62 redirect which uses GET). The customised client (see later) also includes its
63 authorization by way of a header. Some services may, at their discretion,
64 require alternatives. You can reset the requestMethod (which defaults
65 to Zend_Oauth::POST) to Zend_Oauth::GET, for example, and reset the
66 requestScheme from its default of Zend_Oauth::REQUEST_SCHEME_HEADER to one
67 of Zend_Oauth::REQUEST_SCHEME_POSTBODY or
68 Zend_Oauth::REQUEST_SCHEME_QUERYSTRING. Typically the defaults should work
69 fine apart from some exceptional cases. Please refer to the service provider's
70 documentation for more details.
74 The second area of customisation is how <acronym>HMAC</acronym> operates
75 when calculating/comparing them for all requests. This is configured using
76 the signatureMethod configuration field or <methodname>setSignatureMethod()
77 </methodname>. By default this is HMAC-SHA1. You can set it also to a provider's
78 preferred method including RSA-SHA1. For RSA-SHA1, you should also configure
79 RSA private and public keys via the rsaPrivateKey and rsaPublicKey configuration
80 fields or the <methodname>setRsaPrivateKey()</methodname> and
81 <methodname>setRsaPublicKey()</methodname> methods.
85 The first part of the OAuth workflow is obtaining a request token. This
86 is accomplished using:
89 <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
91 'callbackUrl' => 'http://example.com/callback.php',
92 'siteUrl' => 'http://twitter.com/oauth',
93 'consumerKey' => 'gg3DsFTW9OU9eWPnbuPzQ',
94 'consumerSecret' => 'tFB0fyWLSMf74lkEu9FTyoHXcazOWpbrAjTCCK48A'
96 $consumer = new Zend_Oauth_Consumer($config);
98 // fetch a request token
99 $token = $consumer->getRequestToken();
103 The new request token (an instance of <classname>Zend_Oauth_Token_Request
104 </classname>) is unauthorized. In order to exchange it for an authorized
105 token with which we can access the Twitter API, we need the user to authorize
106 it. We accomplish this by redirecting the user to Twitter's authorize endpoint
110 <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
112 'callbackUrl' => 'http://example.com/callback.php',
113 'siteUrl' => 'http://twitter.com/oauth',
114 'consumerKey' => 'gg3DsFTW9OU9eWPnbuPzQ',
115 'consumerSecret' => 'tFB0fyWLSMf74lkEu9FTyoHXcazOWpbrAjTCCK48A'
117 $consumer = new Zend_Oauth_Consumer($config);
119 // fetch a request token
120 $token = $consumer->getRequestToken();
122 // persist the token to storage
123 $_SESSION['TWITTER_REQUEST_TOKEN'] = serialize($token);
126 $consumer->redirect();
130 The user will now be redirected to Twitter. They will be asked to authorize
131 the request token attached to the redirect URI's query string. Assuming they
132 agree, and complete the authorization, they will be again redirected, this
133 time to our Callback URL as previously set (note that the callback URL is
134 also registered with Twitter when we registered our application).
138 Before redirecting the user, we should persist the request token to storage.
139 For simplicity I'm just using the user's session, but you can easily use a
140 database for the same purpose, so long as you tie the request token to the
141 current user so it can be retrieved when they return to our application.
145 The redirect URI from Twitter will contain an authorized Access Token. We
146 can include code to parse out this access token as follows - this source
147 code would exist within the executed code of our callback URI. Once parsed
148 we can discard the previous request token, and instead persist the access
149 token for future use with the Twitter API. Again, we're simply persisting
150 to the user session, but in reality an access token can have a long lifetime
151 so it should really be stored to a database.
154 <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
156 'callbackUrl' => 'http://example.com/callback.php',
157 'siteUrl' => 'http://twitter.com/oauth',
158 'consumerKey' => 'gg3DsFTW9OU9eWPnbuPzQ',
159 'consumerSecret' => 'tFB0fyWLSMf74lkEu9FTyoHXcazOWpbrAjTCCK48A'
161 $consumer = new Zend_Oauth_Consumer($config);
163 if (!empty($_GET) && isset($_SESSION['TWITTER_REQUEST_TOKEN'])) {
164 $token = $consumer->getAccessToken($_GET, unserialize($_SESSION['TWITTER_REQUEST_TOKEN']));
165 $_SESSION['TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN'] = serialize($token);
167 // Now that we have an Access Token, we can discard the Request Token
168 $_SESSION['TWITTER_REQUEST_TOKEN'] = null;
170 // Mistaken request? Some malfeasant trying something?
171 exit('Invalid callback request. Oops. Sorry.');
176 Success! We have an authorized access token - so it's time to actually
177 use the Twitter API. Since the access token must be included with every
178 single API request, Zend_Oauth_Consumer offers a ready-to-go HTTP client
179 (a subclass of <classname>Zend_Http_Client</classname>) to use either
180 by itself or by passing it as a custom HTTP Client to another library or
181 component. Here's an example of using it standalone. This can be done
182 from anywhere in your application, so long as you can access the OAuth
183 configuration and retrieve the final authorized access token.
186 <programlisting language="php"><![CDATA[
188 'callbackUrl' => 'http://example.com/callback.php',
189 'siteUrl' => 'http://twitter.com/oauth',
190 'consumerKey' => 'gg3DsFTW9OU9eWPnbuPzQ',
191 'consumerSecret' => 'tFB0fyWLSMf74lkEu9FTyoHXcazOWpbrAjTCCK48A'
194 $statusMessage = 'I\'m posting to Twitter using Zend_Oauth!';
196 $token = unserialize($_SESSION['TWITTER_ACCESS_TOKEN']);
197 $client = $token->getHttpClient($configuration);
198 $client->setUri('http://twitter.com/statuses/update.json');
199 $client->setMethod(Zend_Http_Client::POST);
200 $client->setParameterPost('status', $statusMessage);
201 $response = $client->request();
203 $data = Zend_Json::decode($response->getBody());
204 $result = $response->getBody();
205 if (isset($data->text)) {
212 As a note on the customised client, this can be passed to most
213 Zend Framework service or other classes using <classname>Zend_Http_Client
214 </classname> displacing the default client they would otherwise use.