1 # Firmware and Computer Acronyms, Initialisms and Definitions
6 * _XXX - An underscore followed by 3 uppercase letters will typically be
7 an ACPI specified method. Look in the [ACPI
8 Spec](https://uefi.org/specifications) for details, or run the tool
10 * 2FA - [**Two-factor Authentication**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication)
11 * 4G - In coreboot, this typically refers to the 4 gibibyte boundary of 32-bit addressable memory space.
12 Better abbreviated as 4GiB
13 * 5G - Telecommunication: [**Fifth-Generation Cellular Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G)
16 * ABI - [**Application Binary Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface)
17 * ABL - AMD: AGESA BootLoader (or AMD BootLoader) - The portion of the AMD processor
18 initialization that happens from the PSP. Significantly, Memory
20 * AC - Electricity: [**Alternating Current**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current)
21 * Ack - Acknowledgment / Acknowledged
22 * ACM – [**Authenticated Code Module**](https://doc.coreboot.org/security/intel/acm.html)
23 * ACP - [**Average CPU power**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_power)
24 * ACPI - The [**Advanced Configuration and Power
25 Interface**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface)
26 is an industry standard for letting the OS control power management.
27 * [https://uefi.org/specifications](https://uefi.org/specifications)
28 * [http://kernelslacker.livejournal.com/88243.html](http://kernelslacker.livejournal.com/88243.html)
29 * ADC - [**Analog-to-Digital Converter**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter)
30 * ADL - Intel: [**Alder Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/alder_lake)
31 * AES - [**Advanced Encryption Standard**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard)
32 * AESKL - Intel: AES Key Locker
33 * AGESA - [**AMD Generic Encapsulated Software Architecture**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGESA_)
34 * AGP - The [**Accelerated Graphics
35 Port**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port) is an
36 older (1997-2004) point-to-point bus for video cards to communicate
38 * AHCI - The [**Advanced Host Controller
39 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface)
40 is a standard register set for communicating with a SATA controller.
41 * [http://www.intel.com/technology/serialata/ahci.htm](http://www.intel.com/technology/serialata/ahci.htm)
42 * [http://download.intel.com/technology/serialata/pdf/rev1_3.pdf](http://download.intel.com/technology/serialata/pdf/rev1_3.pdf)
44 * AIO - Computer formfactor: [**All In One**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer#All-in-one)
45 * ALIB - AMD: ACPI-ASL Library
46 * ALS - [**Ambient Light Sensor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_light_sensor)
47 * ALU - [**Arithmetic Logic Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit)
48 * AMBA - ARM: [**Advanced Microcontroller Bus
49 Architecture**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture):
50 An open standard to connect and manage functional blocks in an SoC
52 * AMD64 - Another name for [**x86-64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64)
53 * AMD-Vi AMD: The AMD name for their IOMMU implementation
54 * AMPL - AMD: [**Advanced Platform Management Link**](https://web.archive.org/web/20220509053546/https://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2012/10/419181.pdf) - Also referred to as
55 SBI: Sideband Interface
56 * AMT - Intel: [**Active Management Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technology)
57 * ANSI - [**American National Standards Institute**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute)
58 * AOAC - AMD: Always On, Always Connected
59 * AP - Application processor - The main processor on the board (as
60 opposed to the embedded controller or other processors that may be on
61 the system), any cores in the processor chip that aren't the BSP (Boot
63 * APCB - AMD: AMD PSP Customization Block
64 * API - [**Application Programming Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API)
65 * APIC - [**Advanced Programmable Interrupt
66 Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller)
67 this is an advanced version of a PIC that can handle interrupts from
68 and for multiple CPUs. Modern systems usually have several APICs:
69 Local APICs (LAPIC) are CPU-bound, IO-APICs are bridge-bound.
70 * [http://osdev.berlios.de/pic.html](http://osdev.berlios.de/pic.html)
71 * APL - Intel: [**Apollo Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/apollo_lake)
72 * APM - [**Advanced Power Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management) - The standard for power management
73 before ACPI (Yes, they’re both advanced). APM was managed entirely by
74 the firmware and the operating system had no control or even awareness
75 of the power management.
76 * APOB - AMD: [**AGESA PSP Output Buffer**](https://doc.coreboot.org/soc/amd/family17h.html#additional-definitions)
77 * APU - AMD: [**Accelerated Processing Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Accelerated_Processing_Unit)
78 * ARC - HDMI: [**Audio Return Channel**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI#ARC)
79 * ARM - [**Advanced RISC Machines**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_%28company%29) - Originally Acorn RISC Machine. This
80 may refer to either the company or the instruction set.
81 * ARP - Networking: [**Address Resolution Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol)
82 * ASCII - [**American Standard Code for Information Interchange**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII)
83 * ASEG - The A_0000h-B_FFFFh memory segment - this area was typically
84 hidden by the Video BIOS
85 * ASF - [**Alert Standard Format**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert_Standard_Format)
86 * ASL - [**ACPI Source Language**](https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/19_ASL_Reference/ACPI_Source_Language_Reference.html)
87 * ASLR - Address Space Layout Randomization
88 * ASP - AMD: AMD Security Processor (Formerly the PSP - Platform
90 * ASPM - PCI: [**Active State Power
91 Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_State_Power_Management)
92 * ATA - [**Advanced Technology Attachment**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA)
93 * ATS - PCIe: Address Translation Services
94 * ATAPI - [**ATA Packet Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA#ATAPI)
95 * ATX - [**Advanced Technology eXtended**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATX)
96 * AVX - [**Advanced Vector Extensions**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions)
101 * BAR - [**Base Address Register**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Address_Register) This generally refers to one of the
102 base address registers in the PCI config space of a PCI device
103 * Baud - [**Baud**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baud) - Not an acronym - Symbol rate unit of symbols per second, named
105 * BBS - [**BIOS boot specification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_ROM#BIOS_Boot_Specification)
106 * BCD - [**Binary-Coded Decimal**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal)
107 * BCT - Intel: [**Binary Configuration Tool**](https://github.com/intel/BCT)
108 * BDA - [**BIOS Data Area**](http://www.bioscentral.com/misc/bda.htm) This refers to the memory area of 0x40:0000 which is where the original PC-BIOS stored its data tables.
109 * BDF - [**BUS, Device, Function**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_configuration_space#Technical_information) - A way of referencing a PCI Device
111 * BDS - UEFI: [**Boot-Device Select**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#BDS_%E2%80%93_Boot_Device_Select)
112 * BDW - Intel: [**Broadwell**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/broadwell_%28client%29)
113 * BERT - ACPI: [**Boot Error Record Table**](https://uefi.org/specs/ACPI/6.4/18_ACPI_Platform_Error_Interfaces/error-source-discovery.html)
114 * BGA - [**Ball Grid Array**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_grid_array)
115 * BGP - Networking: [**Border Gateway Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol)
116 * Big Real mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access
117 the entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space. Also known as flat mode
118 or [**Unreal mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_mode).
119 * BIOS - [**Basic Input/Output
120 System**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS)
121 * BIST - The [**Built-in Self Test**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built-in_self-test) is a test run by the processor on
122 itself when it is first started. Usually, any nonzero value indicates
123 that the selftest failed.
124 * Bit-banging - [**Bit-banging**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_banging) - A term for the method of emulating a more complex
125 protocol by using GPIOs.
126 * BKDG - AMD: [**Bios & Kernel Developers' guide**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/List_of_AMD_publications) (Replaced by the PPR -
127 Processor Programming Reference)
128 * BLOB - [**Binary Large OBject**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_large_object) - Originally a collection of binary files
129 stored as a single object, this was co-opted by the open source
130 communities to mean any proprietary binary file that is not available
132 * BM - [**Bus Master**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_mastering)
133 * BMC - [**Baseboard Management Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Platform_Management_Interface#Baseboard_management_controller)
134 * BMP - [**Bitmap**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_file_format)
135 * BOM - [**Bill of Materials**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_materials)
136 * BPDT - Boot Partition Description Table
137 * bps - Bits Per Second
138 * BS - coreboot: Boot State - coreboot's ramstage sequence are made up
139 of boot states. Each of these states can be hooked to run functions
140 before the stat, during the state, or after the state is complete.
141 * BSF - Intel: [**Boot Specification File**](https://www.intel.com/content/dam/develop/external/us/en/documents/boot-setting-1-0-820293.pdf)
142 * BSP - BootStrap Processor - The initialization core of the main
143 system processor. This is the processor core that starts the boot
145 * BSS - [**Block Starting Symbol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bss)
146 * BT - [**Bluetooth**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth)
147 * Bus - Initially a term for a number of connectors wired together in
148 parallel, this is now used as a term for any hardware communication
150 * BWG - Intel: BIOS Writers Guide
154 * C-states: ACPI Processor Idle states.
155 [**C-States**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/acpi/c-states) C0-Cx: Each
156 higher number saves more power, but takes longer to return to a fully
158 * C0 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Active - CPU is running
159 * C1 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Halt - Nothing currently
160 running, but can start running again immediately
161 * C2 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Stop-clock - core clocks off
162 * C3 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Sleep - L1 & L2 caches may be
163 saved to Last Level Cache (LLC), core powered down.
164 * C4+ - Processor Specific idle states
165 * CAR - [**Cache As RAM**](https://web.archive.org/web/20140818050214/https://www.coreboot.org/data/yhlu/cache_as_ram_lb_09142006.pdf)
166 * CBFS - coreboot filesystem
167 * CBMEM - coreboot Memory
168 * CBI - Google: [**CrOS Board Information**](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/docs/+/HEAD/design_docs/cros_board_info.md)
169 * CDN - [**Content Delivery Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network)
170 * CEM - PCIe: [**Card ElectroMechanical**](https://members.pcisig.com/wg/PCI-SIG/document/folder/839) specification
171 * CFL - [**Coffee Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/coffee_lake)
172 * CID - [**Coverity ID**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverity)
173 * CIM - [**Common Information Model**](https://www.dmtf.org/standards/cim)
174 * CISC - [**Complex Instruction Set Computer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer)
175 * CL - ChangeList - Another name for a patch or commit. This seems to be
177 * CLK - Clock - Used when there isn't enough room for 2 additional
178 characters - similar to RST, for people who hate vowels.
179 * CML - Intel: [**Comet Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/comet_lake)
180 * CMOS - [**Complementary Metal Oxide
181 Semiconductor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory)
182 - This is a method of making ICs (Integrated Circuits). For BIOS, it’s
183 generally used to describe a section of NVRAM (Non-volatile RAM), in
184 this case a section battery-backed memory in the RTC (Real Time Clock)
185 that is typically used to store BIOS settings.
186 *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory)
187 * CNL - Intel: [**Cannon Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/cannon_lake) (formerly Skymont)
188 * CNVi - Intel: [**Connectivity Integration**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNVi)
189 * CPL - x86: Current Privilege Level - Privilege levels range from 0-3; lower numbers are more privileged.
190 * CPLD - [**Complex Programmable Logic Device**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device)
191 * CPPC - AMD: Collaborative Processor Performance Controls
192 * CPS - Characters Per Second
193 * CPU - [**Central Processing
194 Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit)
195 * CPUID - x86: [**CPU Identification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUID) opcode
196 * Cr50 - Google: The first generation Google Security Chip (GSC) used on
198 * CRB - Customer Reference Board
199 * CRLF - Carriage Return, Line Feed - \\r\\n - The standard window EOL
200 (End-of-Line) marker.
201 * crt0 - [**C Run Time 0**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crt0)
202 * crt0s - crt0 Source code
203 * CRT - [**Cathode Ray Tube**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube)
204 * CSE - Intel: Converged Security Engine
205 * CSI - MIPI: [**Camera Serial
206 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Serial_Interface)
207 * CSME - Intel: Converged Security and Management Engine
208 * CTLE - Intel: Continuous Time Linear Equalization
209 * CVE - [**Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures)
210 * CXMT - ChangXin Memory Technologies
211 * CZN - AMD: [**Cezanne**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/cores/cezanne) - CPU Family 19h, Model 50h
217 * D-States - [**ACPI Device power
218 states**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface#Device_states)
219 D0-D3 - These are device specific power states, with each higher
220 number requiring less power, and typically taking a longer time to get
221 back to D0, fully running.
222 * D0 - ACPI Device power state: Active - Device fully on and running
223 * D1 - ACPI Device power state: Lower power than D0
224 * D2 - ACPI Device power state: Lower power than D1
225 * D3 Hot - ACPI Device power state: Device is in a low power state, but
227 * D3 Cold - ACPI Device power state: Power is completely removed from
229 * DASH - [**Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_and_mobile_Architecture_for_System_Hardware)
231 * DbC - USB: Debug Capability on the USB host controller
232 * DC - Electricity: Direct Current
233 * DCP - Digital Content Protection
234 * DCR - **Decode Control Register** This is a way of identifying the
235 hardware in question. This is generally paired with a Vendor ID (VID)
236 * DDC - [**Display Data Channel**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_Data_Channel)
237 * DDI - Intel: Digital Display Interface
238 * DDR - [**Double Data Rate**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_data_rate)
239 * DEVAPC - Mediatek: Device Access Permission Control
241 * DFP - USB: Downstream Facing port
242 * DHCP - [**Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol)
243 * DID - Device Identifier
244 * DIMM - [**Dual Inline Memory Module**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM)
245 * DIP - [**Dual inline package**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_in-line_package)
246 * DMA - [**Direct Memory
247 Access**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access) Allows
248 certain hardware subsystems within a computer to access system memory
249 for reading and/or writing independently of the main CPU. Examples of
250 systems that use DMA: Hard Disk Controller, Disk Drive Controller,
251 Graphics Card, Sound Card. DMA is an essential feature of all modern
252 computers, as it allows devices of different speeds to communicate
253 without subjecting the CPU to a massive interrupt load.
254 * DMI - Direct Media Interface is a link/bus between CPU and PCH.
255 * DMI - [**Desktop Management Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_Management_Interface)
256 * DMIC - Digital Microphone
257 * DMTF - [**Distributed Management Task Force**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Management_Task_Force)
258 * DMZ - Demilitarized Zone
259 * DNS - [**Domain Name Service**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System)
260 * DNV - Intel: [**Denverton**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/denverton)
261 * DOS - Disk Operating System
263 * DPM - Mediatek: DRAM Power Manager
264 * DPTC - AMD: Dynamic Power and Thermal Control
265 * DPTF - Intel: Dynamic Power and Thermal Framework
266 * DRAM - Memory: [**Dynamic Random Access Memory**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory)
267 * DRTM - Dynamic Root of Trust for Measurement
268 * DQ - Memory: Data I/O signals. On a D-flipflop, used for SRAM, the
269 data-in pin is generally referred to as D, and the data-out pin is Q,
270 thus the IO Data signal lines are referred to as DQ lines.
271 * DQS - Memory: Data Q Strobe - Data valid signal for DDR memory.
272 * DRM - [**Digital Rights
273 Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management)
274 * DRP - USB: Port than can be switched between either a Downstream facing (DFP) or
275 an Upstream Facing (UFP).
277 * DRTU - Intel: Diagnostics and Regulatory Testing Utility
278 * DSDT - The [**Differentiated System Descriptor
279 Table**](http://acpi.sourceforge.net/dsdt/index.php), is generated by
280 BIOS and necessary for ACPI. Implementation of ACPI in coreboot needs
281 to be done in a "cleanroom" development process and **MAY NOT BE
282 COPIED** from an existing firmware to avoid legal issues.
283 * DSC - [**Digital Signal Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_controller)
284 * DSL - [**Digital subscriber line**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line)
285 * DSP - [**Digital Signal Processor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor)
286 * DTB - U-Boot: Device Tree Binary
287 * dTPM - Discrete TPM (Trusted Platform Module) - A separate TPM chip,
288 vs Integrated TPMs or fTPMs (Firmware TPMs).
289 * DTS - U-Boot: Device Tree Source
290 * DUT - Device Under Test
291 * DvC - USB: Debug Capability on the USB Device (Device Capability)
292 * DVFS - ARM: Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling
293 * DVI - [**Digital Video Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface)
294 * DVT - Production Timeline: Design Validation Test
295 * DW - DesignWare: A portfolio of silicon IP blocks for sale by the
296 Synopsys company. Includes blocks like USB, MIPI, PCIe, HDMI, SATA,
297 I2c, memory controllers and more.
298 * DXE - UEFI: [**Driver Execution Environment**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#DXE_%E2%80%93_Driver_Execution_Environment_)
299 * DXIO - AMD: Distributed CrossBar I/O
304 * EAPD - Intel: [**External Amplifier Power Down**](https://web.archive.org/web/20210203194800/https://www.eeweb.com/hd-audio-eapd/)
305 * EBDA - Extended BIOS Data Area
306 * EBG - Intel: Emmitsburg PCH
307 * ECC - [**Error Correction Code**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correction_code) - Typically used to refer to a type of
308 memory that can detect and correct memory errors.
309 * EDID - [**Extended Display Identification Data**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data)
310 * EDK2 - EFI Development Kit 2
311 * EDO - Memory: [**Extended Data
312 Out**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory#Extended_data_out_DRAM)
313 - A DRAM standard introduced in 1994 that improved upon, but was
314 backwards compatible with FPM (Fast Page Mode) memory.
315 * eDP - [**Embedded DisplayPort**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayPort#eDP)
316 * EDS - Intel: External Design Specification
317 * EEPROM - [**Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM) (common mistake:
318 electrical erasable programmable ROM).
319 * EFI - [**Extensible Firmware Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface)
320 * EFS - AMD: Embedded Firmware Structure: The data structure that AMD processors look for first in the boot ROM to start the boot process.
321 * EHCI - [**Enhanced Host Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_%28USB%2C_Firewire%29#EHCI) - USB 2.0
322 * EHL - Intel: [**Elkhart Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/elkhart_lake)
323 * EIDE - Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
324 * EMI - [**ElectroMagnetic
325 Interference**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference)
326 * eMMC - [**embedded MultiMedia
327 Card**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard#eMMC)
330 * EPP - Intel: Energy-Performance Preference
331 * EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
332 * EROFS - Linux: [**Enhanced Read-Only File System**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EROFS)
333 * ESD - Electrostatic discharge
334 * eSPI - Enhanced System Peripheral Interface
335 * EVT - Production Timeline: Engineering Validation Test
340 * FADT - ACPI Table: Fixed ACPI Description Table
341 * FAE - Field Application Engineer
342 * FAT - File Allocation Table
343 * FBVDDQ - Nvidia Power: Framebuffer Voltage
344 * FCH - AMD: Firmware Control Hub
345 * FCS - Production Timeline: First Customer Shipment
346 * FDD - Floppy Disk Drive
347 * FFS - UEFI: Firmware File System
348 * FIFO - First In, First Out
349 * FIT - Intel: Firmware Interface Table
350 * FIT - Flattened-Image Tree
351 * FIVR - Intel: Fully Integrated Voltage Regulators
352 * Flashing - Flashing means the writing of flash memory. The BIOS on
353 modern mainboards is stored in a NOR flash EEPROM chip.
354 * Flat mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access the
355 entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space. Also known as Unreal mode or
357 * FMAP - coreboot: [**Flash map**](https://doc.coreboot.org/lib/flashmap.html)
358 * FPDT - ACPI: Firmware Performance Data Table
359 * FPGA - [**Field-Programmable Gate Array**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array)
361 [**framebuffer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framebuffer) is a part
362 of RAM in a computer which is allocated to hold the graphics
363 information for one frame or picture. This information typically
364 consists of color values for every pixel on the screen. A framebuffer
366 * Off-screen, meaning that writes to the framebuffer don't appear on
368 * On-screen, meaning that the framebuffer is directly coupled to the
370 * FPM - Memory: [**Fast Page Mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory#Page_mode_DRAM) - A DRAM standard introduced in 1990.
371 * FPU - [**Floating-Point Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit)
372 * FSB - [**Front-Side Bus**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-side_bus)
373 * FSM - Finite State Machine
374 * FSP - Intel: Firmware Support Package
375 * FSR - Intel: Firmware Status Register
376 * FTP - Network Protocol: [**File Transfer Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol)
377 * fTPM - Firmware TPM (Trusted Platform Module). This is a TPM that is
378 based in firmware instead of actual hardware. It typically runs in
379 some sort of TEE (Trusted Execution Environment).
380 * FWCM Intel: firmware Connection Manager
381 * FWID - Firmware Identifier
386 * G0 - ACPI Global Power State: System is running
387 * G0-G3 - ACPI Global Power States
388 * G1 - ACPI Global Power State: System is suspended
389 * G2 - ACPI Global Power State: Soft power-off. The mainboard is off,
390 but can be woken up electronically, by a button, wake-on-lan, a
391 keypress, or some other method.
392 * G3 - ACPI Global Power State: Mechanical Off. There is no power going
393 to the system except for a small battery to keep the CMOS contents,
394 Real Time Clock, and maybe a few other registers running.
395 * GART - AMD: [**Graphics Address Remapping Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_address_remapping_table)
396 * GATT - Graphics Aperture Translation Table
397 * GDT - [Global Descriptor Table](https://wiki.osdev.org/Global_Descriptor_Table)
398 * GLK - Intel: [**Gemini Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/gemini_lake)
399 * GMA - Intel: [**Graphics Media
400 Accelerator**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_GMA)
401 * GNB - Graphics NorthBridge
402 * GND - Power: Ground
403 * GNVS - Global Non-Volatile Storage
404 * GPD - PCH GPIO in Deep Sleep well (D5 power)
405 * GPE - ACPI: General Purpose Event
406 * GPI - GPIOs: GPIO Input
407 * GPIO - [**General Purpose Input/Output**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_Input/Output) (Pin)
408 * GPMR - Intel: General Purpose Memory Range
409 * GPO - GPIOs: GPIO Output
410 * GPP - AMD: General Purpose (PCI/PCIe) port
411 * GPP - Intel: PCH GPIO in Primary Well (S0 power only)
412 * GPS - Nvidia: GPU Performance Scale
413 * GPT - UEFI: [**GUID Partition Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table)
414 * GPU - [**Graphics Processing Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit)
415 * GSoC - [**Google Summer of Code**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code)
416 * GSC - Google Security Chip - Typically Cr50/Ti50, though could also refer to the titan chips
417 * GSPI - Generic SPI - These are SPI controllers available for general
418 use, not dedicated to flash, for example.
419 * GTDT - ACPI: Generic Timer Description Table
420 * GTT - [**Graphics Translation Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_address_remapping_table)
421 * GUID - UEFI: [**Globally Unique IDentifier**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier)
426 * HBP - Graphics: [**Horizontal Back Porch**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval) In the Horizontal blanking interval, this is the blank area past the end of the scanline
427 * HDA - [**High Definition Audio**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio)
428 * HDCP - [**High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection)
429 * HDD - Hard Disk Drive
430 * HDMI - [**High-Definition Multimedia Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI)
431 * HDR - [**High Dynamic Range**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range)
432 * HECI - Intel: [**Host Embedded Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Embedded_Controller_Interface) (Replaced by MEI)
433 * HFP - Graphics: [**Horizontal Front Porch**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval) In the Horizontal blanking interval, this is the blank before the start of the next scanline.
434 * HID - [**Human Interface
435 Device**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_device)
436 * HOB - UEFI: Hand-Off Block
437 * HPD - Hot-Plug Detect
438 * HPET - [**High Precision Event Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Precision_Event_Timer)
439 * HSP - AMD: Hardware Security Processor
440 * HSPHY - USB: USB3 High-Speed PHY
441 * HSTI - Hardware Security Test Interface
442 * HSW - Intel: Haswell
443 * Hybrid S3 - System Power State: This is where the operating system
444 saves the contents of RAM out to the Hard drive, as if preparing to go
445 to S4, but then goes into suspend to RAM. This allows the system to
446 resume quickly from S3 if the system stays powered, and resume from
447 the disk if power is lost.
448 * Hypertransport - AMD: The
449 [**Hypertransport**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertransport) bus
450 is an older (2001-2017) high-speed electrical interconnection protocol
451 specification between CPU, Memory, and (occasionally) peripheral
452 devices. This was originally called the Lightning Data Transport
453 (LDT), which could be seen reflected in various register names.
454 Hypertransport was replaced by AMD's Infinity Fabric (IF) on AMD's Zen
460 * I$ - Instruction Cache
461 * I2C - **Inter-Integrated Circuit** is a bidirectional 2-wire bus for
462 communication generally between different ICs on a circuit board.
463 * [https://www.esacademy.com/en/library/technical-articles-and-documents/miscellaneous/i2c-bus.html](https://www.esacademy.com/en/library/technical-articles-and-documents/miscellaneous/i2c-bus.html)
464 * I2S - [**Inter-IC Sound**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2S)
465 * I3C - [**I3c**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I3C_%28bus%29) is not an
466 acronym - The follower to I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)
467 - Also known as SenseWire
468 * IA - Intel Architecture
469 * IA-64 - Intel Itanium 64-bit architecture
470 * IAFC - RISC-V: [**RISC-V Base Integer instruction set**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V), plus atomic instructions, single precision floating point instructions, and compressed instructions
471 * IBB – Initial Boot Block
472 * IBV - Independent BIOS Vendor
473 * IC - Integrated Circuit
474 * ICL - Intel: Ice Lake
475 * IDE - Software: Integrated Development Environment
476 * IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics - A type of hard drive - Used
477 interchangeable with ATA, though IDE describes the drive, and ATA
478 describes the interface. Generally replaced by SATA (Though again,
479 SATA describes the interface, not actually the drive)
480 * IDSEL/AD - Initialization Device SELect/Address and Data. Each PCI
481 slot has a signal called IDSEL. It is used to differentiate between
483 * IDT - [Interrupt Descriptor Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_descriptor_table)
484 * IF - AMD: [**Infinity
485 Fabric**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperTransport#Infinity_Fabric)
486 is a superset of AMD's earlier Hypertransport interconnect.
487 * IFD - Intel: Intel Flash Descriptor
488 * IMAFC - RISC-V: [**RISC-V Base Integer instruction set**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V), plus integer multiply & divide, atomic instructions, single precision floating point instructions, and compressed instructions
489 * IMC - AMD: Integrated micro-controller - An 8051 microcontroller built
490 into some AMD FCHs (Fusion Controller Hubs) and Southbridge chips.
491 This never worked well for anything beyond fan control and caused
492 numerous issues by reading from the BIOS flash chip, preventing other
493 devices from communicating with the flash chip at runtime.
494 * IMC - Integrated Memory Controller - This is a less usual use of the
495 IMC acronym, but seems to be growing somewhat.
496 * IO or I/O - Input/Output
497 * IoC - Security: Indicator of Compromise
498 * IOC - Intel: I/O Cache
499 * IOE - Intel: I/O Expander
500 * IOHC - AMD: I/O Hub Controller
501 * IOM - Intel: I/O Manager
502 * IOMMU - [**I/O Memory Management Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit)
503 * IOMUX - AMD: The I/O Mux block controls how each GPIO is configured.
504 * IOSF - Intel: Intel On-chip System Fabric
505 * IP - Intellectual Property
506 * IP - Internet Protocol
507 * IPC - Inter-Processor Communication/Inter-Process Communication
508 * IPI - Inter Processor Interrupt
509 * IPMI - Intelligent Platform Management Interface
510 * IRQ - Interrupt Request
511 * ISA - Instruction set architecture
512 * ISA (bus) - Industry standard architecture - Replaced generally by PCI
513 (Peripheral Control Interface)
514 * ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
515 * ISH - AMD PSP: Image Slot Header
516 * ISH - Intel: Integrated Sensor Hub - A microcontroller built into the
517 processor to help offload data processing from various sensors on a
519 * ISP - Internet Service Provider
520 * IVHD - ACPI: I/O Virtualization Hardware Definition
521 * IVMD - ACPI: I/O Virtualization Memory Definition
522 * IVRS - I/O Virtualization Reporting Structure
523 * IWYU - Include What you Use - A tool to help with include file use
528 * JEDEC - Joint Electron Device Engineering Council
529 * JSL - Intel: Jasper Lake
530 * JTAG - The [**Joint Test Action
531 Group**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG) created a standard for
532 communicating between chips to verify and test ICs and PCB designs.
533 The standard was named after the group, and has become a standard
534 method of accessing special debug functions on a chip allowing for
535 hardware-level debug of both the hardware and software.
540 * KBL - Intel: Kaby Lake
541 * KVM - Keyboard Video Mouse
545 * L0s - ASPM Power State: Turn off power for one direction of the PCIe
547 * L1-Cache - The fastest but smallest memory cache on a processor.
548 Frequently split into Instruction and Data caches (I-Cache / D-Cache,
549 also occasionally abbreviated as i$ and d$)
550 * L1 - ASPM Power State: The L1 power state shuts the PCIe link off
551 completely until triggered to resume by the CLKREQ# signal.
552 * L2-Cache - The second level of memory cache on a processor, this is a
553 larger cache than L1, but takes longer to access. Typically checked
554 only after data has not been found in the L1-cache.
555 * L3-Cache - The Third, and typically final memory cache level on a
556 processor. The L3 cache is typically quite a bit larger than the L1 &
557 L2 caches, but again takes longer to access, though it's still much
558 faster than reading memory. The L3 cache is frequently shared between
559 multiple cores on a modern CPU.
560 * LAN - Local Area Network
562 * LBA - Logical Block Address
563 * LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
564 * LCAP - PCIe: Link Capabilities
565 * LED - Light Emitting Diode
566 * LF - Line Feed - The standard Unix EOL (End-of-Line) marker.
567 * LGTM - Looks Good To Me
568 * LLC - Last Level Cache
569 * LLVM - Initially stood for Low Level Virtual Machine, but now is just
570 the name of the project, as it has expanded past its original goal.
572 * LPDDR5 - [**Low-Power DDR 5 SDRAM**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPDDR)
573 * LPC - The [**Low Pin
574 count**](http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/industry/lpc.htm) bus
575 was a replacement for the ISA bus, created by serializing a number of
576 parallel signals to get rid of those connections.
577 * LPM - USB: Link Power Management
578 * LPT - Line Print Terminal, Local Print Terminal, or Line Printer. -
580 * LRU - Least Recently Used - a rule used in operating systems that
581 utilises a paging system. LRU selects a page to be paged out if it has
582 been used less recently than any other page. This may be applied to a
583 cache system as well.
584 * LSB - Least Significant Bit
585 * LTE - Telecommunication: [**Long-Term
586 Evolution**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_%28telecommunication%29)
587 * LVDS - Low-Voltage Differential Signaling
592 * M.2 - An interface specification for small peripheral cards.
593 * MAC Address - Media Access Control Address
594 * MAFS - (eSPI) Master Attached Flash Sharing: Flash components are
595 attached to the controller device and may be accessed by by the
596 peripheral devices through the eSPI flash access channel.
597 * MBP - Intel UEFI: ME-to-BIOS Payload
598 * MBR - Master Boot Record
599 * MCA - [**Machine Check Architecture**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Check_Architecture)
600 * MCR - Machine Check Registers
601 * MCTP - [**Management Component Transport Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Component_Transport_Protocol)
602 * MCU - Memory Control Unit
603 * MCU - [**MicroController
604 Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller)
605 * MCUPM - Mediatek: MCUPM is a hardware module which is used for MCUSYS Power Management. MCUPM firmware (mcupm.bin) is loaded into MCUPM SRAM at system initialization.
606 * MDFIO - Intel: Multi-Die Fabric IO
607 * MDN - AMD: Mendocino
608 * mDP - Mini DisplayPort connector
609 * ME - Intel: Management Engine
610 * MEI - Intel: ME Interface (Previously known as HECI)
611 * Memory training - the process of finding the best speeds, voltages,
612 and delays for system memory.
613 * MHU: ARM: Message Handling Unit
614 * MIPI: The [**Mobile Industry Processor
615 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPI_Alliance) Alliance has
616 developed a number of different specifications for mobile devices.
617 The Camera Serial Interface (CSI) is a widely used interface that has
618 made its way into laptops.
619 * MIPS - Millions of Instructions per Second
620 * MIPS (processor) - Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined
622 * MKBP - Matrix Keyboard Protocol
623 * MMC - [**MultiMedia
624 Card**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard)
625 * MMIO - [**Memory Mapped I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMIO)
626 allows peripherals' memory or registers to be accessed directly
627 through the memory bus. When the memory bus size was very small, this
628 was initially done by hiding any memory at that address, effectively
629 wasting that memory. In modern systems, that memory is typically
630 moved to the end of the physical memory space, freeing a 'hole' to map
632 * MMU - Memory Management Unit
633 * MMX - Officially, not an acronym, trademarked by Intel. Unofficially,
634 Matrix Math eXtension.
635 * MODEM - Modulator-Demodulator
636 * Modern Standby - Microsoft's name for the S0iX states
637 * MOP - Macro-Operation
638 * MOS - Metal-Oxide-Silicon
639 * MP - Production Timeline: Mass Production
640 * MPU - Memory Protection Unit
641 * MPTable - The Intel [**MultiProcessor
642 specification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiProcessor_Specification)
643 is a hardware compatibility guide for machine hardware designers and
644 OS software writers to produce SMP-capable machines and OSes in a
645 vendor-independent manner. Version 1.1 of the spec was released in
646 1994, and the 1.4 version was released in 1995. This has been
647 generally superseded by the ACPI tables.
648 * MRC - Intel: Memory Reference Code
649 * MSB - Most Significant Bit
650 * MSI - Message Signaled Interrupt
651 * MSR - Machine-Specific Register
652 * MTS or MT/s - MegaTransfers per second
653 * MTL - Intel: Meteor Lake
654 * MTL - ARM: MHU Transport Layer
655 * MTRR - [**Memory Type and Range Register**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTRR)
656 allows to set the cache behaviour on memory access in x86. Basically,
657 it tells the CPU how to cache certain ranges of memory
658 (e.g. write-through, write-combining, write-back...). Memory ranges
659 are specified over physical address ranges. In Linux, they are visible
660 over `/proc/mtrr` and they can be modified there. For further
661 information, see the [**Linux documentation**](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.19/x86/pat.html).
662 * MXM - PCIe: [**Mobile PCI Express Module**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_PCI_Express_Module)
667 * Nack - Negative Acknowledgement
669 * NBCI - Nvidia: NoteBook Common Interface
670 * NC - GPIOs: No Connect
671 * NDA - Non-Disclosure Agreement.
672 * NF - GPIOs: Native Function - GPIOs frequently have multiple different
673 functions, one of which is defined as the default, or Native function.
674 * NFC - [**Near Field
675 Communication**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication)
676 * NGFF - [**Next Generation Form
677 Factor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.2) - The original name for
679 * NHLT - ACPI Table - Non-HDA Link Table
680 * NIC - Network Interface Card
681 * NMI - Non-maskable interrupt
682 * Nonce - Cryptography: [**Number used once**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce)
684 * NTFS - New Technology File System
685 * NVME - Non-Volatile Memory Express - An SSD interface that allows
686 access to the flash memory through a PCIe bus.
687 * NVPCF - Nvidia Platform and Control Framework
688 * NVVDD - Nvidia Power: Core voltage
694 * ODH - GPIOs: Open Drain High - High is driven to the reference voltage, low is a high-impedance state
695 * ODL - GPIOs: Open Drain Low - Low is driven to ground, High is a high-impedance state.
696 * ODM - [**Original Design Manufacturer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_design_manufacturer)
697 * OEM - [**Original Equipment Manufacturer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer)
698 * OHCI - [**Open Host Controller
699 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Controller_Interface_%28USB%29)
700 - non-proprietary USB Host controller for USB 1.1 (May also refer to
701 the open host controller for IEEE 1394, but this is less common).
702 * OOBE - Out Of the Box Experience
703 * OPP - ARM: Operating Performance Points
704 * OS - Operating System
706 * OTP - One Time Programmable
711 * PAE - physical address extension
712 * PAL - Programmable Array Logic
713 * PAM - Intel: Programmable Attribute Map - This is the legacy BIOS
714 region from 0xC_0000 to 0xF_FFFF
715 * PAT - [**Page Attribute
716 Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_attribute_table) This can
717 be used independently or in combination with MTRR to setup memory type
718 access ranges. Allows more finely-grained control than MTRR. Compared to MTRR,
719 which sets memory types by physical address ranges, PAT sets them at Page
721 * PAT - Intel: [**Performance Acceleration
722 Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_acceleration_technology)
723 * PATA - Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment - A renaming of ATA
724 after SATA became the standard.
725 * PAVP - [**Intel: Protected Audio-Video
726 Path**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_GMA#Protected_Audio_Video_Path)
727 * PC - Personal Computer
728 * PC AT - Personal Computer Advanced Technology
729 * PC100 - An SDRAM specification for a 100MHz memory bus.
730 * PCB - Printed Circuit Board
731 * PCD - UEFI: Platform Configuration Database
732 * PCH - Intel: [**Platform Controller Hub**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub)
733 * PCI - [**Peripheral Control
734 Interconnect**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect)
735 - Replaced generally by PCIe (PCI Express)
736 * PCI Configuration Space - The [**PCI Config
737 space**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Configuration_Space) is an
738 [address space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space) for all
739 PCI devices. Originally, this address space was accessed through an
740 index/data pair by writing the address that you wanted to read/write
741 into the I/O address 0xCF8, then reading or writing I/O Address 0xCFC.
742 This has been updated to an MMIO method which increases each PCI
743 function's configuration space from 256 bytes to 4K.
744 * PCIe - [**PCI Express**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pci_express)
745 * PCMCIA: Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
746 * PCO - AMD: [**Picasso**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/cores/picasso)
747 * PCR: TPM: Platform Configuration Register
748 * PD - GPIOs: Pull-Down - Drives the pin to ground through a resistor.
749 The resistor allows the pin to be set to the reference voltage as
751 * PD - Power Delivery - This is a specification for communicating power
752 needs and availability between two devices, typically over USB type C.
753 * PEG - PCIe Graphics - A (typically) x16 PCIe slot connected to the CPU
754 for higher graphics bandwidth and lower latency.
755 * PEI - UEFI: Pre-EFI Initialization
756 * PEIM - UEFI: PEI Module
757 * PEP - Intel: Power Engine Plug-in
758 * PEXVDD - Nvidia Power: PCIExpress Voltage
759 * PHX - AMD: Phoenix SoC
760 * PHY - [**PHYsical layer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHY) - The
761 hardware that implements the send/receive functionality of a
762 communication protocol.
763 * PI - Platform Initialization
764 * PIC - [**Programmable Interrupt
765 Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_interrupt_controller)
766 * PII - [**Personally Identifiable
767 Information**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_data)
768 * PIO - [**Programmed
769 I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_input%E2%80%93output)
770 * PIR - PCI Interrupt Router
771 * PIR Table - The [**PCI Interrupt Routing
772 Table**](https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072638/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/pciirq.mspx)
773 was a Microsoft specification that allowed windows to determine how
774 each PCI slot was wired to the interrupt router.
776 * PIT - Generally refers to the 8253/8254 [**Programmable Interval
777 Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_interval_timer).
778 * PLCC - [**Plastic leaded chip
779 carrier**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_leaded_chip_carrier)
780 * PLL - [**Phase-Locked
781 Loop**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop)
782 * PM - Platform Management
783 * PM - Power Management
784 * PMC Intel: Power Management Controller
785 * PMIC - Power Management IC (Pronounced "P-mick")
786 * PMIO - Port-Mapped I/O
787 * PMU - Power Management Unit
788 * PNP - Plug aNd Play
789 * PoP - Point-of-Presence
790 * POR - Plan of Record
791 * POR - Power On Reset
792 * Port80 - The [**I/O port
793 0x80**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test#Progress_and_error_reporting)
794 is the address for BIOS writes to update diagnostic information during
796 * POST - [**Power-On Self
797 Test**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test)
798 * POTS - [**Plain Old Telephone
799 Service**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service)
800 * PPI - UEFI: PEIM-to-PEIM Interface
801 * PPR - Processor Programming Reference
802 * PPT - AMD: Package Power Tracking
803 * PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
804 * Proto - Production Timeline: The first initial production to test key
806 * PSE - Page Size Extention
807 * PSF - Intel: Primary Sideband Fabric
808 * PSP - AMD: Platform Security Processor
809 * PSPP - AMD: PCIE Speed Power Policy
810 * PSR - Intel: Platform Service Record
811 * PSR - Graphics: Panel Self-Refresh - This is a power-savings feature specified in eDP
812 * PTT - Intel: Platform Trust Technology - Intel's firmware based TPM.
813 * PU - GPIOs: Pull-Up - Drives the pin to reference voltage through a
814 resistor. The resistor allows the signal to still be set to ground
816 * PVT - Production Timeline: (Production Validation Test
817 * PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
818 * PXE - Pre-boot Execution Environment
823 * QOS - Quality of Service
828 * RAID - redundant array of inexpensive disks - as opposed to SLED -
829 single large expensive disk.
830 * RAM - Random Access Memory
831 * RAMID - Boards that have soldered-down memory (no DIMMs) can have
832 various different sizes, speeds, and brands of memory chips attached.
833 Because there is no SPD, (for cost savings) the memory needs to be
834 identified in a different manner. The simplest of these is done using
835 a set of 3 or 4 GPIOs to allow 8 to 16 different memory chips to be
837 * RAPL - Running Average Power Limit
838 * RCB - PCIe: Read Completion Boundary - Sets the address alignment on which a read request may be serviced with multiple completions
839 * RCS - [**Revision control
840 system**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_Control_System)
841 * Real mode - The original 20-bit addressing mode of the 8086 & 8088
842 computers, allowing the system to access 1MiB of memory through a
843 Segment:Offset index pair. In 2022, this is still the mode that
844 x86-64 processors are in at the reset vector!
845 * RDMA - [**Remote Direct Memory
846 Access**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Direct_Memory_Access) is
847 a concept whereby two or more computers communicate via DMA directly
848 from main memory of one system to the main memory of another.
849 * RFC - Request for Comment
850 * RFI - [**Radio-Frequency
851 Interference**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference)
852 * RGB - Red, Green, Blue
853 * RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer
854 * RMA - Return Merchandise Authorization
856 * ROM - Read Only Memory
857 * RoT - Root of Trust
858 * RPL - Intel: [**Raptor Lake**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_Lake)
859 * RPP - Intel: Raptor Point PCH
860 * RRG - AMD (ATI): Register Reference Guide
861 * RSDP - Root System Description Pointer
862 * RTC - Real Time Clock
863 * RTD3 - Power State: Runtime D3
864 * RTFM - Read the Fucking Manual
865 * RTOS - Real-Time Operating System
866 * RVP - Intel: Reference Validation Platform
873 * S-states - ACPI System Power States: [**Sleep states**](https://uefi.org/specs/ACPI/6.4/16_Waking_and_Sleeping/sleeping-states.html)
874 * S0 - ACPI System Power State: Fully running
875 * S0 - S5 - ACPI System power states level 0 - 5, with each higher
876 numbered power state being (theoretically) lower power than the
877 previous, and (again theoretically) taking longer to get back to a
878 fully running system than the previous.
879 * S1 - ACPI System Power State: Standby - This isn’t use much anymore,
880 but it used to put the Processor into a powered, but idle state, power
881 down any drives, and turn off the display. This would wake up almost
882 instantly because no processor context was lost in this state.
883 * S2 - ACPI System Power State: Lower power than S1, Higher power than
884 S3, I don’t know that this state was ever well defined by any group.
885 * S3 - ACPI System Power State: Suspend to RAM - A low-power state where
886 the processor context is copied to the system Memory, then the
887 processor and all peripherals are powered off. On wake, or resume,
888 the system starts to boot normally, then switches to restore the
889 memory registers to the previous settings, restore the processor
890 context from memory, and jump back to the operating system to pick up
892 * S4 - ACPI System Power State: Suspend to Disk. The processor context
893 and all the contents of memory are copied to the hard drive. This is
894 typically fully handled by the operating system, so resume is a normal
895 boot through all of the firmware, then the OS restore the original
896 contents of memory. Any critical processor state is restored.
897 * S5 - ACPI System Power State: System is “completely powered off”, but
898 still has power going to the board.
899 * SAFS - (eSPI) Slave Attached Flash Sharing: Flash is attached to the
900 peripheral device. Only valid for server platforms.
901 * SAGV - Intel: System Agent Geyserville. The original internal name
902 for the feature eventually released as Speedstep which controls the
903 processor voltage and frequencies.
904 * SAR - The [**Specific Absorption
905 Rate**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_absorption_rate) is the
906 measurement for the amount of Radio Frequency (RF) energy absorbed by
907 the body in units of Watts per Kilogram. This may be built into
909 * SAS - Serial Attached SCSI - A serialized version of SCSI used mostly
910 for high performance hard drives and tape drives.
911 * SATA - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
913 * SB-RMI - AMD: Sideband Remote Management Interface
914 * SB-TSI - SideBand Temperature Sensor Interface
915 * SBA - SideBand Addressing
916 * SBI - SideBand Interface
917 * SBOM - Software Bill of Materials
918 * SCI - System Control Interrupt
919 * SCP - ARM: System Control Processor
920 * SCP - Network Protocol: Secure Copy
921 * SCSI - Small Computer System Interface - A high-bandwidth
922 communication interface for peripherals. This is a very old interface
923 that has seen numerous updates and is still used today, primarily in
924 SAS (Serial Attached SCSI). The initial version is now often referred
926 * SD - [**Secure Digital**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card) card
927 * SDHCI - SD Host Controller Interface
928 * SDRAM - Synchronous DRAM
929 * SDLE: AMD: Stardust Dynamic Load Emulator
930 * SEEP - Serial EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
932 * SEV - AMD: Secure Encrypted Virtualization
934 * Shadow RAM - RAM which content is copied from ROM residing at the same
935 address for speedup purposes.
936 * Shim - A small piece of code whose only purpose is to act as an
937 interface to load another piece of code.
938 * SIMD - Single Instruction, Multiple Data
939 * SIMM - Single Inline Memory Module
940 * SIPI - Startup Inter Processor Interrupt
941 * SIO - [**Super I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_I/O)
942 * SKL - Intel: SkyLake
943 * SKU - Stock Keeping Unit
944 * SMART: [**Self-Monitoring Analysis And Reporting
945 Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T.)
946 * SMBIOS - [**System Management
947 BIOS**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_BIOS)
948 * SMBus - [**System Management
949 Bus**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_Bus)
950 * [http://www.smbus.org/](http://www.smbus.org/)
951 * SME - AMD: Secure Memory Encryption
952 * SMI - System management interrupt
953 * SMM - [**System management
954 mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_Mode)
955 * SMN - AMD: System Management Network
956 * SMRAM - System Management RAM
957 * SMT - Simultaneous Multithreading
958 * SMT - Surface Mount
959 * SMT - Symmetric Multithreading
960 * SNP - AMD: Secure Nested Paging
961 * SMU - AMD: System Management Unit
962 * SO-DIMM: Small Outline Dual In-Line Memory Module
963 * SoC - System on a Chip
964 * SOIC - [**Small-Outline Integrated
965 Circuit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-outline_integrated_circuit)
966 * SPD - [**Serial Presence
967 Detect**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_presence_detect)
968 * SPI - [**Serial Peripheral
969 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface)
970 * SPL - AMD: Security Patch Level
971 * SPM - Mediatek: System Power Manager
972 * SPMI - MIPI: System Power Management Interface
973 * SPR - Sapphire Rapids
974 * SRAM - Static Random Access Memory
975 * SSD - Solid State Drive
976 * SSDT - Secondary System Descriptor Table - ACPI table
977 * SSE - Streaming SIMD Extensions
978 * SSH - Network Protocol: Secure Shell
979 * SSI - **Server System Infrastructure**
980 * SSI-CEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Compact Electronics
981 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
982 * SSI-EEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Enterprise Electronics
983 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB) is a wider version of
984 ATX with different standoff placement.
985 * SSI-MEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Midrange Electronics
986 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
987 * SSI-TEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Thin Electronics
988 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
989 * SSP - [**Speech Signal Processor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_processing)
990 * SSPHY - USB: USB3 Super-Speed PHY
991 * STAPM - AMD: Skin Temperature Aware Power Management
992 * STB - AMD: Smart Trace Buffer
993 * SuperIO - The [**Super I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_I/O)
994 (SIO) device provides a system with any of a number of different
995 peripherals. Most common are: A PS/2 Keyboard and mouse port, LPT
996 Ports, UARTS, Watchdog Timers, Floppy drive Controllers, GPIOs, or any
997 of a number of various other devices.
998 * SVC - ARM: Supervisor Call
999 * SVI2/3 - Serial VID (Voltage Identification) Interface 2.0 / 3.0
1000 * SWCM - Intel: Software Connection Manager
1006 * TBT - Intel: Turbo Boost Technology
1007 * tBUF - I2C: The bus free time between a STOP and START condition
1008 * TCC - Intel: Thermal Control Circuit
1009 * TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
1010 * TCPC - Type C Port Controller
1011 * TCSS - Intel: Type C SubSystem
1012 * TDMA - Time-Division Multiple Access
1013 * TDP - [**Thermal Design
1014 Power**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_power)
1015 * TEE - [**Trusted Execution
1016 Environment**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_execution_environment)
1017 * TFTP - Network Protocol: Trivial File Transfer Protocol
1018 * TGL - Intel: Tigerlake
1019 * THC - Touch Host Controller
1020 * Ti50 - Google: The next generation GSC (Google Security chip) on
1021 ChromeOS devices after Cr50
1022 * TLA - Techtronics Logic Analyzer
1023 * TLA - Three Letter Acronym
1024 * TLB - [**Translation Lookside
1025 Buffer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer)
1026 * TME - Intel: Total Memory Encryption
1027 * TOCTOU - Time-Of-Check to Time-Of-Use
1028 * TOLUM - Top of Low Usable Memory
1029 * ToM - Top of Memory
1030 * TPM - Trusted Platform Module
1032 * TSN - Time-Sensitive Networking
1033 * TSC - [**Time Stamp
1034 Counter**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Stamp_Counter)
1035 * TSEG - TOM (Top of Memory) Segment
1036 * TSR - Temperature Sensor
1037 * TWAIN - Technology without an interesting name.
1039 * TXE - Intel: Trusted eXecution Engine
1044 * UART - Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter
1045 * UC - UnCacheable. Memory type setting in MTRR/PAT.
1046 * uCode - [**Microcode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode)
1047 * UDK - UEFI: UEFI Development Kit
1048 * UDP - User Datagram Protocol
1049 * UDMA - ATA: [**Ultra DMA**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDMA) - The fastest transfer mode for ATA Hard Drives
1050 * UEFI - Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
1051 * UFC - User Facing Camera
1052 * UFP - USB: Upstream Facing Port
1053 * UFS - Universal Flash storage
1054 * UHCI - USB: [**Universal Host Controller
1055 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_%28USB%2C_Firewire%29%23UHCI)
1056 - Intel proprietary USB 1.x Host controller
1057 * Unreal mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access the
1058 entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space - Also known as Big real mode
1060 * UMA - Unified Memory Architecture
1061 * UMI - AMD: [**Unified Media
1062 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Media_Interface)
1063 * UPD - Updatable Product Data
1064 * UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply
1065 * USART - Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
1066 * USB - Universal Serial Bus
1067 * USF - Intel: Universal Scalable Firmware
1072 * VBIOS - Video BIOS
1073 * VBNV - Vboot Non-Volatile storage
1074 * VBT - [**Video BIOS
1075 Table**](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/gpu/i915.html#video-bios-table-vbt)
1076 * VDDQ Memory/Power: The supply voltage to the output buffers of a memory chip.
1077 * VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association
1078 * VGA: Video Graphics Array
1079 * VID: Vendor Identifier
1080 * VID: AMD: Voltage Identifier
1081 * VLB - VESA Local Bus
1082 * VOIP - Voice over IP
1083 * Voodoo mode - a silly name for Big Real mode.
1084 * VMX - Intel: CPU flag for Hardware Virtualization
1085 * VPD - Vital Product Data
1086 * VPN - Virtual Private Network
1087 * VPU - Intel: Versatile Processor Unit
1088 * VR - Voltage Regulator
1089 * VRAM - Video Random Access Memory
1090 * VREF Memory/Power: Reference voltage for the input lines of a chip that determines the voltage level at which the threshold between a logical 1 and a logical 0 occurs. Usually 1/2 VDDQ.
1091 * VRM - Voltage Regulator Module
1092 * VT-d - Intel: Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O
1093 * VTT Memory/Power: Tracking Termination Voltage
1094 * vUART - Virtual UART
1099 * WAN - [**Wide Area Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network)
1100 * WB - Cache Policy: [**Write-Back**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1101 * WC - Cache Policy: [**Write-Combining**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1102 * WCAM - World-facing Camera - A camera on a device that is not intended
1103 to be used as a webcam, but instead to film scenes away from the user.
1104 For clamshell devices, his may be on the keyboard panel for devices
1105 devices that open 360 degrees, or on the outside of the cover. For
1106 tablets, it's on the the side away from the screen.
1107 * WDT - [**WatchDog Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_timer)
1108 * WFC - World Facing Camera
1109 * WLAN - Wireless LAN (Local Area Network)
1110 * WWAN - Telecommunication: Wireless WAN (Wide Area Network)
1111 * WP - Cache policy: [**Write-Protected**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1112 * WPT - Intel: Wildcat Point - PCH for Broadwell
1114 * WOL - [**Wake-on-LAN**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake-on-LAN)
1115 * WT - Cache Policy: [**Write Through**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1120 * x64 - Another name for [**x86-64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) or AMD64.
1121 * x86 - [**x86**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86) Originally referred to any device compatible with the 8088/8086
1122 architectures, this now typically means compatibility with the 80386
1123 32-bit instruction set (also referred to as IA-32)
1124 * x86-64 - The 64-bit extension to the x86 architecture. Also known as
1125 [**AMD64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) as it was developed by AMD. Long-mode refers to when the
1126 processor is running in the 64-bit mode.
1127 * XBAR - AMD: Abbreviation for crossbar, their command packet switch
1128 which determines what data goes where within the processor or SoC
1129 * XHCI - USB: [**Extensible Host Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Host_Controller_Interface) - USB Host controller
1130 supporting 1.x, 2.0, and 3.x devices.
1135 * YCC - Color Space: [**YCbCr**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCr) - A family of color spaces used in video
1140 * ZIF - Zero Insertion Force
1144 * [AMD Glossary of terms](https://www.amd.com/system/files/documents/glossary-of-terms-20220505-for-web.pdf)