howto/using-signed-tag-in-pull-request.html

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 440 </head>
 441 <body class="article">
 442 <div id="header">
 443 <h1>How to use a signed tag in pull requests</h1>
 444 <div class="details">
 445 <span id="revdate">2024-08-07</span>
 446 </div>
 447 </div>
 448 <div id="content">
 449 <div id="preamble">
 450 <div class="sectionbody">
 451 <div class="paragraph">
 452 <p>A typical distributed workflow using Git is for a contributor to fork a
 453 project, build on it, publish the result to her public repository, and ask
 454 the "upstream" person (often the owner of the project where she forked
 455 from) to pull from her public repository. Requesting such a "pull" is made
 456 easy by the <code>git request-pull</code> command.</p>
 457 </div>
 458 <div class="paragraph">
 459 <p>Earlier, a typical pull request may have started like this:</p>
 460 </div>
 461 <div class="listingblock">
 462 <div class="content">
 463 <pre> The following changes since commit 406da78032179...:
 464
 465    Froboz 3.2 (2011-09-30 14:20:57 -0700)
 466
 467  are available in the Git repository at:
 468
 469    example.com:/git/froboz.git for-xyzzy</pre>
 470 </div>
 471 </div>
 472 <div class="paragraph">
 473 <p>followed by a shortlog of the changes and a diffstat.</p>
 474 </div>
 475 <div class="paragraph">
 476 <p>The request was for a branch name (e.g. <code>for-xyzzy</code>) in the public
 477 repository of the contributor, and even though it stated where the
 478 contributor forked her work from, the message did not say anything about
 479 the commit to expect at the tip of the for-xyzzy branch. If the site that
 480 hosts the public repository of the contributor cannot be fully trusted, it
 481 was unnecessarily hard to make sure what was pulled by the integrator was
 482 genuinely what the contributor had produced for the project. Also there
 483 was no easy way for third-party auditors to later verify the resulting
 484 history.</p>
 485 </div>
 486 <div class="paragraph">
 487 <p>Starting from Git release v1.7.9, a contributor can add a signed tag to
 488 the commit at the tip of the history and ask the integrator to pull that
 489 signed tag. When the integrator runs <code>git pull</code>, the signed tag is
 490 automatically verified to assure that the history is not tampered with.
 491 In addition, the resulting merge commit records the content of the signed
 492 tag, so that other people can verify that the branch merged by the
 493 integrator was signed by the contributor, without fetching the signed tag
 494 used to validate the pull request separately and keeping it in the refs
 495 namespace.</p>
 496 </div>
 497 <div class="paragraph">
 498 <p>This document describes the workflow between the contributor and the
 499 integrator, using Git v1.7.9 or later.</p>
 500 </div>
 501 </div>
 502 </div>
 503 <div class="sect1">
 504 <h2 id="_a_contributor_or_a_lieutenant">A contributor or a lieutenant</h2>
 505 <div class="sectionbody">
 506 <div class="paragraph">
 507 <p>After preparing her work to be pulled, the contributor uses <code>git tag -s</code>
 508 to create a signed tag:</p>
 509 </div>
 510 <div class="listingblock">
 511 <div class="content">
 512 <pre> $ git checkout work
 513  $ ... "git pull" from sublieutenants, "git commit" your own work ...
 514  $ git tag -s -m "Completed frotz feature" frotz-for-xyzzy work</pre>
 515 </div>
 516 </div>
 517 <div class="paragraph">
 518 <p>Note that this example uses the <code>-m</code> option to create a signed tag with
 519 just a one-liner message, but this is for illustration purposes only. It
 520 is advisable to compose a well-written explanation of what the topic does
 521 to justify why it is worthwhile for the integrator to pull it, as this
 522 message will eventually become part of the final history after the
 523 integrator responds to the pull request (as we will see later).</p>
 524 </div>
 525 <div class="paragraph">
 526 <p>Then she pushes the tag out to her public repository:</p>
 527 </div>
 528 <div class="listingblock">
 529 <div class="content">
 530 <pre> $ git push example.com:/git/froboz.git/ +frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
 531 </div>
 532 </div>
 533 <div class="paragraph">
 534 <p>There is no need to push the <code>work</code> branch or anything else.</p>
 535 </div>
 536 <div class="paragraph">
 537 <p>Note that the above command line used a plus sign at the beginning of
 538 <code>+frotz-for-xyzzy</code> to allow forcing the update of a tag, as the same
 539 contributor may want to reuse a signed tag with the same name after the
 540 previous pull request has already been responded to.</p>
 541 </div>
 542 <div class="paragraph">
 543 <p>The contributor then prepares a message to request a "pull":</p>
 544 </div>
 545 <div class="listingblock">
 546 <div class="content">
 547 <pre> $ git request-pull v3.2 example.com:/git/froboz.git/ frotz-for-xyzzy &gt;msg.txt</pre>
 548 </div>
 549 </div>
 550 <div class="paragraph">
 551 <p>The arguments are:</p>
 552 </div>
 553 <div class="olist arabic">
 554 <ol class="arabic">
 555 <li>
 556 <p>the version of the integrator&#8217;s commit the contributor based her work on;</p>
 557 </li>
 558 <li>
 559 <p>the URL of the repository, to which the contributor has pushed what she
 560 wants to get pulled; and</p>
 561 </li>
 562 <li>
 563 <p>the name of the tag the contributor wants to get pulled (earlier, she could
 564 write only a branch name here).</p>
 565 </li>
 566 </ol>
 567 </div>
 568 <div class="paragraph">
 569 <p>The resulting msg.txt file begins like so:</p>
 570 </div>
 571 <div class="listingblock">
 572 <div class="content">
 573 <pre> The following changes since commit 406da78032179...:
 574
 575    Froboz 3.2 (2011-09-30 14:20:57 -0700)
 576
 577  are available in the Git repository at:
 578
 579    example.com:/git/froboz.git tags/frotz-for-xyzzy
 580
 581  for you to fetch changes up to 703f05ad5835c...:
 582
 583    Add tests and documentation for frotz (2011-12-02 10:02:52 -0800)
 584
 585  -----------------------------------------------
 586  Completed frotz feature
 587  -----------------------------------------------</pre>
 588 </div>
 589 </div>
 590 <div class="paragraph">
 591 <p>followed by a shortlog of the changes and a diffstat.  Comparing this with
 592 the earlier illustration of the output from the traditional <code>git request-pull</code>
 593 command, the reader should notice that:</p>
 594 </div>
 595 <div class="olist arabic">
 596 <ol class="arabic">
 597 <li>
 598 <p>The tip commit to expect is shown to the integrator; and</p>
 599 </li>
 600 <li>
 601 <p>The signed tag message is shown prominently between the dashed lines
 602 before the shortlog.</p>
 603 </li>
 604 </ol>
 605 </div>
 606 <div class="paragraph">
 607 <p>The latter is why the contributor would want to justify why pulling her
 608 work is worthwhile when creating the signed tag.  The contributor then
 609 opens her favorite MUA, reads msg.txt, edits and sends it to her upstream
 610 integrator.</p>
 611 </div>
 612 </div>
 613 </div>
 614 <div class="sect1">
 615 <h2 id="_integrator">Integrator</h2>
 616 <div class="sectionbody">
 617 <div class="paragraph">
 618 <p>After receiving such a pull request message, the integrator fetches and
 619 integrates the tag named in the request, with:</p>
 620 </div>
 621 <div class="listingblock">
 622 <div class="content">
 623 <pre> $ git pull example.com:/git/froboz.git/ tags/frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
 624 </div>
 625 </div>
 626 <div class="paragraph">
 627 <p>This operation will always open an editor to allow the integrator to fine
 628 tune the commit log message when merging a signed tag.  Also, pulling a
 629 signed tag will always create a merge commit even when the integrator does
 630 not have any new commit since the contributor&#8217;s work forked (i.e. <em>fast
 631 forward</em>), so that the integrator can properly explain what the merge is
 632 about and why it was made.</p>
 633 </div>
 634 <div class="paragraph">
 635 <p>In the editor, the integrator will see something like this:</p>
 636 </div>
 637 <div class="listingblock">
 638 <div class="content">
 639 <pre> Merge tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' of example.com:/git/froboz.git/
 640
 641  Completed frotz feature
 642  # gpg: Signature made Fri 02 Dec 2011 10:03:01 AM PST using RSA key ID 96AFE6CB
 643  # gpg: Good signature from "Con Tributor &lt;nitfol@example.com&gt;"</pre>
 644 </div>
 645 </div>
 646 <div class="paragraph">
 647 <p>Notice that the message recorded in the signed tag "Completed frotz
 648 feature" appears here, and again that is why it is important for the
 649 contributor to explain her work well when creating the signed tag.</p>
 650 </div>
 651 <div class="paragraph">
 652 <p>As usual, the lines commented with <code>#</code> are stripped out. The resulting
 653 commit records the signed tag used for this validation in a hidden field
 654 so that it can later be used by others to audit the history. There is no
 655 need for the integrator to keep a separate copy of the tag in his
 656 repository (i.e. <code>git tag -l</code> won&#8217;t list the <code>frotz-for-xyzzy</code> tag in the
 657 above example), and there is no need to publish the tag to his public
 658 repository, either.</p>
 659 </div>
 660 <div class="paragraph">
 661 <p>After the integrator responds to the pull request and her work becomes
 662 part of the permanent history, the contributor can remove the tag from
 663 her public repository, if she chooses, in order to keep the tag namespace
 664 of her public repository clean, with:</p>
 665 </div>
 666 <div class="listingblock">
 667 <div class="content">
 668 <pre> $ git push example.com:/git/froboz.git :frotz-for-xyzzy</pre>
 669 </div>
 670 </div>
 671 </div>
 672 </div>
 673 <div class="sect1">
 674 <h2 id="_auditors">Auditors</h2>
 675 <div class="sectionbody">
 676 <div class="paragraph">
 677 <p>The <code>--show-signature</code> option can be given to <code>git log</code> or <code>git show</code> and
 678 shows the verification status of the embedded signed tag in merge commits
 679 created when the integrator responded to a pull request of a signed tag.</p>
 680 </div>
 681 <div class="paragraph">
 682 <p>A typical output from <code>git show --show-signature</code> may look like this:</p>
 683 </div>
 684 <div class="listingblock">
 685 <div class="content">
 686 <pre> $ git show --show-signature
 687  commit 02306ef6a3498a39118aef9df7975bdb50091585
 688  merged tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy'
 689  gpg: Signature made Fri 06 Jan 2012 12:41:49 PM PST using RSA key ID 96AFE6CB
 690  gpg: Good signature from "Con Tributor &lt;nitfol@example.com&gt;"
 691  Merge: 406da78 703f05a
 692  Author: Inte Grator &lt;xyzzy@example.com&gt;
 693  Date:   Tue Jan 17 13:49:41 2012 -0800
 694
 695      Merge tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' of example.com:/git/froboz.git/
 696
 697      Completed frotz feature
 698
 699      * tag 'frotz-for-xyzzy' (100 commits)
 700        Add tests and documentation for frotz
 701        ...</pre>
 702 </div>
 703 </div>
 704 <div class="paragraph">
 705 <p>There is no need for the auditor to explicitly fetch the contributor&#8217;s
 706 signature, or to even be aware of what tag(s) the contributor and integrator
 707 used to communicate the signature.  All the required information is recorded
 708 as part of the merge commit.</p>
 709 </div>
 710 </div>
 711 </div>
 712 </div>
 713 <div id="footer">
 714 <div id="footer-text">
 715 Last updated 2024-08-08 11:18:28 -0700
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