2 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
4 // Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
5 // See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
6 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
8 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
15 // [print.fun], print functions
16 template<class... Args>
17 void print(format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
18 template<class... Args>
19 void print(FILE* stream, format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
21 template<class... Args>
22 void println(format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
23 template<class... Args>
24 void println(FILE* stream, format_string<Args...> fmt, Args&&... args);
26 void vprint_unicode(string_view fmt, format_args args);
27 void vprint_unicode(FILE* stream, string_view fmt, format_args args);
29 void vprint_nonunicode(string_view fmt, format_args args);
30 void vprint_nonunicode(FILE* stream, string_view fmt, format_args args);
34 #include <__assert> // all public C++ headers provide the assertion handler
35 #include <__availability>
36 #include <__concepts/same_as.h>
38 #include <__system_error/system_error.h>
39 #include <__utility/forward.h>
44 #include <string_view>
47 #if !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER)
48 # pragma GCC system_header
51 _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
53 #ifdef _LIBCPP_WIN32API
54 _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __is_windows_terminal(FILE* __stream);
56 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
57 // A wrapper for WriteConsoleW which is used to write to the Windows
58 // console. This function is in the dylib to avoid pulling in windows.h
59 // in the library headers. The function itself uses some private parts
62 // The function does not depend on the language standard used. Guarding
63 // it with C++23 would fail since the dylib is currently built using C++20.
65 // Note the function is only implemented on the Windows platform.
66 _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI void __write_to_windows_console(FILE* __stream, wstring_view __view);
67 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
68 #elif __has_include(<unistd.h>)
69 _LIBCPP_EXPORTED_FROM_ABI bool __is_posix_terminal(FILE* __stream);
70 #endif // _LIBCPP_WIN32API
72 #if _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
74 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
75 // This is the code to transcode UTF-8 to UTF-16. This is used on
76 // Windows for the native Unicode API. The code is modeled to make it
77 // easier to extend to
79 // P2728R0 Unicode in the Library, Part 1: UTF Transcoding
81 // This paper is still under heavy development so it makes no sense yet
82 // to strictly follow the paper.
85 // The names of these concepts are modelled after P2728R0, but the
86 // implementation is not. char16_t may contain 32-bits so depending on the
87 // number of bits is an issue.
88 # ifdef _LIBCPP_SHORT_WCHAR
90 concept __utf16_code_unit =
91 same_as<_Tp, char16_t>
92 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
93 || same_as<_Tp, wchar_t>
97 concept __utf32_code_unit = same_as<_Tp, char32_t>;
98 # else // _LIBCPP_SHORT_WCHAR
100 concept __utf16_code_unit = same_as<_Tp, char16_t>;
102 concept __utf32_code_unit =
103 same_as<_Tp, char32_t>
104 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
105 || same_as<_Tp, wchar_t>
108 # endif // _LIBCPP_SHORT_WCHAR
110 // Pass by reference since an output_iterator may not be copyable.
111 template <class _OutIt>
112 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __encode(_OutIt&, char32_t) = delete;
114 template <class _OutIt>
115 requires __utf16_code_unit<iter_value_t<_OutIt>>
116 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __encode(_OutIt& __out_it, char32_t __value) {
117 // [print.fun]/7 : "if `out` contains invalid code units, the behavior is undefined and implementations are encouraged
119 _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__is_scalar_value(__value), "an invalid unicode scalar value results in invalid UTF-16");
121 if (__value < 0x10000) {
122 *__out_it++ = __value;
127 *__out_it++ = 0xd800 + (__value >> 10);
128 *__out_it++ = 0xdc00 + (__value & 0x3FF);
131 template <class _OutIt>
132 requires __utf32_code_unit<iter_value_t<_OutIt>>
133 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr void __encode(_OutIt& __out_it, char32_t __value) {
134 // [print.fun]/7 : "if `out` contains invalid code units, the behavior is undefined and implementations are encouraged
136 _LIBCPP_ASSERT_UNCATEGORIZED(__is_scalar_value(__value), "an invalid unicode scalar value results in invalid UTF-32");
137 *__out_it++ = __value;
140 template <class _OutIt, input_iterator _InIt>
141 requires output_iterator<_OutIt, const iter_value_t<_OutIt>&> && (!same_as<iter_value_t<_OutIt>, iter_value_t<_InIt>>)
142 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI constexpr _OutIt __transcode(_InIt __first, _InIt __last, _OutIt __out_it) {
143 // The __code_point_view has a basic_string_view interface.
144 // When transcoding becomes part of the standard we probably want to
145 // look at smarter algorithms.
146 // For example, when processing a code point that is encoded in
147 // 1 to 3 code units in UTF-8, the result will always be encoded
148 // in 1 code unit in UTF-16 (code points that require 4 code
149 // units in UTF-8 will require 2 code units in UTF-16).
151 // Note if P2728 is accepted types like int may become valid. In that case
152 // the __code_point_view should use a span. Libc++ will remove support for
155 // TODO PRINT Validate with clang-tidy
156 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-dangling-handle)
157 basic_string_view<iter_value_t<_InIt>> __data{__first, __last};
158 __code_point_view<iter_value_t<_InIt>> __view{__data.begin(), __data.end()};
159 while (!__view.__at_end())
160 __unicode::__encode(__out_it, __view.__consume().__code_point);
164 } // namespace __unicode
166 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
171 // Effects: If the ordinary literal encoding ([lex.charset]) is UTF-8, equivalent to:
172 // vprint_unicode(stream, fmt.str, make_format_args(args...));
173 // Otherwise, equivalent to:
174 // vprint_nonunicode(stream, fmt.str, make_format_args(args...));
176 // Based on the compiler and its compilation flags this value is or is
177 // not true. As mentioned in P2093R14 this only affects Windows. The
178 // test below could also be done for
179 // - GCC using __GNUC_EXECUTION_CHARSET_NAME
180 // https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Common-Predefined-Macros.html
181 // - Clang using __clang_literal_encoding__
182 // https://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html#builtin-macros
183 // (note at the time of writing Clang is hard-coded to UTF-8.)
186 # ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
187 inline constexpr bool __use_unicode_execution_charset = false;
188 # elif defined(_MSVC_EXECUTION_CHARACTER_SET)
189 // This is the same test MSVC STL uses in their implementation of <print>
190 // See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/intl/code-page-identifiers
191 inline constexpr bool __use_unicode_execution_charset = _MSVC_EXECUTION_CHARACTER_SET == 65001;
193 inline constexpr bool __use_unicode_execution_charset = true;
196 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline bool __is_terminal([[maybe_unused]] FILE* __stream) {
197 // The macro _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_IS_TERMINAL is used to change
198 // the behavior in the test. This is not part of the public API.
199 # ifdef _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_IS_TERMINAL
200 return _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_IS_TERMINAL(__stream);
201 # elif _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_HAS_PRINT == 0
203 # elif defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
204 return std::__is_windows_terminal(__stream);
205 # elif __has_include(<unistd.h>)
206 return std::__is_posix_terminal(__stream);
208 # error "Provide a way to determine whether a FILE* is a terminal"
212 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
213 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
214 __vprint_nonunicode(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args, bool __write_nl) {
215 _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__stream, "__stream must be a valid pointer to an output C stream");
216 string __str = std::vformat(__fmt, __args);
218 __str.push_back('\n');
220 size_t __size = fwrite(__str.data(), 1, __str.size(), __stream);
221 if (__size < __str.size()) {
222 if (std::feof(__stream))
223 std::__throw_system_error(EIO, "EOF while writing the formatted output");
224 std::__throw_system_error(std::ferror(__stream), "failed to write formatted output");
228 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
230 // Note these helper functions are mainly used to aid testing.
231 // On POSIX systems and Windows the output is no longer considered a
232 // terminal when the output is redirected. Typically during testing the
233 // output is redirected to be able to capture it. This makes it hard to
234 // test this code path.
235 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
236 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
237 __vprint_unicode_posix(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args, bool __write_nl, bool __is_terminal) {
238 // TODO PRINT Should flush errors throw too?
240 std::fflush(__stream);
242 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl);
245 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
246 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
247 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
248 __vprint_unicode_windows(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args, bool __write_nl, bool __is_terminal) {
250 return __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl);
252 // TODO PRINT Should flush errors throw too?
253 std::fflush(__stream);
255 string __str = std::vformat(__fmt, __args);
256 // UTF-16 uses the same number or less code units than UTF-8.
257 // However the size of the code unit is 16 bits instead of 8 bits.
259 // The buffer uses the worst-case estimate and should never resize.
260 // However when the string is large this could lead to OOM. Using a
261 // smaller size might work, but since the buffer uses a grow factor
262 // the final size might be larger when the estimate is wrong.
264 // TODO PRINT profile and improve the speed of this code.
265 __format::__retarget_buffer<wchar_t> __buffer{__str.size()};
266 __unicode::__transcode(__str.begin(), __str.end(), __buffer.__make_output_iterator());
268 __buffer.push_back(L'\n');
270 [[maybe_unused]] wstring_view __view = __buffer.__view();
272 // The macro _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION is used to change
273 // the behavior in the test. This is not part of the public API.
274 # ifdef _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION
275 _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION(__stream, __view);
276 # elif defined(_LIBCPP_WIN32API)
277 std::__write_to_windows_console(__stream, __view);
279 std::__throw_runtime_error("No defintion of _LIBCPP_TESTING_PRINT_WRITE_TO_WINDOWS_CONSOLE_FUNCTION and "
280 "__write_to_windows_console is not available.");
283 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS
285 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
286 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void
287 __vprint_unicode([[maybe_unused]] FILE* __stream,
288 [[maybe_unused]] string_view __fmt,
289 [[maybe_unused]] format_args __args,
290 [[maybe_unused]] bool __write_nl) {
291 _LIBCPP_ASSERT_NON_NULL(__stream, "__stream must be a valid pointer to an output C stream");
294 // 7 - Effects: If stream refers to a terminal capable of displaying
295 // Unicode, writes out to the terminal using the native Unicode
296 // API; if out contains invalid code units, the behavior is
297 // undefined and implementations are encouraged to diagnose it.
298 // Otherwise writes out to stream unchanged. If the native
299 // Unicode API is used, the function flushes stream before
301 // 8 - Throws: Any exception thrown by the call to vformat
302 // ([format.err.report]). system_error if writing to the terminal
303 // or stream fails. May throw bad_alloc.
304 // 9 - Recommended practice: If invoking the native Unicode API
305 // requires transcoding, implementations should substitute
306 // invalid code units with U+FFFD replacement character per the
307 // Unicode Standard, Chapter 3.9 U+FFFD Substitution in
310 // On non-Windows platforms the Unicode API is the normal file I/O API
311 // so there the call can be forwarded to the non_unicode API. On
312 // Windows there is a different API. This API requires transcoding.
314 # ifndef _LIBCPP_WIN32API
315 __print::__vprint_unicode_posix(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl, __print::__is_terminal(__stream));
316 # elif !defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_WIDE_CHARACTERS)
317 __print::__vprint_unicode_windows(__stream, __fmt, __args, __write_nl, __print::__is_terminal(__stream));
319 # error "Windows builds with wchar_t disabled are not supported."
323 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
325 } // namespace __print
327 template <class... _Args>
328 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void print(FILE* __stream, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
329 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
330 if constexpr (__print::__use_unicode_execution_charset)
331 __print::__vprint_unicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
333 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
334 # else // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
335 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), false);
336 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
339 template <class... _Args>
340 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void print(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
341 std::print(stdout, __fmt, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
344 template <class... _Args>
345 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void println(FILE* __stream, format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
346 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
347 // Note the wording in the Standard is inefficient. The output of
348 // std::format is a std::string which is then copied. This solution
349 // just appends a newline at the end of the output.
350 if constexpr (__print::__use_unicode_execution_charset)
351 __print::__vprint_unicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
353 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
354 # else // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
355 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt.get(), std::make_format_args(__args...), true);
356 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
359 template <class... _Args>
360 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI void println(format_string<_Args...> __fmt, _Args&&... __args) {
361 std::println(stdout, __fmt, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
364 # ifndef _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
365 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
366 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_unicode(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
367 __print::__vprint_unicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, false);
370 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
371 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_unicode(string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
372 std::vprint_unicode(stdout, __fmt, __args);
375 # endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_NO_UNICODE
377 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
378 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_nonunicode(FILE* __stream, string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
379 __print::__vprint_nonunicode(__stream, __fmt, __args, false);
382 template <class = void> // TODO PRINT template or availability markup fires too eagerly (http://llvm.org/PR61563).
383 _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI inline void vprint_nonunicode(string_view __fmt, format_args __args) {
384 std::vprint_nonunicode(stdout, __fmt, __args);
387 #endif // _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 23
389 _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
391 #endif // _LIBCPP_PRINT